Construção, caracterização e aplicação de eletrodos para descarga por arco de cátodo oco

The system built to characterize electrodes and, consequently, deposited fine films are constituted by a hollow cathode that works to discharges and low pressures (approximately 10-3 to 5 mbar), a source DC (0 to 1200 V), a cylindrical camera of closed borossilicato for flanges of stainless steel with an association of vacuum bombs mechanical and spread. In the upper flange it is connected the system of hollow cathode, which possesses an entrance of gas and two entrances for its refrigeration, the same is electrically isolated of the rest of the equipment and it is polarized negatively. In front of the system of hollow cathode there is a movable sample in stainless steel with possibility of moving in the horizontal and vertical. In the vertical, the sample can vary its distance between 0 and 70 mm and, in the horizontal, can leave completely from the front of the hollow cathode. The sample and also the cathode hollow are equipped with cromel-alumel termopares with simultaneous reading of the temperatures during the time of treatment. In this work copper electrodes, bronze, titanium, iron, stainless steel, powder of titanium, powder of titanium and silício, glass and ceramic were used. The electrodes were investigated relating their geometry change and behavior of the plasma of the cavity of hollow cathode and channel of the gas. As the cavity of hollow cathode, the analyzed aspects were the diameter and depth. With the channel of the gas, we verified the diameter. In the two situations, we investigated parameters as flow of the gas, pressure, current and applied tension in the electrode, temperature, loss of mass of the electrode with relationship at the time of use. The flow of gas investigated in the electrodes it was fastened in a work strip from 15 to 6 sccm, the constant pressure of work was among 2.7 to 8 x 10-2 mbar. The applied current was among a strip of work from 0,8 to 0,4 A, and their respective tensions were in a strip from 400 to 220 V. Fixing the value of the current, it was possible to lift the curve of the behavior of the tension with the time of use. That curves esteem in that time of use of the electrode to its efficiency is maximum. The temperatures of the electrodes were in the dependence of that curves showing a maximum temperature when the tension was maximum, yet the measured temperatures in the samples showed to be sensitive the variation of the temperature in the electrodes. An accompaniment of the loss of mass of the electrode relating to its time of use showed that the electrodes that appeared the spherical cavities lost more mass in comparison with the electrodes in that didn't appear. That phenomenon is only seen for pressures of 10-2 mbar, in these conditions a plasma column is formed inside of the channel of the gas and in certain points it is concentrated in form of spheres. Those spherical cavities develop inside of the channel of the gas spreading during the whole extension of the channel of the gas. The used electrodes were cut after they could not be more used, however among those electrodes, films that were deposited in alternate times and the electrodes that were used to deposit films in same times, those films were deposited in the glass substrata, alumina, stainless steel 420, stainless steel 316, silício and steel M2. As the eletros used to deposit films in alternate time as the ones that they were used to deposit in same times, the behavior of the thickness of the film obeyed the curve of the tension with relationship the time of use of the electrode, that is, when the tension was maximum, the thickness of the film was also maximum and when the tension was minimum, the thickness was minimum and in the case where the value of the tension was constant, the thickness of the film tends to be constant. The fine films that were produced they had applications with nano stick, bio-compatibility, cellular growth, inhibition of bacterias, cut tool, metallic leagues, brasagem, pineapple fiber and ornamental. In those films it was investigated the thickness, the adherence and the uniformity characterized by sweeping electronic microscopy. Another technique developed to assist the production and characterization of the films produced in that work was the caloteste. It uses a sphere and abrasive to mark the sample with a cap impression, with that cap form it is possible to calculate the thickness of the film. Through the time of life of the cathode, it was possible to evaluate the rate of waste of its material for the different work conditions. Values of waste rate up to 3,2 x 10-6 g/s were verified. For a distance of the substratum of 11 mm, the deposited film was limited to a circular area of 22 mm diameter mm for high pressures and a circular area of 75 mm for pressure strip. The obtained films presented thickness around 2,1 µm, showing that the discharge of arch of hollow cathode in argon obeys a curve characteristic of the tension with the time of life of the eletrodo. The deposition rate obtained in this system it is of approximately 0,18 µm/min

