960 resultados para MOLECULAR EVOLUTION


Relevância:

60.00% 60.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Plant seeds contain a large number of protease inhibitors of animal, fungal, and bacterial origin. One of the well-studied families of these inhibitors is the Bowman-Birk family(BBI). The BBIs from dicotyledonous seeds are 8K, double-headed proteins. In contrast, the 8K inhibitors from monocotyledonous seeds are single headed. Monocots also have a 16K, double-headed inhibitor. We have determined the primary structure of a Bowman-Birk inhibitor from a dicot, horsegram, by sequential edman analysis of the intact protein and peptides derived from enzymatic and chemical cleavage. The 76-residue-long inhibitor is very similar to that ofMacrotyloma axillare. An analysis of this inhibitor along with 26 other Bowman-Birk inhibitor domains (MW 8K) available in the SWISSPROT databank revealed that the proteins from monocots and dicots belong to related but distinct families. Inhibitors from monocots show larger variation in sequence. Sequence comparison shows that a crucial disulphide which connects the amino and carboxy termini of the active site loop is lost in monocots. The loss of a reactive site in monocots seems to be correlated to this. However, it appears that this disulphide is not absolutely essential for retention of inhibitory function. Our analysis suggests that gene duplication leading to a 16K inhibitor in monocots has occurred, probably after the divergence of monocots and dicots, and also after the loss of second reactive site in monocots.

Relevância:

60.00% 60.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Evolutionary genetics incorporates traditional population genetics and studies of the origins of genetic variation by mutation and recombination, and the molecular evolution of genomes. Among the primary forces that have potential to affect the genetic variation within and among populations, including those that may lead to adaptation and speciation, are genetic drift, gene flow, mutations and natural selection. The main challenges in knowing the genetic basis of evolutionary changes is to distinguish the adaptive selection forces that cause existent DNA sequence variants and also to identify the nucleotide differences responsible for the observed phenotypic variation. To understand the effects of various forces, interpretation of gene sequence variation has been the principal basis of many evolutionary genetic studies. The main aim of this thesis was to assess different forms of teleost gene sequence polymorphisms in evolutionary genetic studies of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and other species. Firstly, the level of Darwinian adaptive evolution affected coding regions of the growth hormone (GH) gene during the teleost evolution was investigated based on the sequence data existing in public databases. Secondly, a target gene approach was used to identify within population variation in the growth hormone 1 (GH1) gene in salmon. Then, a new strategy for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) discovery in salmonid fishes was introduced, and, finally, the usefulness of a limited number of SNP markers as molecular tools in several applications of population genetics in Atlantic salmon was assessed. This thesis showed that the gene sequences in databases can be utilized to perform comparative studies of molecular evolution, and some putative evidence of the existence of Darwinian selection during the teleost GH evolution was presented. In addition, existent sequence data was exploited to investigate GH1 gene variation within Atlantic salmon populations throughout its range. Purifying selection is suggested to be the predominant evolutionary force controlling the genetic variation of this gene in salmon, and some support for gene flow between continents was also observed. The novel approach to SNP discovery in species with duplicated genome fragments introduced here proved to be an effective method, and this may have several applications in evolutionary genetics with different species - e.g. when developing gene-targeted markers to investigate quantitative genetic variation. The thesis also demonstrated that only a few SNPs performed highly similar signals in some of the population genetic analyses when compared with the microsatellite markers. This may have useful applications when estimating genetic diversity in genes having a potential role in ecological and conservation issues, or when using hard biological samples in genetic studies as SNPs can be applied with relatively highly degraded DNA.

