Synthesis, thin-film morphology, and comparative study of bulk and bilayer heterojunction organic photovoltaic devices using soluble diketopyrrolopyrrole molecules

Diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-based organic semiconductors EH-DPP-TFP and EH-DPP-TFPV with branched ethyl-hexyl solubilizing alkyl chains and end capped with trifluoromethyl phenyl groups were designed and synthesized via Suzuki coupling. These compounds show intense absorptions up to 700 nm, and thin film-forming characteristics that sensitively depend on the solvent and coating conditions. Both materials have been used as electron donors in bulk heterojunction and bilayer organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices with fullerenes as acceptors and their performance has been studied in detail. The best power conversion efficiency of 3.3% under AM1.5G illumination (100 mW cm -2) was achieved for bilayer solar cells when EH-DPP-TFPV was used with C 60, after a thermal annealing step to induce dye aggregation and interdiffusion of C 60 with the donor material. To date, this is one of the highest efficiencies reported for simple bilayer OPV devices.

Placement of Kuhlmanniodendron Fiaschi & Groppo in Lindackerieae (Achariaceae, Malpighiales) confirmed by analyses of rbcL sequences, with notes on pollen morphology and wood anatomy

The phylogenetic placement of Kuhlmanniodendron Fiaschi & Groppo (Achariaceae) within Malpighiales was investigated with rbcL sequence data. This genus was recently created to accommodate Carpotroche apterocarpa Kuhlm., a poorly known species from the rainforests of Espirito Santo, Brazil. One rbcL sequence was obtained from Kuhlmanniodendron and analyzed with 73 additional sequences from Malpighiales, and 8 from two closer orders, Oxalidales and Celastrales, all of which were available at Genbank. Phylogenetic analyses were carried out with maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference; bootstrap analyses were used in maximum parsimony to evaluate branch support. The results confirmed the placement of Kuhlmanniodendron together with Camptostylus, Lindackeria, Xylotheca, and Caloncoba in a strongly supported clade (posterior probability = 0.99) that corresponds with the tribe Lindackerieae of Achariaceae (Malpighiales). Kuhlmanniodendron also does not appear to be closely related to Oncoba (Salicaceae), an African genus with similar floral and fruit morphology that has been traditionally placed among cyanogenic Flacourtiaceae (now Achariaceae). A picrosodic paper test was performed in herbarium dry leaves, and the presence of cyanogenic glycosides, a class of compounds usually found in Achariaceae, was detected. Pollen morphology and wood anatomy of Kuhlmanniodendron were also investigated, but both pollen (3-colporate and microreticulate) and wood, with solitary to multiple vessels, scalariform perforation plates and other features, do not seem to be useful to distinguish this genus from other members of the Achariaceae and are rather common among the eudicotyledons as a whole. However, perforated ray cells with scalariform plates, an uncommon wood character, present in Kuhlmanniodendron are similar to those found in Kiggelaria africana (Pangieae, Achariaceae), but the occurrence of such cells is not mapped among the angiosperms, and it is not clear how homoplastic this character could be.

Illustrations of comparative anatomy, vertebrate and invertebrate, for the use of students in the Museum of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy.

"Preface" signed by J.W. Clark and T.W. Bridge.

Morfo-anatomia foliar comparada de Coccocypselum lanceolatum (RUIZ & PAVON) PERSOON (RUBIACEAE) ocorrente em duas regiões distintas de Mata Atlântica