Análise mecânica e microestrutural das ligas de cobalto-cromo de uso odontológico após sucessivas refundições

The cobalt-chromium alloy is extensively used in the Odontology for the confection of metallic scaffolding in partial removable denture. During the last few years, it has been reported an increasing number of premature imperfections, with a few months of prosthesis use. The manufacture of these components is made in prosthetic laboratories and normally involves recasting, using parts of casting alloy and parts of virgin alloy. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to analyze the mechanical properties of a commercial cobalt-chromium alloy of odontological use after successive recasting, searching information to guide the dental prosthesis laboratories in the correct manipulation of the cobalt-chromium alloy in the process of casting and the possible limits of recasting in the mechanical properties of this material. Seven sample groups were confectioned, each one containing five test bodies, divided in the following way: G1: casting only with virgin alloy; G2: casting with 50% of the alloy of the G1 + 50% of virgin alloy; G3: casting with 50% of the alloy of the G2 + 50% of virgin alloy; G4: casting with 50% of the alloy of the G3 + 50% of virgin alloy; G5: 50% of alloy of the G4 + 50% of virgin alloy; G6: 50% of alloy of the G5 + 50% of virgin alloy and finally the G7, only with recasting alloy. The modifications in the mechanical behavior of the alloy were evaluated. Moreover, it was carried the micro structural characterization of the material by optic and electronic scanning microscopy, and X ray diffraction.and fluorescence looking into the correlatation of the mechanical alterations with structural modifications of the material caused by successive recasting process. Generally the results showed alterations in the fracture energy of the alloy after successive recasting, resulting mainly of the increasing presence of pores and large voids, characteristic of the casting material. Thus, the interpretation of the results showed that the material did not reveal significant differences with respect to the tensile strength or elastic limit, as a function of successive recasting. The elastic modulus increased from the third recasting cycle on, indicating that the material can be recast only twice. The fracture energy of the material decreased, as the number of recasting cycles increased. With respect to the microhardness, the statistical analyses showedno significant differences. Electronic scanning microscopy revealed the presence of imperfections and defects, resulting of the recasting process. X ray diffraction and fluorescence did not show alterations in the composition of the alloy or the formation of crystalline phases between the analyzed groups. The optical micrographs showed an increasing number of voids and porosity as the material was recast. Therefore, the general conclusion of this study is that the successive recasting of of Co-Cr alloys affects the mechanical properties of the material, consequently leading to the failure of the prosthetic work. Based on the results, the best recommendadition is that the use of the material should be limited to two recasting cycles

Plano general

Plano general. En la imagen se destaca la estructura de un puente peatonal con barandas metálicas de color blanco. Al fondo algunos árboles y edificaciones.

Plano general

Plano general. Imagen tomada en exterior, donde se aprecia la estructura de un puente peatonal con barandas metálicas de color blanco. Al fondo una vía pavimentada y algunos vehículos.

Efeito das variáveis laboratoriais protéticas na adesão da porcelana com ligas de níquel-cromo

The metalceramic crowns are usually used in dentistry because they provide a resistant structure due to its metallic base and its aesthetics from the porcelain that recovers this structure. To manufacture these crowns, a series of stages should be accomplished in the prosthetic laboratories, and many variables can influence its success. Changes in these variables cause alterations in the metallic alloy and in the porcelain, so, as consequence, in the adhesion between them. The composition of the metal alloy can be modified by recasting alloys, a common practice in some prosthetic laboratories. The aim of this paper is to make a systematic study investigating metalceramic crowns as well as analyzing the effect of recasting Ni-Cr alloys. Another variable which can influence the mechanism of metalceramic union is the temperature used in firing porcelain procedure. Each porcelain has to be fired in a fixed temperature which is determined by the manufacturer and its change can cause serious damages. This research simulate situations that may occur on laboratory procedures and observe their consequences in the quality of the metalceramic union. A scanning eletron microscopy and an optic microscopy were accomplish to analyse the metal-ceramic interface. No differences have been found when remelting alloys were used. The microhardness were similar in Ni-Cr alloys casted once, twice and three times. A wettability test was accomplished using a software developed at the Laboratório de Processamento de Materiais por Plasma, on the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. No differences were found in the contact angle between the solid surface (metallic substratum) and the tangencial plane to the liquid surface (opaque). To analyse if the temperature of porcelain firing procedure could influence the contact area between metal and porcelain, a variation in its final temperature was achieve from 980° to 955°C. Once more, no differences have been found