Relevância:

60.00% 60.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Amino acid sequences of proteinaceous proteinase inhibitors have been extensively analysed for deriving information regarding the molecular evolution and functional relationship of these proteins. These sequences have been grouped into several well defined families. It was found that the phylogeny constructed with the sequences corresponding to the exposed loop responsible for inhibition has several branches that resemble those obtained from comparisons using the entire sequence. The major branches of the unrooted tree corresponded to the families to which the inhibitors belonged. Further branching is related to the enzyme specificity of the inhibitor. Examination of the active site loop sequences of trypsin inhibitors revealed that there are strong preferences for specific amino acids at different positions of the loop. These preferences are inhibitor class specific. Inhibitors active against more than one enzyme occur within a class and confirm to class specific sequence in their loops. Hence, only a few positions in the loop seem to determine the specificity. The ability to inhibit the same enzyme by inhibitors that belong to different classes appears to be a result of convergent evolution

Relevância:

60.00% 60.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

We aimed to study the selective pressures interacting on SLC45A2 to investigate the interplay between selection and susceptibility to disease. Thus, we enrolled 500 volunteers from a geographically limited population (Basques from the North of Spain) and by resequencing the whole coding region and intron 5 of the 34 most and the 34 least pigmented individuals according to the reflectance distribution, we observed that the polymorphism Leu374Phe (L374F, rs16891982) was statistically associated with skin color variability within this sample. In particular, allele 374F was significantly more frequent among the individuals with lighter skin. Further genotyping an independent set of 558 individuals of a geographically wider population with known ancestry in the Spanish population also revealed that the frequency of L374F was significantly correlated with the incident UV radiation intensity. Selection tests suggest that allele 374F is being positively selected in South Europeans, thus indicating that depigmentation is an adaptive process. Interestingly, by genotyping 119 melanoma samples, we show that this variant is also associated with an increased susceptibility to melanoma in our populations. The ultimate driving force for this adaptation is unknown, but it is compatible with the vitamin D hypothesis. This shows that molecular evolution analysis can be used as a useful technology to predict phenotypic and biomedical consequences in humans.

Relevância:

