947 resultados para Médecine clinique [chimie clinique]


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Mode of access: Internet.

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Whooping cough remains a problem despite vaccination, and worldwide resurgence of pertussis is evident. Since cellular immunity plays a role in long-term protection against pertussis, we studied pertussis-specific T-cell responses. Around the time of the preschool acellular pertussis (aP) booster dose at 4 years of age, T-cell memory responses were compared in children who were primed during infancy with either a whole-cell pertussis (wP) or an aP vaccine. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated and stimulated with pertussis vaccine antigens for 5 days. T cells were characterized by flow-based analysis of carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) dilution and CD4, CD3, CD45RA, CCR7, gamma interferon (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) expression. Before the aP preschool booster vaccination, both the proliferated pertussis toxin (PT)-specific CD4up>+up> and CD8up>+up> T-cell fractions (CFSEup>dimup>) were higher in aP-than in wP-primed children. Post-booster vaccination, more pertussis-specific CD4up>+up> effector memory cells (CD45RAup>-up> CCR7up>-up>) were induced in aP-primed children than in those primed with wP. The booster vaccination did not appear to significantly affect the T-cell memory subsets and functionality in aP-primed or wP-primed children. Although the percentages of Th1 cytokine-producing cells were alike in aP- and wP-primed children pre-booster vaccination, aP-primed children produced more Th1 cytokines due to higher numbers of proliferated pertussis-specific effector memory cells. At present, infant vaccinations with four aP vaccines in the first year of life result in pertussis-specific CD4up>+up> and CD8up>+up> effector memory T-cell responses that persist in children until 4 years of age and are higher than those in wP-primed children. The booster at 4 years of age is therefore questionable; this may be postponed to 6 years of age.

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The objective of this study was to investigate whether the restored immune functions of vertically human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children who were severely immunodeficient before the initiation of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) are comparable to those of untreated slow progressors. We therefore assessed T cell proliferation and cytokine [interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-13] secretions after mitogen, recall antigens and HIV-1-specific stimulation in 12 untreated slow progressors, 16 untreated progressors and 18 treated patients. Treated children were profoundly immunodeficient before the initiation of HAART and had long-lasting suppression of viral replication on treatment. We demonstrated that slow progressors are characterized not only by the preservation of HIV-1-specific lymphoproliferative responses but also by the fact that these responses are clearly T helper type 1 (Th1)-polarized. Children on HAART had proliferative responses to HIV-1 p24 antigen, purified protein derivative (PPD) and tetanus antigen similar to slow progressors and higher than those of progressors. However, in contrast to slow progressors, most treated children exhibited a release of Th2 cytokines accompanying the IFN-γ secretion in response to the HIV-1 p24 antigen. Moreover, despite higher proliferative responses to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) than the two groups of untreated children, treated children had lower levels of IFN-γ secretion in response to PHA than slow progressors. These data show that in severely immunodeficient vertically HIV-infected children, a long-lasting HAART allows recovering lymphoproliferative responses similar to untreated slow progressors. However, alterations in IFN-γ secretion in response to the mitogen PHA persisted, and their cytokine release after HIV-specific stimulation was biased towards a Th2 response. © 2011 The Authors. Clinical and Experimental Immunology © 2011 British Society for Immunology.

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Le sepsis, un syndrome d’infectionnérale grave, est une importante cause decès dans le monde et a un impact considérable sur le taux de mortalité dans le département des soins intensifs des hôpitaux. Plusieurs médecins soutiennent que le diagnostic de sepsis est fréquemment omis, menant ainsi à de graves conquences pour l’état de santé du patient. Considérant cette problématique, la présente étude a pour buts de déterminer les caractéristiques du processus décisionnel des médecins en situation de triage et de prise en charge du sepsis pédiatrique, d’évaluer la performance des médecins en contexte de détection du sepsis pédiatrique et enfin, de valider une méthode permettant de développer un modèle cognitif de prise decision relié à cette condition médicale. Unechecisionnelle à l’aide d’un tableau d’information est administrée aux participants. Les résultats sont analysés selon une combinaison de méthodes : la théorie de détection de signal, lidentification de la règlecisionnelle et lextraction du processus décisionnel. Le personnel médical a une capacité de discrimination moyenne. Leurs réponses tendent vers un biais libéral. La comparaison entre un arbrecisionnel normatif et les arbres décisionnels individuels a démontré une mésestimation de limportance des critères diagnostics pertinents. Il y a présence d’hétérogénéiquant aux critères utilisés par les médecins pour poser le diagnostic. Ces résultats permettent de cibler davantage la problématique de détection du sepsis pédiatrique et démontre la pertinence de développer un outil d’aide à la détection afin de soutenir les médecins dans leurs décisions. Les résultats de la présente étude fournissent des lignes directrices quant au développement d’un tel outil. Les résultats montrent également que la combinaison de la théorie de détection de signal, de lidentification de la règlecisionnelle et de lextraction du processus décisionnel fournie une méthode adaptée afin de développer des modèles de prise decision.