Membrana de alumina anódica: comportamento da microestrutura e estudo das propriedades ópticas após tratamento térmico

Thin commercial aluminum electrolytic and passed through reactions was obtained with anodic alumina membranes nanopores. These materials have applications in areas recognized electronic, biomedical, chemical and biological weapons, especially in obtaining nanostructures using these membranes as a substrate or template for processing nanowires, nanodots and nanofibers for applications noble. Previous studies showed that the membranes that have undergone heat treatment temperature to 1300° C underwent changes in morphology, crystal structure and optical properties. This aim, this thesis, a study of the heat treatment of porous anodic alumina membranes, in order to obtain and to characterize the behavior changes structures during the crystallization process of the membranes, at temperatures ranging between 300 and 1700° C. It was therefore necessary to mount a system formed by a tubular furnace resistive alumina tube and controlled environment, applying flux with special blend of Ag-87% and 13% N2, in which argon had the role of carrying out the oxygen nitrogen system and induce the closing of the pores during the densification of the membrane. The duration of heat treatment ranged from 60 to 15 minutes, at temperatures from 300 to 1700° C respectively. With the heat treatment occurred: a drastic reduction of porosity, grain growth and increased translucency of the membrane. For the characterization of the membranes were analyzed properties: Physical - thermogravimetric, X-ray diffraction, BET surface area; morphological - SEM, EDS through compositional and, optical absorbance, and transmittance in the UV-VIS, and FTIR. The results using the SEM showed that crystallization has occurred, densification and significant changes in membrane structure, as well as obtaining microtube, the BET analysis showed a decrease in specific surface area of the membranes has to 44.381 m2.g-1 to less than 1.8 m2.g-1 and in the analysis of transmittance and absorbance was found a value of 16.5% in the range of 800 nm, characteristic of the near infrared and FTIR have confirmed the molecular groups of the material. Thus, one can say that the membranes were mixed characteristics and properties which qualify for use in gas filtration system, as well as applications in the range of optical wavelength of the infra-red, and as a substrate of nanomaterials. This requires the continuation and deepening of additional study

Fabricación y caracterización de películas delgadas de óxidos transparentes con aplicaciones ópticas.

Los óxidos transparentes conductores (TCO′ s) son materiales compuestos conformados por oxígeno y un metal, que presentan una combinación única de alta estabilidad química, alta concentración electrónica y alta transparencia óptica. Por esta razón, el procesamiento de TCO′ s en película delgada va orientado hacia aplicaciones específicas tales como ventanas ópticas en celdas solares, sensores de gases, electrodos en dispositivos de pantallas planas, ventanas inteligentes. En este proyecto se trabajó en la síntesis experimental de dos TCO′ s relevantes tanto en investigación fundamental como en aplicaciones tecnológicas: el óxido de indio (In2O3) y el óxido de estaño (SnO2). Ambos TCO′ s se depositaron por la técnica de erosión iónica reactiva por corriente directa (DC). Para el análisis de las películas se utilizaron varias técnicas de caracterización: difracción de rayos X, espectroscopia UV-Visible, resistividad eléctrica, efecto Hall, así como microscopías electrónica de barrido y de fuerza atómica. Se fabricó también una bicapa de In2O3/SnO2, la cual se caracterizó además con espectroscopia de fotoemisión de rayos X (XPS).En esta tesis se reporta por primera vez la síntesis y caracterización de esta bicapa, la cual abre una línea de investigación en el área de interfaces. Asimismo, se desarrolló e implementó un procedimiento, basado en los modelos ópticos, tal que permite obtener parámetros que se utilizan para evaluar a cualquier película delgada TCO como potencial metamaterial. Las propiedades de las muestras se analizaron en función de la temperatura aplicada post-depósito: temperatura ambiente (TA), 100oC, 200oC, 300oC, bajo una atmósfera de argón o argón-oxígeno. Los resultados confirman que las películas presentan un crecimiento de tipo poli cristalino. Además, la calidad cristalina tiende a incrementarse como función del incremento de la temperatura. El In2O3 creció con estructura cúbica bcc (a=10.11 ˚A, ICDD #71-2195). A partir de 200C, se detectaron trazas de la fase romboédrica (a=5.490 ˚A, c=14.520 ˚A, ICDD #73-1809). Asimismo, el SnO2 creció con estructura tetragonal (a = 4.737 ˚A, c = 3.186 ˚A, ICDD #88-0287). Las películas de In2O3 poseen una transparencia promedio del 90 % en una ventana de 500 nm a 1100 nm. El borde de absorción se recorre al azul como función de la temperatura, de Eg=3.3 eV a Eg=3.7 eV por el efecto Burstein-Moss. Por otra parte, la bicapa presentó una interfaz claramente definida, sin difusión de especies metálicas. Al incrementarse la temperatura, de TA a 400oC, se detectaron dos fases de óxido de estaño: SnO2 y SnO, en un porcentaje atómico de ≈70 %:30 %, respectivamente. Se concluye que los parámetros y valores obtenidos de las películas como son el texturizado y espesor homogéneo, alta transparencia, crecimiento preferencial, ancho prohibido y resistividad eléctrica, son comparables a los que se requieren del In2O3 y SnO2 en película delgada para aplicaciones optoelectrónicas.