60.00% 60.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

半寄生植物马先蒿属(Pedicularis)是列当科(Orobanchaceae)中最大的属,也是北温带被子植物最大的属之一。该属至少有500种植物,主要分布在北半球的高山、亚高山地区或高纬度地区,其中超过一半的种类分布在东喜马拉雅至横断山区,构成该地区高山植物区系的主要成分。马先蒿属花部器官的强烈分化程度在被子植物中极为罕见,导致这种分化发生的机制仍是难解之谜。马先蒿属下系统非常混乱,迄今为止该属属下分类系统不下10个。关于该属的起源时间、地点及迁移散布过程只是基于一些间接证据的推测。针对以上问题,本文通过大量的标本查阅、野外考察、传粉生物学观察以及分子系统学研究,得出了一些初步的结果。   1.形态学 通过大量的野外考察及标本观察,发现马先蒿属花部器官变异非常复杂,是区分近缘种的主要性状依据,但是花部器官存在明显的平行进化现象,不适合作为划分群、组等属下高级分类单元的主要依据;而营养性状比较保守,可作为划分群、组的主要依据。通过考证,发现直管群万叶系的德钦马先蒿(P. deqinensis)实属轮枝群纤细系多枝马先蒿(P. ramosissima)的异名。同时发现一个新种,即折喙马先蒿(P. inflexirostris),该种属于直管群的万叶系。   2.传粉生物学 对27种马先蒿的昆虫传粉行为进行了初步的观察。发现横断山区的马先蒿主要靠熊蜂进行有效的传粉。昆虫的传粉方式有两种,即背触式(Nototribic)和腹触式(Sternotribic)。不同花冠类型的马先蒿属植物中,昆虫的传粉方式也有所区别。对短管、无喙、无花蜜的马先蒿,昆虫主要以腹触式完成传粉;对短管、无喙、具花蜜的马先蒿,昆虫既可以通过背触式也可以通过腹触式完成传粉;而对短管、具喙和长管、具喙的马先蒿,昆虫都以腹触式完成传粉。没有发现鳞翅目的昆虫访问长管类型的马先蒿。不同花冠类型传粉方式的不同说明马先蒿花部形态结构和传粉媒介的行为之间存在协同进化关系。 3.核rDNA ITS分析 对12个群的42种马先蒿的核rDNA ITS序列进行了分析。基于ITS序列构建的基因树和经典的属下分类系统很不一致,基因树上的大部分分支和经典系统中的高级分类单元不相吻合,原因可能是马先蒿属花部器官发生了平行进化,而经典的分类系统过于权重这些花部形态性状。此外,发现在横断山区这一相对狭小的地域范围内,nrDNA ITS序列在马先蒿种间存在很大差异。造成此差异的原因可能有两个方面:一方面是马先蒿属的起源和分化的时间可能较早,不同的支系从其他地域先后多次迁入横断山区;另一方面可能是由于半寄生植物马先蒿中快速的分子进化造成的。 4.叶绿体基因组trnT-F区序列分析 对8个群的11种马先蒿的trnT-F区序列进行了分析,发现种间存在大量的插入/缺失序列,其中甘肃马先蒿(P. kansuensis)和大王马先蒿(P. rex)分别在trnT-trnL(UAA)和trnL–trnF基因间区发生了长达228bp和303bp碱基序列缺失,说明半寄生植物的叶绿体基因组也可能存在大量基因丢失现象。 5. GLOBOSA-like MADS-box基因的研究 对11种马先蒿属植物(8个群)中控制花瓣发育的GLOBOSA(PGLO)基因的部分片段进行了分离、克隆和测序,发现该基因在种间发生了明显的分化,但是碱基的变异主要发生在非编码区或非结构域,基因的同义突变率远高于非同义突变率,说明PGLO基因的进化受到强烈的功能制约。PGLO基因在马先蒿种间的明显分化表明:在辐射分化类群中,调节基因也可能发生了快速分化。对11种马先蒿属植物的PGLO基因树、nrDNA ITS基因树以及trnT-F基因树的比较发现:三个树图在结构上既有一致、也有相互矛盾之处,推测可能是因为这些基因具有不同的遗传体系或经历了不同的进化历史所致,另一方面说明GLOBOSA基因在探讨近缘类群系统发育关系方面的价值有待进一步验证。

Relevância:

