Anatomia ecológica do lenho de espécies arbustivas e arbóreas que ocorrem naturalmente em bosques com drástico gradiente de precipitação ao Noroeste da Patagônia, Argentina

A utilização de gradientes ambientais no estudo de comunidades vegetais possibilita a eleição de sítios onde há a predominância de um fator abiótico que determina o sucesso ou o fracasso de espécies ao longo de sua extensão. Entre as inúmeras ferramentas utilizadas no estudo de gradientes climáticos, se destaca a anatomia do lenho, pois, é um ramo da ciência que permite analisar, além dos aspectos espaciais, os aspectos temporais dos sítios por meio dos anéis de crescimento. Além disso, a ampla distribuição das plantas lenhosas ao longo do globo possibilita análises em praticamente todos os tipos de biomas e ecossistemas terrestres. Dentro desse contexto estão os bosques andino-patagônicos de Araucaria araucana (Pehuén) ao norte de sua distribuição na Argentina. Esses bosques ocupam territórios caracterizados por um acentuado gradiente de precipitação, que vai de cerca de 3000 a 100 milímetros anuais, entre a cordilheira do Andes e a estepe patagônica, que os define como bosques mésicos e xéricos, com diferenças ecológicas que condicionam a formação vegetal, dinâmica, estrutura, relações com o clima e vulnerabilidade em cenários de mudanças ambientais. O objetivo do projeto foi descrever e analisar comparativamente a estrutura anatômica do lenho de 33 espécies arbóreas e arbustivas ocorrentes ao longo de um gradiente de precipitação, entre a encosta da cordilheira dos Andes e a estepe Patagônica, para verificar possíveis alterações anatômicas que permitam a determinação de tendências e elucidem os limites de distribuição das espécies. Foram coletadas amostras não destrutivas de lenho durante três expedições para a Patagônia entre 2012 e 2014, seguidas de procedimentos laboratoriais de confeccção de lâminas histológicas, preparo de amostras para análises dendrocronológicas, captura de imagens com câmeras acopladas a microscópios óptico e eletrônico de varredura, mensurações, descrições e análises comparativas com o auxílio de softwares. Foram identificados caracteres anatômicos exclusivos de sítios secos e úmidos que permitiram a caracterização, posicionamento ao longo do gradiente de precipitação e grupamento de espécies xerófitas e mesófitas; A ultra-estrutura das pontoações de traqueídeos de Araucaria araucana apresentou diferenças marcantes na frequência e porosidade de suas membranas, sendo maior e menos porosas em sítios xéricos, e menor e mais porosas nos mésicos; a chave dicotômica microscópica permitiu a identificação das 32 espécies arbustivas, as espécies Chuquiraga oppositifolia e Nothofagus antarctica apresentaram potencial dendrocronológico, e foram identificadas tendências anatômicas latitudinais influenciadas pelo clima nos extremos da América do Sul. A anatomia do lenho se mostrou uma ferramenta confiável no estudo de um gradiente de precipitação na Patagônia argentina, e os resultados apontam para riscos de embolismos e morte induzida por falha no sistema hidráulico de Araucaria araucana ao longo de todo o gradiente, em função do atual cenário climático, e suas projeções em médio e longo prazos.

El Estado legislando, relevando, mapeando. Una etnografía de la implementación del Programa de Relevamiento Territorial de Comunidades Indígenas en Salta (Argentina)

Tomando como punto de partida mi colaboración en la recolección y la sistematización de datos vinculados al relevamiento territorial en distintas comunidades guaraníes del noroeste salteño, en apoyo al Programa de Relevamiento Territorial de Comunidades Indígenas (Re.Te.CI) y en el marco de la Ley de Emergencia en materia de posesión y propiedad comunitaria indígena (Ley 26.160), el presente artículo describe y analiza distintos momentos de la implementación del programa. Fundamentalmente, exploro las formas particulares que el mismo asumió en la provincia de Salta focalizándome en el Departamento General San Martín, siendo esta la región de mayor diversidad étnica de la provincia. Inspirada en la propuesta de Ferguson y Gupta (2002) de pensar al Estado como “una experiencia vivida” utilizo materiales etnográficos de tres comunidades indígenas donde se aplicó el programa de relevamiento territorial y me centro en una de ellas para pensar las formas que adopta la relación entre el Estado y los pueblos indígenas.