Aplicações biotecnológicas do supressor de silenciamento de cucumber mosaic virus

Tese de Doutoramento, Ciências Agrárias, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2015

Efeito residual da aplicação de biosólido na cultura do milho.

EFEITO RESIDUAL DA APLICAÇÃO DE BIOSÓLIDO NA CULTURA DO MILHO. MA039 Fernanda Ardilha dos Santos1; Fernanda Gonçalves Serrenho1; Germana Breves Rona1; Sarai de Alcantara1; Daniel Vidal Perez2; Wagner Bettiol3 ; Waldemore Moriconi3, fernanda.ardilha@oi.com.br (1) Instituto de Química, UFRJ, (2) Embrapa Solos, RJ, (3) Embrapa Meio Ambiente (INTRODUÇÃO) A operação de uma Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto visa diminuir a carga poluente que seria lançada nos corpos receptores. Porém um novo problema é gerado: a disposição do lodo de esgoto, ou biossólido. Uma opção seria a disposição em aterro sanitário, que agrava ainda mais o problema de manejo do lixo urbano. Uma alternativa razoável seria a sua utilização como condicionador de solo e/ou fertilizantes, já que o biossólido promove a reciclagem de matéria orgânica e nutrientes. Entretanto, metais pesados são facilmente encontrados na composição de um biossólido. A utilização desse material para fins agrícolas pode causar alterações nos teores desses metais e na sua dispersão, tanto na fase sólida quanto na líquida do solo, com conseqüências ainda pouco conhecidas para nossas condições. O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar o impacto causado pelo uso agrícola do biossólido, de origem doméstica/industrial, nos teores e na evolução dos elementos Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd e Cr. (METODOLOGIA) A área experimental situou-se em Jaguariúna (SP), em Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico (textura argilosa). O delineamento experimental escolhido foi o de fatorial (2 x 6) em blocos ao acaso, com 3 repetições, em que um tratamento correspondeu a uma dose aplicada, antes do plantio de milho, do lodo de esgoto. Os tratamentos estudados constaram de uma Testemunha Absoluta, Testemunha convencional (NPK), 1, 2, 4 e 8 vezes a dose de lodo de esgoto, calculada com base na adubação de N, requerida pela cultura do milho. O outro tratamento se refere ao tipo de lodo de esgoto utilizado, que foi fornecido pela SABESP, a saber: Barueri (Industrial) e de Franca (Doméstico), em SP. A amostragem ocorreu em novembro de 2004,2005,2006 e 2007 sendo a profundidade de coleta de 0-20cm. A técnica de extração seqüencial utilizada foi a descrita por Wasserman et al. (2005). As determinações analíticas dos metais estudados foram realizadas por ICP-OES(PE OPTIMA 3000). (RESULTADOS) Para o Zn, com o aumento da dose aplicada, observa-se um aumento significativo na concentração das fases 1e 2 e em menor grau na fase 5. Para o Cu observa-se um aumento na concentração de todas as frações em função do aumento da dose aplicada de lodo sendo a fase 5 desprezível. Nota-se que, apesar da tendência do Cu formar complexos com a matéria orgânica, é a fase 2 a mais representativa, sendo que a fase 1 apresenta alguma importância nas doses mais elevadas. O Cr sofreu um aumento na concentração total com o aumento da dose de lodo aplicada, apresentando um incremento nas concentrações de todas as fases exceto a fase 5. Todas as concentrações totais dos elementos estudados aumentaram em função do aumento das doses de lodo aplicadas. Vale ressaltar que o ano de 2003 foi o último onde houve aplicação do biossólido. Portanto, a amostragem feita em 2006 já se refere a um estudo de atenuação natural. Ademais, os resultados são relativos a aplicação do lodo de Barueri já que este apresenta concentrações metálicas mais elevadas e o comportamento dos elementos são semelhantes para distintoas fontes de lodo. (CONCLUSÃO) As concentrações nas fases aumentaram em função do aumento da concentração de lodo utilizada. As fases 1 e 2 apresentam importância neste sentido sendo este um motivo de grande preocupação, por serem frações biodisponíveis, podendo agravar seriamente, os riscos de contaminação pelos metais em questão. No entanto, as concentrações encontradas são bem menores que aquelas recomendadas pela CONAMA no375/2006 . Isto indica que a utilização do lodo oriundo das ETES na agricultura é uma solução bastante viável para sua disposição final, sendo uma prática já adotada em vários países (Ludivice et al, 2000). Agradecimentos: CNPq, FAPERJ, FUJB, EMBRAPA