60.00% 60.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

  松科植物的核基因组十分庞大,基因常形成复杂的基因家族,核rDNA ITS 区在基因组内和基因组间存在广泛的长度和序列变异,但染色体数目和核型却高度保守,几乎均为二倍体(2n=24),与被子植物频繁的多倍化和高度均一的ITS区形成鲜明对比;叶绿体、线粒体和核基因组分别为父系、母系及双亲遗传,这种独特的遗传体系组合为系统发育重建研究提供了便利条件。因此,松科植物不仅是阐明基因树/物种树这一理论问题的理想试材,而且是基因和基因组进化及核rDNA致同进化机制研究的好材料。此外,松科植物的进化历史悠久,很多类群经历了多次重大的地质历史事件,并呈各种间断分布格局,其生物地理学问题受到广泛关注。本文对落叶松属所有物种(L. lyallii除外)和大部分变种的叶绿体基因组trnT-trnF区、低拷贝核4CL基因家族 (4-香豆酸辅酶A连接酶基因)及多拷贝核rDNA ITS区进行了序列分析,重建了该属的系统发育并揭示了其地理分布格局的形成过程,同时基于克隆和基因谱系分析,探讨了核4CL和rDNA ITS这两个基因家族的进化式样及规律。   1. 叶绿体trnT-trnF区和核rDNA ITS区的研究结果表明:落叶松属的种间遗传分化程度很低,北美的种类构成一个单系分支,并为欧亚种类的姐妹群。短苞鳞的欧亚落叶松组和长苞鳞的欧亚红杉组之间的分化较早,接近欧亚和北美种类间的分化时间。换句话说,苞鳞长短的分化在落叶松属中至少发生过两次,其中一次在落叶松属分化的初期,另一次在北美的种类中。结合化石、地史及气候资料,我们推测:落叶松属的共同祖先通过白令陆桥扩散,并形成欧亚和北美两支,然后在不同的板块上独立进化。落叶松组的泛北极分布是冰期后的回迁形成的,而红杉组的物种在第三纪全球气温降低时向南迁移,进而形成东亚-北美间断分布,特别是欧亚红杉组的祖先曾伴随青藏高原的隆升而发生辐射分化。   2. 在落叶松属4CL基因家族的研究中共获得44个差异的克隆,除华北落叶松外,其它种类均含2-4个成员。系统发育分析表明: 4CL基因频繁发生重复/丢失,并导致谱系拣选。该基因在落叶松属的共同祖先中发生一次重复,形成4clA和4clB,4clA再次发生基因重复形成4clA1和4clA2。重复产生的这两对并系基因拷贝在进化速率上呈显著差异,其中一个拷贝的进化速率明显加快,可能与进化制约的减弱或功能分化有关。结合其它核基因的研究结果,我们推测频繁的基因重复/丢失可能是形成和维持松科植物庞大核基因组的重要机制之一。   3. 对落叶松属101个nrDNA ITS克隆进行了序列及分子进化分析,发现极少数克隆存在较大的长度及(或)序列变异,并可能为假基因或重组体,其它克隆间的序列分化水平较低。因而,落叶松属核rDNA的致同进化速率比松科中两个古老的属(松属和云杉属)快。该致同进化速率的加快可能与落叶松属年轻的进化历史及染色体上较少的rDNA位点数目有关。由于一些特异克隆含嵌合序列及极高的序列变异,推测它们可能来源于物种进化过程中染色体重排形成的小位点(minor loci)或为孤独基因(orphons)。此外,我们发现nrDNA ITS克隆的分布式样与落叶松属的分化及地理分布格局的形成有密切关系:在欧亚红杉组中,克隆常按分类群(物种或变种)形成单系分支,表明这些类群的分化曾伴随着强烈的nrDNA ITS奠基者效应;相反,在欧亚落叶松组中,所有物种的克隆均混杂在一起,说明这些物种的分化时间较晚或在冰期后回迁的过程中曾发生频繁的种间基因交流。

Relevância:

60.00% 60.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

云杉属植物是非常重要的森林树种,广泛分布于北半球的寒温带、温带高山和亚高山地带。该属为松科中仅次于松属和冷杉属的第三大属,约有 28-56 种。自云杉属建立以来,其属于松科没有任何疑议。然而,由于云杉属物种间频繁杂交、形态趋同和取样困难,尽管已经有基于形态学、细胞学、化学成份、叶绿体 DNA RFLP 等方面的研究,该属的属下分类仍然存在诸多争议。本文利用父系遗传的叶绿体基因和母系遗传的线粒体基因序列重建了云杉属的系统发育关系,探讨了云杉属生物地理格局的形成过程。在此基础上,我们研究了低拷贝核 CAD 基因在云杉属的进化式样。另外,我们还对裸子植物线粒体基因 rps3 的内含子分布和进化进行了初步研究。 1. 云杉属的系统发育和生物地理学研究 我们选择了 Farjon (1990) 确定的 34 个种中的 33 种 (另一个种在 Flora of China 未得到承认),共 103 个个体,对这些个体的叶绿体 DNA 片段 trnC-trnD 和 trnT-trnF 以及线粒体基因 nad5 的第一个内含子进行了序列测定。在两个叶绿体基因片段联合分析构建的系统发育树上,北美西部的 P. breweriana 和 P. sitchensis 位于最基部。其余的物种分为三支:第一支由北美的两个物种组成;第二支包括分布于喜马拉雅-横断山区及其周围地区的八个种、台湾的 P. morrisonicola、西亚的 P. orientalis、日本的两个种及北美的 P. chihuahuana;第三支中,北美的 P. pungens 位于基部,亚洲东北部的种 (除 P. maximowiczii 和 P. torano 外)、P. retroflexa 和欧洲的 P. abies 构成一个单系群,并与北美的 P. mariana 和 P. rubens 及来自巴尔干半岛的 P. omorika 形成姐妹支。所有样品的 nad5 第一个内含子序列可分为 A、B、C、D 和 E 5 种单倍型,北美的物种拥有前 4 种,而且 A、B 和 C 单倍型为北美所特有;欧亚的物种仅含 D 和 E 两种单倍型。 上述结果结合 MacClade 和 DIVA 分析及化石证据,我们推断云杉属起源于北美,至少两次经白令陆桥扩散至亚洲,然后从亚洲扩散至欧洲。亚洲东北部的绝大多数物种和欧洲云杉 P. abies 的种间遗传变异非常低,而且线粒体单倍型均为 D,可能来源于一次近期的辐射分化。云杉属的现代分布中心之一喜马拉雅-横断山区的物种可能不是一次起源,日本的物种同样如此,这可能与第三纪气候变冷和第四纪冰川导致的物种迁移有关。此外,我们发现目前用于云杉属分类的一些形态性状(如叶扁平、菱形等)在系统发育树上位于不同的位置,说明这些性状可能不是一次起源或是祖征在不同支系中的保留,用于云杉属的系统划分须慎重。 2. 云杉属 CAD 基因的进化研究 裸子植物的多倍体特别少,且以基因组庞大而著称。被子植物中的很多单拷贝基因在裸子植物中以低拷贝或多拷贝基因家族的方式存在。CAD 基因在木质素单体合成的最后一步起作用,在松属中只发现了一种 CAD 基因拷贝,在欧洲云杉中却发现了三种拷贝,而且 Southern 杂交和子代分离鉴定结果表明这三种拷贝至少位于两个位点上。然而,对云杉属三个物种 (包括欧洲云杉) 构建的遗传图谱却都只发现了一个 CAD 基因位点。由于云杉属 CAD 基因的数目和分布存在很大争议,我们根据构建的叶绿体基因树,选择了不同支上的 20 个物种、29 个样品研究该基因的进化式样。结果表明:云杉属不同物种中 CAD 基因的拷贝数为 1-4 种,多数为 2-3 种。系统发育分析发现有些物种的所有 CAD 基因拷贝聚成一支,另有一些物种的 CAD 基因拷贝位于不同位置。此外,我们对 GenBank 中云杉属三个物种 CAD 基因的 EST 序列分析后发现:EST 序列的差异主要发生在 3’-UTR 区,表现为序列长短的不同,这有可能是进行体外反转录时引物结合于不同的位置所致。因此,结合前人研究(包括遗传图谱分析),我们推测 CAD 基因在云杉属内发生了多次重复,重复拷贝很可能呈串联排列。 3. 裸子植物线粒体基因 rps3 的进化研究 线粒体基因内含子的获得/丢失已经被广泛应用于系统发育研究。rps3 为分布最广的线粒体核糖体蛋白基因,一般含一个内含子,前人研究显示其在裸子植物中多了一个第二类内含子 rps3i2,并将这个内含子作为区分裸子植物和其它植物类群的标志之一。然而,该研究只选择了苏铁和银杏作为裸子植物的代表,取样代表性不足。在本研究中,我们对裸子植物每个科至少选择一个物种作为代表,通过 DNA 序列和部分物种的 RT-PCR 分析,探讨 rps3 基因在裸子植物中的进化。结果表明 rps3 基因内含子的分布与裸子植物系统发育关系相吻合:Conifer II、松科的落叶松属和黄杉属及百岁兰科不仅不含 rps3i2,而且丢失了第一个内含子;金钱松属缺失第二个内含子。我们推断在 Conifer II 的祖先和百岁兰科中分别一次性丢失了两个内含子;在松科中则发生了两次单独的丢失事件,一次是在落叶松属和黄杉属的祖先中丢失了两个内含子,一次是在金钱松属中丢失了第二个内含子。另外,在 Ephedra 中没有扩增出 rps3 基因,Gnetum 中具有第二个内含子,倪藤科的 rps3i2 似乎支持松科与倪藤纲的关系更近。对 rps3i2 的进一步分析发现,其序列结构与松科的系统发育关系非常吻合。根据上述结果和 mRNA 编辑位点分析,我们认为 Conifer II等类群中的两个rps3内含子丢失可能是反转录酶介导的 cDNA 反转录造成的。Psuedolarix 的内含子丢失也可能为相同机制,但因缺乏材料而未能进一步研究。