A Mata Atlântica figura entre os biomas com o maior índice de biodiversidade, mais ameaçados e menos conhecidos cientificamente do planeta. Nesse bioma, a família Rubiaceae se destaca como a quarta mais importante em número de espécies e indivíduos. Com o objetivo de aumentar o conhecimento relativo ao bioma e à família em questão, este trabalho propõe o estudo de Coccocypselum lanceolatum (Ruiz & Pavon) Persoon, uma espécie de hábito herbáceo frequente em diferentes fitofisionomias de Mata Atlântica no estado do Rio de Janeiro. O trabalho visa comparar a estrutura morfo-anatômica da espécie crescendo em Floresta Ombrófila Densa submontana, em região insular e Floresta Ombrófila Densa montana, em região continental. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em dois remanescentes de Mata Atlântica no estado do Rio de Janeiro: Parque Estadual da Ilha Grande, no município de Angra dos Reis e Parque Ambiental Luiz Simões Lopes, município de Nova Friburgo. Foi feita a avaliação dos seguintes parâmetros ambientais: pluviosidade, temperatura, radiação solar e características do solo. Para a análise morfológica foliar, foram coletadas 25 folhas completamente expandidas, provenientes do 3 ou 4 nós, observando-se a mesma estação climática, entre os meses de maio e junho de 2010 (outono) nos dois sítios de estudo. Para o estudo anatômico foram selecionadas 10 folhas completamente expandidas, provenientes do 3 ou 4 nós, as quais foram fragmentadas nos níveis do pecíolo e terço-médio. Os parâmetros utilizados para a comparação dos materiais provenientes dos diferentes sítios consistiram na espessura total da lâmina foliar, na espessura do mesofilo (m), na espessura dos parênquimas (m), paliçádico e lacunoso, na espessura das epidermes (m) nas faces adaxiais e abaxiais, e nas densidades (mm2) de estômatos e de tricomas. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a espécie apresenta variação intraespecífica, relacionada aos diferentes parâmetros ambientais avaliados em função da origem. Desta forma, foram encontradas diferenças na composição química e física e consequentemente no pH dos solos; a presença de antocianinas em órgãos diferentes das flores e dos frutos no material de Nova Friburgo; diferenças morfológicas e anatômicas relativas às diferenças nos índices pluviométricos, composição do solo e radiação solar

The anatomy, physiology, morphology and development of the blow-fly (Calliphora erythrocephala.) : A study in the comparative anatomy and morphology of insects.

An expansion of the author's previous memoir on the subject, that appeared in 1870.

Root system traits of Norway spruce, Scots pine, and silver birch in mixed boreal forests: an analysis of root architecture, morphology, and anatomy

The aim of this thesis was to unravel the functional-structural characteristics of root systems of Betula pendula Roth., Picea abies (L.) Karst., and Pinus sylvestris L. in mixed boreal forest stands differing in their developmental stage and site fertility. The root systems of these species had similar structural regularities: horizontally-oriented shallow roots defined the horizontal area of influence, and within this area, each species placed fine roots in the uppermost soil layers, while sinker roots defined the maximum rooting depth. Large radial spread and high ramification of coarse roots, and the high specific root length (SRL) and root length density (RLD) of fine roots indicated the high belowground competitiveness and root plasticity of B. pendula. Smaller radial root spread and sparser branching of coarse roots, and low SRL and RLD of fine roots of the conifers could indicate their more conservative resource use and high association with and dependence on ectomycorrhiza-forming fungi. The vertical fine root distributions of the species were mostly overlapping, implying the possibility for intense belowground competition for nutrients. In each species, conduits tapered and their frequency increased from distal roots to the stem, from the stem to the branches, and to leaf petioles in B. pendula. Conduit tapering was organ-specific in each species violating the assumptions of the general vascular scaling model (WBE). This reflects the hierarchical organization of a tree and differences between organs in the relative importance of transport, safety, and mechanical demands. The applied root model was capable of depicting the mass, length and spread of coarse roots of B. pendula and P. abies, and to the lesser extent in P. sylvestris. The roots did not follow self-similar fractal branching, because the parameter values varied within the root systems. Model parameters indicate differences in rooting behavior, and therefore different ecophysiological adaptations between species.

Morphology and anatomy of inflorescence and inflorescence axis in Paepalanthus sect. Diphyomene Ruhland (Eriocaulaceae, Poales) and its taxonomic implications