Biological and chemical strategies for the recovery of precious and rare metals as nanoparticles

Tese de Doutoramento, Ciências do Mar da Terra e do Ambiente, Ramo: Ciências e Tecnologias do Ambiente, Especialidade em Biotecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2016

Compósitos de matriz metálica à base níquel com adição de TaC e NbC produzidos via metalurgia do pó

Carbide reinforced metallic alloys potentially improve some important mechanical properties required for the overall use of important engineering materials such as steel and nickel. Nevertheless, improved performance is achieved not only by composition enhancement but also by adequate processing techniques, such as novel sintering methods in the case of powder metallurgy. The method minimizes energy losses in addition to providing uniform heating during sintering. Thus, the general objective of this study was to evaluate the density, hardness, flexural strength, dilatometric behavior and to analyze the microstructure of metal matrix composites based nickel with addition of carbides of tantalum and / or niobium when sintered in a conventional furnace and Plasma assisted debinding and sintering (PADS). Initially, were defineds best parameters of granulation, screening and mixing procedure. After, mixtures of carbonyl Ni and 5%, 10% and 15 wt.% NbC and TaC were prepared in a Y-type mixer under wet conditions during 60 minutes. The mixtures were then dried and granulated using 1.5 wt. % paraffin diluted in hexane. Granulates were cold pressed under 600 MPa. Paraffin was then removed from the pressed pellets during a pre-sintering process carried out in a tubular furnace at 500 °C during 30 min. The heating rate was 3 ºC/min. The pellets were then sintered using either a plasma assisted reactor or a conventional resistive tubular furnace. For both methods, the heating rate was set to 8 ºC/min up to 1150 °C. The holding time was 60 minutes. The microstructure of the sintered samples was evaluated by SEM. Brinell hardness tests were also carried out. The results revealed that higher density and higher hardness values were observed in the plasma-assisted sintered samples. Hardness increased with the concentration of carbides in the Ni-matrix. The flexural strength also increased by adding the carbides. The decline was larger for the sample with addition of 5% 5% TaC and NbC. In general, compositions containing added carbide 10% showed less porous and more uniform distribution of carbides in the nickel matrix microstructural appearance. Thus, both added carbide and plasma sintering improved density, hardness, flexural strength and microstructural appearance of the composites