Relevância:

60.00% 60.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

第三纪末期和第四纪的气候变冷使广泛分布于北半球的暖温带/亚热带生物区系的分布区破碎化,形成了各种洲际间断分布格局。其中东亚—北美东部间断分布最为常见,自林奈时代起就吸引了植物学家们的关注。为了探讨这一地理分布格局的形成过程,前人开展了大量的研究工作,包括间断类群分布的比较、种间关系的经典分类学和化学分类学研究、地理分布的分支分析、遗传距离的估算等。随着分子系统学的发展,在各级分类阶元水平上探讨植物系统发育关系的研究取得了重大进展,很多植物类群的系统发育得到了重建,这使东亚-北美间断分布类群的历史生物地理学研究变得更为切实可行。同时,生物地理学的理论有了新的发展,新的分析方法不断涌现,化石记录及古气候和古地质资料得到大量积累,为深入探讨东亚—北美间断分布提供了条件。目前,已有20 多个东亚-北美间断分布的植物类群被详细研究,丰富了我们对这一现象的认知。然而,以往的研究多基于单亲遗传的叶绿体基因和(或)PCR 直接测序所得的nrDNA ITS 序列,在探讨杂交和网状进化方面存在较大的局限性。在本研究中,我们选取了崖柏属(Thuja L.)这一典型东亚—北美间断分布类群,用来自叶绿体和细胞核的多个基因序列重建其系统发育,探讨其地理分布格局的形成过程,并讨论不同遗传体系的多基因联合分析在植物生物地理学研究中的应用。此外,我们还初步探讨了低拷贝核基因4CL 在广义柏科的进化式样。 1、崖柏属的系统发育和生物地理学研究 崖柏属共 5 种,其中3 种分布于东亚,2 种分别分布于北美东、西部。我们用5 个叶绿体DNA 片段(rpl16 内含子, atpI-rpoC1、trnS-trnfM 和trnS-trnG 基因间区以及trnT-trnF 区)和3 个核基因片段(ITS,LEAFY,4CL)的序列重建了崖柏属的系统发育。发现:(1)基因树拓扑结构的冲突存在于叶绿体基因和核基因之间,甚至不同的核基因之间,说明崖柏属曾发生多次种间杂交并导致网状进化;(2)崖柏属中存在两个种对,即日本香柏-崖柏和朝鲜崖柏-北美香柏;(3)朝鲜崖柏在叶绿体和核基因树上位于不同的位置,可能因古老的杂交和叶绿体捕获所致;(4)北美乔柏的叶绿体基因存在镶嵌式的变异,可能在物种形成过程中发生了叶绿体重组。根据分子钟度量结果,崖柏属两个种对的分化时间为51.1±3.96 Mya,日本香柏和崖柏的分化时间为23.7±5.04 Mya,朝鲜崖柏和北美乔柏的分化时间为14.7±6.06 Mya。 基于多个基因的系统发育分析、DIVA 分析、化石证据和分子钟度量,我们推测崖柏属在古新世或更早的时候起源于北美高纬度地区,并通过白令陆桥扩散到东亚,然后通过隔离分化形成日本香柏-崖柏这一种对。白令陆桥和阿留申陆桥可能在崖柏属的进一步迁移中起了重要介导作用,使崖柏属内发生了多次种间杂交事件,并导致了崖柏-日本香柏和朝鲜崖柏-北美香柏这两种主要的叶绿体类型间的重组以及朝鲜崖柏对北美香柏叶绿体基因的捕获。携带重组叶绿体DNA 的杂交个体迁入北美西部,产生了北美乔柏。根据分子钟估算结果,该迁移事件可能发生在中新世。 鉴于以往对东亚—北美间断分布植物类群的分子系统学研究多基于单亲遗传的叶绿体基因和(或)PCR 直接测序的ITS 数据,这些类群中的网状进化事件可能被低估。同时,我们的结论也部分解释了为什么东亚、北美东部、北美西部三者间的关系存在很多争议:频繁的杂交和渐渗模糊了种间的系统发育关系。因此,我们建议在生物地理学研究中用来源于多个基因组的多基因分析,特别是用单/低拷贝核基因。 2、广义柏科4CL 基因进化的初步研究 广义柏科是松杉类植物中唯一在南、北半球广泛分布的类群,该科中既有古老的孑遗属和寡种属,也有第三纪起源、呈南北半球间断分布的类群。研究4CL 基因在这一类群中的进化,有助于探讨低拷贝核基因在松杉类植物中的进化式样和规律。4CL 在植物次生化合物的生物合成中起重要作用,它催化激活4-香豆酸和一些相关的底物形成不同的辅酶A,促进各种苯丙烷类的代谢。 我们从广义柏科 17 个属中扩增并克隆到23 条4CL 基因序列。基因结构和系统发育分析表明,4CL 在广义柏科中分为4CLI 和4CL II 两大类,二者间的序列相似性为67-70%,进化速率也有很大差异。RT-PCR 结果证明这两种类型均能转录,推测它们都具有功能,且基因结构的差异和序列之间的高度分化暗示这两大类可能执行不同的功能。在4CL 基因树中,落羽杉亚科、北美红杉亚科、狭义柏科的单系都得到了支持。尽管4CL 在广义柏科中的类型及拷贝数还有待研究,但4CLI 很可能以单拷贝或低拷贝存在,其高变的内含子序列可以用来探讨种间的系统发育关系。

