Avaliação micológica de rações comerciais para cães e gatos e potencial micotoxinogênico de espécies selecionadas

A eficácia dos meios ágar batata acidificado, ágar dicloram rosa de bengala e cloranfenicol e ágar dicloram glicerol 18% foi comparada para isolamento e quantificação de fungos a partir da análise de 54 amostras de rações comerciais secas para cães e gatos (34 para cães e 20 para gatos), produzidas por 9 empresas. A atividade de água das amostras foi quantificada, apresentando valores entre 0,45 e 0,82. Em 74% das amostras foi detectada a presença fúngica, onde, além de fungos com micélio estéril e leveduras, 23 gêneros de fungos foram identificados. As 40 amostras positivas apresentaram níveis de contaminação, com contagens variando entre 101 e 103 UFC/g. Não se verificou correlação entre atividade de água e contaminação fúngica e não se observou diferença significativa entre o número de colônias isoladas e os diferentes meios de cultivo utilizados. Apesar disto, o DG18 foi o meio que apresentou melhores resultados tanto na quantidade quanto na variedade de fungos isolados. Comparando-se os resultados obtidos com diferentes meios observa-se que os microrganismos isolados dependem dos meios de cultivo empregados. O gênero Aspergillus e a espécie Aspergillus niger foram os mais freqüentemente isolados. Isolados pertencentes a espécies potencialmente produtoras de aflatoxinas e ocratoxina A foram avaliados através do método de ágar plug-TLC. Vinte por cento dos A. flavus isolados produziram aflatoxina B1, todos os isolados de A. ochraceus produziram ocratoxina A e nenhum isolado de A. niger foi detectado como produtor de ocratoxina através do método de screening utilizado. A avaliação fúngica realizada com o emprego de 3 meios de cultura tornou claro que a detecção de fungos é dependente do meio de cultura utilizado. A Aw do alimento e do meio também devem ser consideradas para que as análises microbiológicas possam detectar ou valorar a micobiota que, efetivamente, está contaminando o alimento.

Fungos gasteroides (Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetes) de três áreas de semiárido no Estado do Ceará, Brasil

Gasteroid fungi include several distinct lineages of basidiomycetes that were grouped by presenting some striking features in common like angiocarpic development and passive release of basidiospores. For a long period these fungi were accomodate in Gasteromycetes class. However, biochemistry and molecular studies showed the polyphyly of this group and curriently this class lies devoid of taxonomic value. These organisms influence the ecology of the various biomes, however, are poorly studied and knowledge of their diversity in neotropical ecosystems remains insufficient, despite studies that have been developed in recent years. The Brazilian semiarid region has many areas with an unexplored mycobiota. Ceará State has many areas of extreme biological importance and for this study three protected areas were chosen: Área de Proteção Ambiental da Serra da Ibiapaba, Parque Nacional de Ubajara and Área de Proteção Ambiental de Baturité. Therefore, the aim of this study was to inventory gasteroid fungi ocorring in these three areas in the semiarid region of Ceará. The expeditions, herborization and analysis of specimes were based in traditional methodology used to identify gasteroid fungi. Were identified 16 species belong to 5 families: Agaricaceae, Clathraceae, Geastraceae, Nidulariceae and Phallaceae. Morganella nuda Alfredo & Baseia is recorded for the second time in the world, Blumenavia angolensis (Welw. & Curr) Dring and Mutinus elegans (Mont.) E. Fisch. corresponds to a first record in the Brazilian Northeastern. Except for Abrachium floriforme (Baseia & Calonge) Baseia & T.S. Cabral and Geastrum lloydianum Rick, all remaining species are new records for Ceará, increasing the list of gasteroid fungi in the region of 3 for 17 species. Identified species were deposited in the collection of the Herbarium of Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. Although these areas have proved conducive to the study of gasteroid fungi, more efforts are still needed to increase knowledge of these fungi in the region

Avaliação dos fatores abióticos e bióticos de uma área petroquímica da região de Paulínia, SP, e fotodocumentação dos fungos transientes isolados

Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Microbiologia Aplicada) - IBRC

O gênero Geastrum Pers. (Geastraceae, Basidiomycota): ocorrência, chave taxonômica e descrições de novas espécies do Nordeste brasileiro

Geastraceae is a monophyletic family included in the gomphoid-phalloid clade, it is composed only by two genus: Geastrum and Myriostoma. These genus are closely related in their morphology and phylogeny, both showing angiocarpic basidiomata, apical stoma, basidiospores passively released by the bellows mechanism and exoperidium dehiscent in rays, these genus are distinct by the number of stomas and pedicels. Because of dehiscense of exoperidium they are popularly known as “earthstars”. Usually they occur on decomposing leaf-litter and decaying wood. They are, thus, saprophytic, with rare exceptions of ectomycorrhizal species. Geastrum is the most diverse gasteroid genus in Brazil, with an estimated 51 records. However, there are large gaps in the geographic distribution and systematics studies about the Geastrum in this country, especially because of the characteristics found in the Brazilian territory (megadiverse, hotspots and continental size), which makes it a priority area for species inventory. Thus, this work was aimed at realizing inventory of species of Geastrum, which occur in Caatinga and Northeastern Atlantic Rainforest. At least two field expeditions were realized, during about four days on rainy season of 2013 and 2014 in the areas: Reserva Biológica de Guaribas, located in Atlantic Rainforest domain, Paraíba State and Reserva Ecológica Estadual Mata do Pau Ferro, located on “Brejos Paraibanos”, Paraíba State. Furthermore, specimens deposited in the Herbarium of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, which were collected in Parque Nacional Vale do Catimbau, Caatinga of Pernambuco State, were analyzed. The specimens were identified according to analysis of macro and micro morphology based on specific literature. Approximately 400 basidiomata, distributed in 73 exsiccates were analyzed. 21 species were identified, 19 are in specie level, which two are proposed to new species. (Geastrum magnosporum sp. nov. e G. pusillupilosum sp. nov.) and two in genera level (sp. e aff.). We emphasize one new record for Brazil, 12 new records for Paraíba State, four new records for semiarid region in Brazil and six new records to Atlantic Rainforest relicts “Brejo de Altitude”. So, the results improved the knowledge about Geastrum in Paraíba State by 200%, 24 % in Brazilian semiarid region and 55% in Atlantic Rainforest relicts “Brejo de Altitude”, evincing that Northeastern Brazil has high species richness.