Estudo da aderência e fendilhação em elementos de betão incorporando nanopartículas

Com o crescimento progressivo da preocupação quanto ao consumo energético a nível global e a sua redução, por consequência das alterações climáticas, tem havido uma tentativa de adaptação do setor da construção para dar um contributo neste campo. O betão armado, pelas suas características e pela facilidade com que é moldado, estabeleceu com o Homem uma “amizade” duradoura. Atualmente é o material mais consumido a nível mundial, com uma produção de, aproximadamente, 10km3/ano, prevendo-se que este número venha a aumentar nos próximos anos. A sua produção necessita de um elevado consumo energético, principalmente na produção de um dos seus constituintes, o cimento. Mantendo-se a utilização generalizada do betão, uma potencial solução para este problema passa então pela redução do consumo deste elemento. Uma alternativa possível e que, nos últimos anos, ganhou relevo, prende-se com a introdução de nanotecnologia na produção do betão. A progressiva substituição do cimento Portland, por outro elemento capaz de fornecer as mesmas características às peças de betão, é uma necessidade, surgindo a introdução de nanopartículas como um caminho possível para esse objetivo. A alteração da composição do betão com a introdução de nanopartículas, acarreta consigo uma possível alteração do comportamento estrutural de elementos de betão armado, devido às alterações das propriedades do próprio betão. Este trabalho teve como motivação principal o estudo da influência deste “novo” betão na aderência aço-betão. Para a análise deste fenómeno, foram definidas duas etapas de estudo, sendo a primeira a produção de ensaios de arrancamento (Pull Out) para medir a tensão de aderência máxima e a segunda a realização de testes em tirantes com o objetivo de medir o padrão de fendilhação nestes elementos. Foram produzidas várias misturas de betão contendo dois tipos de nanopartículas (nano-sílica e nano-alumínio), incorporando também fibras metálicas. O estudo da aderência através do programa experimental apresentado, teve ainda como variáveis o uso de varões lisos e nervurados. No total foram realizados trinta e dois ensaios de arrancamento e dezasseis ensaios de tração com tirantes de betão armado. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que a introdução de nanopartículas na composição do betão origina algumas diferenças de comportamento, relativamente ao betão normal. Nalguns casos os resultados foram algo inesperados. O trabalho desenvolvido no âmbito desta tese estava enquadrado num projeto mais amplo, designado por Nanobetão, promovido por um consórcio estabelecido entre o Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Coimbra e a empresa Smart Inovation.

Diseño de una estrategia de mercadeo para la industria metal mecánica de El Salvador fabricante de herramientas manuales. Caso ilustrativo.

El presente trabajo de graduación incluye un estudio en la industria metal mecánica salvadoreña fabricante de herramientas manuales de metal, en especial a una empresa como caso ilustrativo, diseñándose una estrategia de mercadeo que le permita incrementar sus niveles de venta en un mercado competitivo. El desarrollo de la investigación se realizó en el área metropolitana de San Salvador por medio de entrevistas y encuestas dirigidas a las empresas fabricantes, distribuidores y consumidores finales; considerándose como consumidores los talleres de estructuras metálicas por ser los principales demandantes de los productos fabricados por la empresa en estudio; además se obtuvo información de otras fuentes, como: Banco Central de Reserva (BCR), Fundación Salvadoreña para el Desarrollo Económico y Social (FUSADES), Cámara de Comercio de El Salvador, Dirección General de Estadísticas y Censos (DIGESTYC). El análisis de la información recopilada permitió realizar un diagnóstico de la situación competitiva de mercado en que se encuentra la industria y la empresa en particular. Así mismo, se obtuvieron datos de importancia relativos al comportamiento del consumidor y la calificación que da a los productos de la metal mecánica fabricados en El Salvador. En cuanto a la empresa en estudio se determinó que tiene demanda principalmente en los talleres de estructuras metálicas; sin embargo, no existe una lealtad firme de marca; la rivalidad es intensa; los distribuidores ejercen un alto poder de negociación en cuanto a calidad; posee un número limitado de proveedores, lo que propicia un alto poder de negociación; además, existe limitada información acerca de las herramientas que fabrica. Al reconocer la situación de la empresa, se diseña la propuesta, especificándose la misión, visión, objetivos y estrategias para cada una de las variables del mercado, orientadas de manera que se incorporen a un plan de comercialización para cinco años; además, se incluyen presupuestos para dar a conocer el efecto financiero del diseño, el plan de implementación de la propuesta; así como, el control de dicho plan y las recomendaciones respectivas.

