Dinâmica populacional do pargo, Lutjanus purpureus Poey, 1875 (Pisces: Lutjanidae) na plataforma norte do Brasil

O crescimento, a mortalidade, biometria e a reprodução do pargo Lutjanus purpureus foram estudadas a partir de amostras obtidas nos desembarques da frota comercial capturadas com pargueira na costa norte do Brasil no âmbito do programa REVIZEE e do Projeto biologia e pesca do pargo no norte do Brasil do CEPNOR/IBAMA. Dados de comprimentos total e zoológico de aproximadamente 500 indivíduos foram coletados aleatoriamente e mensalmente nos desembarques dos municípios de Belém, Vigia e Bragança, no período de janeiro de 1999 a dezembro de 2000. E para realizar estudos de reprodução e biometria foram obtidas subamostras mensais de 150 indivíduos em abril de 1998 a janeiro de 2000. No laboratório do CEPNOR/IBAMA foram realizadas as biometrias, sexagem e identificados os estágios de maturação gonadal. As amostras totalizaram 16.733 indivíduos com percentuais superiores a 50% de indivíduos jovens. A amplitude de classe total variou de 13 a 112 cm de comprimento e as médias de comprimentos foram de 45,72 cm e 51,91 cm, respectivamente para o ano de 1999 e 2000. As relações morfométricas e as relações peso/comprimento apresentaram alometria positiva. E a relação peso/comprimento para macho e fêmea diferem significativamente entre si, pelo teste de Student, bilateral, com alfa = 0,05. A reprodução foi estudada determinando a proporção sexual através do teste quiquadrado, o tamanho de primeira maturação e o período de desova, que foi analisado pela variação temporal das freqüências dos estágios gonadais e relação gonadossomática. Para todo o período estudado foi verificada a predominância de fêmeas e nas análises mensais apenas nos meses de abril de 1998, maio e junho de 1999 não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os sexos. Na proporção sexual por classe de comprimento a predominância de fêmeas foi altamente significativa de 28 a 45 cm. A classe de comprimento total do tamanho de primeira maturação foi estimado 43 a 46 cm para fêmeas pelo método da extrapolação gráfica e de 43,67 cm pelo ajuste da ogiva de Galton. E o período reprodutivo foi observado em dois picos, sendo um intenso no segundo trimestre, com maior amplitude no mês de maio/1998 e um mais reduzido no quarto trimestre. Os parâmetros de crescimento foram estimados pelo sistema ELEFAN I, método de Bhattacharya, Gulland & Holt e Appeldoorn no programa Fisat. O método de Appeldoorn apresentou o melhor ajuste para a espécie com o valor de L= 115 cm K= 0,091ano-1 , que determinou a equação do crescimento de von Bertalanffy Lt = 115 (1-e 0,091tto). A mortalidade natural foi estimada em 0,25 ano-1 e 0,31 ano-1 pelas equações de Pauly e Rikhter & Efanov respectivamente. A mortalidade total estimada pelos métodos do comprimento convertido em curva de captura linearizada e Berverton & Holt atingiu valores de 0,59; 0,664 respectivamente. A mortalidade por pesca e a taxa de explotação também foram calculados. Os resultados foram F = 0,34 ano 1 e E = 0,57. A longevidade estimada pela fórmula de Taylor foi de 33 anos. O pargo apresenta crescimento lento e vida longa com desova contínua e periódica. A pesca na costa norte do Brasil incide em percentuais elevados de jovens o que pode contribuir para um estado de sobrepesca de crescimento, comprometendo assim a sustentabilidade da espécie e da atividade pesqueira na região norte. É imprescindível adotar medidas de ordenamento para a pesca do pargo, principalmente no que diz respeito ao tamanho mínimo de captura.

Can Lutjanus purpureus (South red snapper) be "legally" considered a red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus)?