Relevância:

60.00% 60.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

采用PCR技术获得了中国鮡科褶鮡属(Pseudecheneis)5种鱼类及外群种类巨魾[Bagarius yarrelli(Sykes)]和红河纹胸鮡(Glyptothorax fukiensis honghensis Li)的线粒体部分基因序列.序列分析结果表明:间褶鮡(Pseudecheneis intermedius Chu)与平吻褶鮡(P.paviei Vaillant)在Cyt b基因片段上完全无差异,形成单倍型,支持间褶鮡应为平吻褶鮡的同物异名.凭Cyt b基因片段构建了它们的NJ,MP和ML分子树,3棵分子树基本一致,均支持褶鮡属构成一单系群;怒江和伊洛瓦底江"黄斑褶鮡"不同样品分别聚在一起,但二水系的样品未能形成一单系;其他各种的不同样品均能分别聚在一起形成单系.怒江和伊洛瓦底江"黄斑褶鮡"的分类地位值得今后进一步研究.

Relevância:

60.00% 60.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

在大鼠基因组数据库中搜索得到两个泌乳刺激素基因家族的新成员.进一步分析显示该基因家族起源于啮齿目和其他哺乳动物分歧之后,而且大部分基因座位的重排在大、小鼠分歧之前已经完成.但PL-Ⅰ和PL-Ⅱ基因簇却是例外,它们在基因树上以物种特异的方式聚类.结合基因转换的检验、染色体上相对位置比较和基因重复时间估计的结果,认为啮齿目PL-Ⅰ和PL-Ⅱ基因是物种特异的,它们由一系列在大、小鼠分歧之后发生的基因重复事件形成.结果还揭示了在啮齿目泌乳刺激素基因家族进化过程中持续不断的发生了基因重复和基因分化事件.