Excess length of stay due to central line–associated bloodstream infection in intensive care units in Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico

Objective.To estimate the excess length of stay in an intensive care unit (ICU) due to a central line–associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI), using a multistate model that accounts for the timing of infection. Design.A cohort of 3,560 patients followed up for 36,806 days in ICUs. Setting.Eleven ICUs in 3 Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico. Patients.All patients admitted to the ICU during a defined time period with a central line in place for more than 24 hours. Results.The average excess length of stay due to a CLABSI increased in 10 of 11 ICUs and varied from −1.23 days to 4.69 days. A reduction in length of stay in Mexico was probably caused by an increased risk of death due to CLABSI, leading to shorter times to death. Adjusting for patient age and Average Severity of Illness Score tended to increase the estimated excess length of stays due to CLABSI. Conclusions.CLABSIs are associated with an excess length of ICU stay. The average excess length of stay varies between ICUs, most likely because of the case‐mix of admissions and differences in the ways that hospitals deal with infections.

Volcanic stratigraphy, alteration zoning, and vein paragenesis of the Sascha-Pelligrini low-sulphidation epithermal system, Santa Cruz, Argentina

The Sascha-Pelligrini low-sulphidation epithermal system is located on the western edge of the Deseado Massif, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina. Outcrop sampling has returned values of up to 160g/t gold and 796g/t silver, with Mirasol Resources and Coeur D.Alene Mines currently exploring the property. Detailed mapping of the volcanic stratigraphy has defined three units that comprise the middle Jurassic Chon Aike Formation and two units that comprise the upper Jurassic La Matilde Formation. The Chon Aike Formation consists of rhyodacite ignimbrites and tuffs, with the La Matilde Formation including rhyolite ash and lithic tuffs. The volcanic sequence is intruded by a large flow-banded rhyolite dome, with small, spatially restricted granodiorite dykes and sills cropping out across the study area. ASTER multispectral mineral mapping, combined with PIMA (Portable Infrared Mineral Analyser) and XRD (X-ray diffraction) analysis defines an alteration pattern that zones from laumontite-montmorillonite, to illite-pyritechlorite, followed by a quartz-illite-smectite-pyrite-adularia vein selvage. Supergene kaolinite and steam-heated acid-sulphate kaolinite-alunite-opal alteration horizons crop out along the Sascha Vein trend and Pelligrini respectively. Paragenetically, epithermal veining varies from chalcedonic to saccharoidal with minor bladed textures, colloform/crustiform-banded with visible electrum and acanthite, crustiform-banded grey chalcedonic to jasperoidal with fine pyrite, and crystalline comb quartz. Geothermometry of mineralised veins constrains formation temperatures from 174.8 to 205.1¡ÆC and correlates with the stability field for the interstratified illite-smectite vein selvage. Vein morphology, mineralogy and associated alteration are controlled by host rock rheology, permeability, and depth of the palaeo-water table. Mineralisation within ginguro banded veins resulted from fluctuating fluid pH associated with selenide-rich magmatic pulses, pressure release boiling and wall-rock silicate buffering. The study of the Sascha-Pelligrini epithermal system will form the basis for a deposit-specific model helping to clarify the current understanding of epithermal deposits, and may serve as a template for exploration of similar epithermal deposits throughout Santa Cruz.

Neoproterozoic glacial deposits of the Kimberly Region and northwestern Northern Territory, Australia

Neoproterozoic glacigenic formations are preserved in the Kimberley region and northwestern Northern Territory of northern Australia. They are distributed in the west Kimberley adjacent to the northern margins of the King Leopold Orogen, the Mt Ramsay area at the junction of the King Leopold and Halls Creek Orogens, and the east Kimberley, adjacent to the eastern margin of the Halls Creek Orogen. Small outlier glacigenic deposits are preserved in the Litchfield Province, Northern Territory (Uniya Formation) and Georgina Basin, western Queensland (Little Burke Formation). Glacigenic strata comprise diamictite, conglomerate, sandstone and pebbly mudstone and characterize the Walsh, Landrigan and Fargoo/Moonlight Valley formations. Thin units of laminated dolomite sit conformably at the top of the Walsh, Landrigan and Moonlight Valley formations. Glacigenic units are also interbedded with the carbonate platform deposits of the Egan Formation and Boonall Dolomite. δ13C data are available for all carbonate units. There is no direct chronological constraint on these successions. Dispute over regional correlation of the Neoproterozoic succession has been largely resolved through biostratigraphic, chemostratigraphic and lithostratigraphic analysis. However, palaeomagnetic results from the Walsh Formation are inconsistent with sedimentologically based correlations. Two stratigraphically defined glaciations are preserved in northwestern Australia: the ‘Landrigan Glaciation’, characterized by southwest-directed continental ice-sheet movement and correlated with late Cryogenian glaciation elsewhere in Australia and the world; and, the ‘Egan Glaciation’, a more localized glaciation of the Ediacaran Period. Future research focus should include chronology, palaeomagnetic constraint and tectonostratigraphic controls on deposition.