Paepalanthus sect. Diphyomene has inflorescences arranged in umbels. The underlying bauplan seems however to be more complex and composed of several distinct subunits. Despite appearing superficially very similar, the morphology and anatomy of the inflorescences can supply useful information for the understanding of the phylogeny and taxonomy of the group. Inflorescences of Paepalanthus erectifolius, Paepalanthus flaccidus, Paepalanthus giganteus, and Paepalanthus polycladus were analyzed in regard to branching pattern and anatomy. In P. erectifolius, P. giganteus and P. polycladus the structure is a tribotryum, with terminal dibotryum, and with pherophylls bearing lateral dibotrya. In P. flaccidus, the inflorescence is a pleiobotryum, with terminal subunit, and without pherophylls. Secondary inflorescences may occur in all species without regular pattern. Especially when grown in sites without a pronounced seasonality, the distinction between enrichment zone (part of the same inflorescence) and new inflorescences may be obscured. The main anatomical features supplying diagnostic and phylogenetic information are as follows: (a) in the elongated axis, the thickness of the epidermal cell walls and the cortex size; (b) in the bracts, the quantity of parenchyma cells (c) in the scapes, the shape and the presence of a pith tissue. Therefore, P. sect. Diphyomene can be divided in two groups; group A is represented by P. erectifolius, P. giganteus and P. polycladus, and group B is represented by P. flaccidus. The differentiation is based in both, inflorescence structure and anatomy. Group A presents a life cycle and anatomical features similar to species of Actinocephalus. Molecular trees also point that these two groups are closely related. However, inflorescence morphology and blooming sequence are different. Species of group B present an inflorescence structure and anatomical features shared with many genera and species in Eriocaulaceae. The available molecular and morphology based phylogenies still do not allow a precise allocation of the group in the bulk of basal species of Paepalanthus collocated in P. sect. Variabiles. The characters described and used here supply however important information towards this goal. (C) 2009 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Comparative anatomy of the male reproductive internal organs of 51 species of bees

A anatomia dos órgãos internos do aparelho reprodutor de machos (ARM) adultos e pupas foi comparada em 51 espécies de abelhas, incluindo representantes de seis famílias. Foram obtidos quatro tipos diferentes de ARM. O tipo I está presente em machos das famílias mais basais (Colletidae, Andrenidae e Halictidae) e é caracterizado por três túbulos seminíferos por testículo, o qual é quase totalmente envolvido pela membrana escrotal. O tipo II é um tipo intermediário entre os tipos I e III e está presente em Mellitidae e Megachilidae, como também em alguns Apidae estudados, sendo caracterizado por possuir dutos deferentes pós-vesiculares fora da membrana escrotal e possuir três ou quatro túbulos seminíferos por testículo, exceto Apis mellifera L., a qual possui secundariamente um número aumentado de túbulos. O tipo III foi achado somente nos Apidae estudados e é caracterizado por apresentar os testículos e dutos genitais (exceto o duto deferente pós-vesicular) encapsulados separadamente, as glândulas acessórias são bem desenvolvidas e o duto ejaculador é calibroso, apresentando fissuras em sua parede externa, as quais podem ocorrer também no tipo II. O tipo IV está presente exclusivamente na tribo Meliponini e é caracterizado pela ausência de glândulas acessórias.

Morphology and anatomy of developing fruits and seeds of Vismia guianensis (Aubl.) Choisy (Clusiaceae)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Morphology and anatomy of developing fruits and seeds of Mammea americana L. (Clusiaceae)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Morphology and anatomy of inflorescence and inflorescence axis in Paepalanthus sect. Diphyomene Ruhland (Eriocaulaceae, Poales) and its taxonomic implications

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Morphology and anatomy of the vegetative organs and scapes from Aphorocaulon (Paepalanthus, Eriocaulaceae)

Estudou-se a anatomia de raízes, caules, folhas e escapos de espécies de Paepalanthus subseção Aphorocaulon. Estas plantas apresentam caules reduzidos com folhas em roseta, de onde crescem os paracládios (sistemas de inflorescências). As espécies apresentam raízes com epiderme unisseriada e córtex com células isodiamétricas. Tanto os caules reduzidos como os paracládios apresentam espessamento resultante da atividade do periciclo, denominado Meristema de Espessamento Primário (MEP). Ambos apresentam estrutura anatômica semelhante. Os escapos apresentam endoderme descontínua, periciclo sinuoso, o córtex apresenta costelas salientes (5-6). As folhas apresentam células epidérmicas alongadas no sentido longitudinal com paredes levemente espessadas, estômatos somente na face abaxial, com câmara subestomática especializada, feixes vasculares colaterais com bainha dupla. Essas estruturas anatômicas são comuns para as espécies da subseção Aphorocaulon. Algumas características anatômicas observadas nestas espécies são típicas de plantas que crescem nos campos rupestres.