Relevância:

60.00% 60.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

We have evaluated the molecular evolution of the chemokine receptor CCR5 in primates. The chemokine receptor CCR5 serves as a major co-receptor for human immunodeficiency virus/simian immunodeficiency virus (HIV/SIV) infection. Knowledge of evolution of the CCR5 molecule and selection on the CCR5 gene may shed light on its functional role. The comparison of differences between intraspecific polymorphisms and interspecific fixed substitutions provides useful information regarding modes of selection during the course of evolution. There is marked polymorphism in the CCR5 gene sequence within different primate species, whereas sequence divergence between different species is small. By using contingency tests, we compared synonymous (SS) and nonsynonymous (NS) CCR5 mutations occurring within and between a broad range of primates. Our results demonstrate that CCR5 evolution did not follow expectations, of strict neutrality at the level of the whole gene. The proportion of NS to SS at the intraspecific level was significantly higher than that observed at the interspecific level. These results suggest that most CCR5 NS polymorphisms are slightly deleterious. However, at domains more closely correlated with its known biological functions, there was no obvious evidence to support deviation from neutrality.

Relevância:

60.00% 60.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

The human genome project has been recently complemented by whole-genome assessment sequence of 32 mammals and 24 nonmammalian vertebrate species suitable for comparative genomic analyses. Here we anticipate a precipitous drop in costs and increase in sequ

Relevância:

60.00% 60.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are comprised of two superfamilies, the phosphatase I superfamily containing a single low-molecular-weight PTP (lmwPTP) family and the phosphatase II superfamily including both the higher-molecular-weight PTP (hmwPTP) and the dual-specificity phosphatase (DSP) families. The phosphatase I and H superfamilies are often considered to be the result of convergent evolution. The PTP sequence and structure analyses indicate that lmwPTPs, hmwPTPs, and DSPs share similar structures, functions, and a common signature motif, although they have low sequence identities and a different order of active sites in sequence or a circular permutation. The results of this work suggest that lmwPTPs and hmwPTPs/DSPs are remotely related in evolution. The earliest ancestral gene of PTPs could be from a short fragment containing about 90similar to120 nucleotides or 30similar to40 residues; however, a probable full PTP ancestral gene contained one transcript unit with two lmwPTP genes. All three PTP families may have resulted from a common ancestral gene by a series of duplications, fusions, and circular permutations. The circular permutation in PTPs is caused by a reading frame difference, which is similar to that in DNA methyltransferases. Nevertheless, the evolutionary mechanism of circular permutation in PTP genes seems to be more complicated than that in DNA methyltransferase genes. Both mechanisms in PTPs and DNA methyltransferases can be used to explain how some protein families and superfamilies came to be formed by circular permutations during molecular evolution.

Relevância:

60.00% 60.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Using next-generation sequencing technology alone, we have successfully generated and assembled a draft sequence of the giant panda genome. The assembled contigs (2.25 gigabases (Gb)) cover approximately 94% of the whole genome, and the remaining gaps (0.05 Gb) seem to contain carnivore-specific repeats and tandem repeats. Comparisons with the dog and human showed that the panda genome has a lower divergence rate. The assessment of panda genes potentially underlying some of its unique traits indicated that its bamboo diet might be more dependent on its gut microbiome than its own genetic composition. We also identified more than 2.7 million heterozygous single nucleotide polymorphisms in the diploid genome. Our data and analyses provide a foundation for promoting mammalian genetic research, and demonstrate the feasibility for using next-generation sequencing technologies for accurate, cost-effective and rapid de novo assembly of large eukaryotic genomes.