Raman spectroscopic study of the mineral qingheiite Na2(Mn2+,Mg,Fe2+)2(Al,Fe3+)(PO4)3, a pegmatite phosphate mineral from Santa Ana pegmatite, Argentina

The pegmatite mineral qingheiite Na2(Mn2+,Mg,Fe2+)2(Al,Fe3+)(PO4)3 has been studied by a combination of SEM and EMP, Raman and infrared spectroscopy. The studied sample was collected from the Santa Ana pegmatite, Argentina. The mineral occurs as a primary mineral in lithium bearing pegmatite, in association with beausite and lithiophilite. The Raman spectrum is characterized by a very sharp intense Raman band at 980 cm�1 assigned to the PO3�4 symmetric stretching mode. Multiple Raman bands are observed in the PO3�4 antisymmetric stretching region, providing evidence for the existence of more than one phosphate unit in the structure of qingheiite and evidence for the reduction in symmetry of the phosphate units. This concept is affirmed by the number of bands in the m4 and m2 bending regions. No intensity was observed in the OH stretching region in the Raman spectrum but significant intensity is found in the infrared spectrum. Infrared bands are observed at 2917, 3195, 3414 and 3498 cm�1 are assigned to water stretching vibrations. It is suggested that some water is coordinating the metal cations in the structure of qingheiite.

The Walls of Agios Donatos Zervochoriou : A case study of a fortress in Thesprotia, northwestern Greece

The study deals with the dating and the function of the fortress of Agios Donatos, which is located in the Kokytos river valley in Thesprotia, northwestern Greece. To solve the dating problem one had to use parallels found in research literature, preferably within as close range as possible. As most of the fortresses within a close proximity had not been adequately published, one had to use parallels within a larger area, throughout the Hellenistic world. Archaeological material found in trial trenches on site was used when possible. To think of the function of the site one had to study the site itself and its relation to the environment, and to compare the situation with the parallels found in research literature, mostly different archaeological survey projects in Greece and Asia Minor. The fortress was built during a period ranging from the final decades of the fourth century down to the mid-third century BC. Most likely it was built during the first quarter of the third century, that is the reign of Pyrrhus of Epirus when the area experienced a boom in fortress building activity. The function of the site was most likely to protect a trade route from the major port in the area to the central areas of the valley and on to Kalamas river, which was the major route on to Macedon. In the end an appendix dealing with the other fortified sites in Thesprotia has been compiled.

Destination image: identifying baseline perceptions of Brazil, Argentina and Chile in the nascent Australian long haul travel market

While the popularity of destination image research has increased exponentially in the literature, there has been relatively little published about perceptions held by international consumers of destinations in South America. The purpose of this paper is to report the findings of a research project that aimed to identify the baseline market perceptions of Brazil, Argentina and Chile amongst Australian residents, at the time of the emergence of this long haul market. Of interest was the extent to which Australians differentiate the three distinct countries versus perceiving the continent as a gestalt. These baseline perceptions enable the effectiveness of future marketing communications in Australia by the three national tourism offices to be monitored over time. Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) is used as a practical analytical tool to guide decision makers. In terms of operationalising destination image, a key research finding was the very high ratio or participants using the ‘Don’t know’ (DK) option for each destination performance scale item. This finding has practical implications for the destination marketers, as well as for researchers engaged in destination image research in long haul and/or emerging markets.

Albert Einstein with Coriolano Alberini and unidentified men; Buenos Aires, Argentina Portraits Groups; Men

Dedication: Al Prof. Alberto Einstein, maestro y amigo, signed Coriolano Alberini, Dean of the Faculty of Philosophy and Literature of the University of Buenos Aires

Performance of Pinus elliottii, Pinus caribaea, their F-1, F-2 and backcross hybrids and Pinus taeda to 10 years in the Mesopotamia region, Argentina

Performances of Pinus taxa were studied to 10 years of age in two trials in each of Misiones and Entre Rios provinces across the Mesopotamia region of Argentina. Taxa comprised 22 populations from sources in Argentina, Australia, Brazil and Zimbabwe including Pinus elliottii var. elliottii (Pee), Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis (Pch), their four, inter-specific hybrids (F-1, F-2 and backcrosses from F-1 to Pch and to Pee-all as broadly based bulks); other Pee and Pinus taeda (Pt) comprised narrower or unspecified bulks. Variable numbers of taxa were missing at each site. Mean survival across sites at age 10 years ranged 53.2-91.3% averaging 74.2%. Analysis of variance of plot means indicated population effect was statistically significant (p < 0.05) for all or most growth and quality traits at all sites. However, significant differences from the nominated check seedlot at the Entre Rios sites (Pee, Australia) were extremely rare, while quite common at the northern, Misiones sites (check seedlot a Pt population). In the Misiones trials, F-1, F-2 and both backcross hybrids showed better stem straightness than Pee and Pt from Argentina, generally with statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). Pt showed lowest forking scores (desirable). Taxon x environment interaction was statistically significant (p < 0.01) for growth traits only (p > 0.05). However, this interaction contributed an average of only 34.1% of the taxon variance suggesting a lack of practical importance. Taxa most suitable for deployment in the Mesopotamia region, Argentina are suggested.