Robot acuático hidrostático espectral de rayos laser, para el control larvario de mosquitos de importancia médica en Salud Pública.

Diseñar y construir un robot acuático que destruya la presencia de larvas o pupas de mosquitos en contenedores de agua. Se construyó y se diseñó un robot con materiales reciclables construido con tubos de cañería PVC, lupa, sensores de luz y barrera, motor de fuente 110 v, resistencias, LCR, cargador 9 v y focos led, para que destruya larvas de mosquitos en un contenedor de agua. Como resultado hay una cero prevalencia de índice larvario porque el robot detecta presencia larvaria con sensores y rayos laser activándose automáticamente con el efecto de succión y destrucción larvas en su interior eliminándolas desechas al utilizar filtros de 10 micras y aspas metálicas, el robot se activa por cinco a diez minutos y se apaga automáticamente hasta esperar la alarma otra vez según disposición de larvas. Conclusión el uso del robot acuático en contenedores de agua no se encuentra índices larvarios, así como pupas, que puede ser utilizado como control antilarvario para el combate transmisor de Dengue, Zika, Chikungunya entre otros.
Design and build an aquatic robot to destroy the presence of larvae or pupae of mosquitoes in water containers. It was built and a robot with recyclables built with tubes pipe PVC, magnifier, light sensors and barrier, engine power 110 v, resistors, LCR, charger 9 vy spotlights led, to destroy mosquito larvae was designed in a container of water. As a result there is a zero prevalence Larval rate because the robot detects larval presence sensors and lasers automatically activated with the suction effect and larvae destruction their killing the inner cast off using filters of 10 microns and metal blades, the robot is activated by five to ten minutes to wait automatically turns off the alarm again available as larvae. Conclusion use water in water containers robot is not larval indices and pupae, which can be used as anti larval control for transmitter combat Dengue, Zika, Chikungunya among others.

Avaliação da espécie vegetal Croton cajucara Benth como inibidor de biocorrosão em aço carbono Aisi 1020

Actually in the oil industry biotechnological approaches represent a challenge. In that, attention to metal structures affected by electrochemical corrosive processes, as well as by the interference of microorganisms (biocorrosion) which affect the kinetics of the environment / metal interface. Regarding to economical and environmental impacts reduction let to the use of natural products as an alternative to toxic synthetic inhibitors. This study aims the employment of green chemistry by evaluating the stem bark extracts (EHC, hydroalcoholic extract) and leaves (ECF, chloroform extract) of plant species Croton cajucara Benth as a corrosion inhibitor. In addition the effectiveness of corrosion inhibition of bioactive trans-clerodane dehydrocrotonin (DCTN) isolated from the stem bark of this Croton was also evaluated. For this purpose, carbon steel AISI 1020 was immersed in saline media (3,5 % NaCl) in the presence and absence of a microorganism recovered from a pipeline oil sample. Corrosion inhibition efficiency and its mechanisms were investigated by linear sweep voltammetry and electrochemical impedance. Culture-dependent and molecular biology techniques were used to characterize and identify bacterial species present in oil samples. The tested natural products EHC, ECF and DCTN (DMSO as solvent) in abiotic environment presented respectively, corrosion inhibition efficiencies of 57.6% (500 ppm), 86.1% (500 ppm) and 54.5% (62.5 ppm). Adsorption phenomena showed that EHC best fit Frumkin isotherm and ECF to Temkin isotherm. EHC extract (250 ppm) dissolved in a polar microemulsion system (MES-EHC) showed significant maximum inhibition efficiency (93.8%) fitting Langmuir isotherm. In the presence of the isolated Pseudomonas sp, EHC and ECF were able to form eco-compatible organic films with anti-corrosive properties