Potential source identification for aerosol concentrations over a site in Northwestern India

The collocated measurements of aerosols size distribution (ASD) and aerosol optical thickness (AOT) are analyzed simultaneously using Grimm aerosol spectrometer and MICROTOP II Sunphotometer over Jaipur, capital of Rajasthan in India. The contrast temperature characteristics during winter and summer seasons of year 2011 are investigated in the present study. The total aerosol number concentration (TANC, 0.3-20 mu m) during winter season was observed higher than in summer time and it was dominated by fine aerosol number concentration (FANC < 2 mu m). Particles smaller than 0.8 mu m (at aerodynamic size) constitute similar to 99% of all particles in winter and similar to 90% of particles in summer season. However, particles greater than 2 mu m contribute similar to 3% and similar to 0.2% in summer and winter seasons respectively. The aerosols optical thickness shows nearly similar AOT values during summer and winter but corresponding low Angstrom Exponent (AE) values during summer than winter, respectively. In this work, Potential Source Contribution Function (PSCF) analysis is applied to identify locations of sources that influenced concentrations of aerosols over study area in two different seasons. PSCF analysis shows that the dust particles from That Desert contribute significantly to the coarse aerosol number concentration (CANC). Higher values of the PSCF in north from Jaipur showed the industrial areas in northern India to be the likely sources of fine particles. The variation in size distribution of aerosols during two seasons is clearly reflected in the log normal size distribution curves. The log normal size distribution curves reveals that the particle size less than 0.8 pm is the key contributor in winter for higher ANC. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Algunas consideraciones acerca de la eficiencia del iva en la Argentina

Resumen: En este trabajo se analizan aspectos relacionados con la eficiencia del Impuesto al Valor Agregado (IVA) en la economía argentina. Se comienza revisando la estructura tributaria de la Argentina, comparándola con la vigente en naciones desarrolladas. Luego se procede a realizar estimaciones de evasión-elusión en el IVA, para el período 1997-2005. Los efectos del Monotributo sobre la base imponible del IVA y su recaudación potencial no son menores y son objeto de análisis en las estimaciones de evasión-elusión. Por su parte, el impuesto a las Ganancias, junto al impuesto a los Ingresos Brutos y los impuestos al trabajo generan incentivos a la evasión “en cadena” junto con el IVA, que llevan a reflexionar acerca de la relación cercana entre IVA y el impuesto a las Ganancias, y su impacto sobre las decisiones de evasión. Se concluye con recomendaciones acerca del IVA y de otros impuestos. Se propone la eliminación del Monotributo para potenciar el efecto recaudatorio del IVA, y la reducción de la alícuota del impuesto a las Ganancias de empresas, reinvertidas o totales, lo que tendría impactos finales favorables en los ingresos fiscales totales.

Argentina : 100 años en cifras

Resumen: El artículo traza un recorrido histórico a través de las cifras de la economía argentina, para mostrar los excesos de la política nacional durante lo s últimos ochenta años. La primera parte refleja la política proteccionista de las primeras décadas del siglo veinte. Luego, el autor expone los motivos que llevaron a la desmonetización de la economía, así como también al desarrollo del Estado empresario. Más adelante, el artículo presenta las distintas medidas adoptadas por el Estado, que condujeron a la pérdida de institucionalidad en nuestro país. Finalmente, el autor presenta diez agujeros negros de la economía argentina los cuales, en su opinión, frenaron el progreso de la nación, y propone analizar la historia desde esta perspectiva para evitar incurrir en los errores del pasado.

Temas de historia argentina y americana, 2003, n° 3 (número completo)

Mayo de 1910: el imaginario a través de los discursos oficiales / María Victoria Carsen -- Sylvestre Begnis y la instauración nacional del frondicismo. 1954-1958 / Miguel Ángel De Marco (h) -- Un intento de democratización: política sindical durante el gobierno del general Lonardi (23 de septiembre al 13 de noviembre de 1955) / Guillermo E. Gini -- Del esplendor a la crisis. Las misiones guaraníes entre 1734 y 1744 /Ernesto J. A. Maeder -- El 90. La crisis económica y política vista desde la gráfica satírica de la época / Andrea Matallana -- Relaciones comerciales franco-argentinas. 1880-1914 / Hebe C. Pelosi -- Resistencia cultural a un régimen autoritario: El “sonoro” silencio de SUR durante el primer peronismo / Rosalie Sitman -- La creación musical académica argentina como reflejo de la Guerra del Paraguay / Juan María Veniard -- Reseñas Bibliográficas