Red snappers (Lutjanus purpureus in Brazil and Lutjanus campechanus in USA and Gulf of Mexico) are both under clear effect of overfishing. Because of their high morphological similarity it has already been suggested that they could possibly be considered as a single species. To investigate the degree of similarity and the genetic structure of red snapper populations we constructed a common dataset of partial D-loop mtDNA sequences of L. purpureus from Brazil (Amapá, Pará and Maranhão) and L. campechanus from the Atlantic coast of the USA (Florida, Louisiana and Mississippi). Phylogenetic and population genetic analyses surprisingly depicted high similarity between L. campechanus and L. purpureus, compatible with the hypothesis of a single species of red snapper for the Western Atlantic Ocean. These preliminary but very curious findings open an important discussion regarding the legislation involved on the capture of this overexploited fish resources as well as regarding their taxonomy.

Population structure of Lutjanus purpureus (Lutjanidae - Perciformes) on the Brazilian coast: further existence evidence of a single species of red snapper in the western Atlantic

ABSTRACT: The present study focus on the mitochondrial control region to investigate phylogeographic patterns and population structure in Lutjanus purpureus, and to evaluate the genetic similarity between L. purpureus and L. campechanus. For the initial analysis, 810 base pairs sequence from control region were obtained from 239 specimens of L. purpureus collected from four localities off the Brazilian coast. The results revealed the presence of a single panmictic population characterized by high values of genetic diversity. The 299 base pairs hypervariable portion were used for the combined analysis of L. purpureus and L. campechanus, being 275 haplotypes identified in the 414 specimens. Phylogenetic tree and haplotype network did not indicate phylogeographic substructuring between the two species, but rather an intense intermingling of individuals. Considering their marked morphological similarity, the molecular data presented here indicatethat only one species of red snapper exists in the western Atlantic.

La pêche du vivaneau rouge en Guyane. Un bilan de l'exploitation sous le régime vénézuélien, des techniques de capture à adapter et à développer

En Guyane française , le vivaneau rouge (Lutjanus purpureus) est capturé par 3 flottilles, les ligneurs vénézuéliens, les caseyeurs antillais et les chalutiers crevettiers guyanais. Pour les crevettiers, il s'agit d'une capture accessoire inévitable, mais qui ne semble pas sans conséquences, puisque, si l'on tient compte de l'effectif total de la flottille, c'est 1 million à 1.5 millions de juvéniles qui sont pêchés (et souvent rejetés à la mer) annuellement par les crevettiers. Pour les ligneurs vénézuéliens qui pêchent 1200 tonnes, les individus de petite taille sont devenus prépondérants dans leurs captures. Ainsi dans la gamme de taille 20-30cm (125-425 grammes), on est passé, entre 1990 et 1998, de 37 000 poissons débarqués (6% de la capture) à 616 500 poissons (56% de la capture). La taille moyenne du vivaneau rouge débarqué est passée de 45 à 35 cm et son poids moyen de 1600 grammes à 700 grammes. Pour les caseyeurs, seuls deux armements (un du Larivot, l'autre du Robert), nous ont fourni quelques renseignements sur les activités et les débarquements de leurs navires. Les premières observations montrent que la composition de leurs captures en vivaneaux rouges ressemble à celle des ligneurs avec une tendance vers les petites tailles. Cependant cette tendance n'est pas aussi systématique que veulent bien le dire les détracteurs de la nasse à poissons. Leurs débarquements sont composés en nombre, pour moitié, de "vivaneaux tête ronde" (Rhomboplites aurorubens). On notera également que les caseyeurs rentabilisent leurs captures accessoires de mérous sur le marché antillais, alors que les ligneurs les rapatrient vers le Venezuela. Il existe une troisième espèce de vivaneau, le vivaneau rayé, Lutjanus synagris, capturé surtout par les chalutiers.

Reproductive biology of mangrove jack (Lutjanus argentimaculatus) in northeastern Queensland, Australia

Lutjanus argentimaculatus is an Indo-Pacific species that inhabits riverine, coastal and offshore reef habitats. An investigation of the reproductive biology of Lutjanus argentimaculatus in northeastern Queensland waters (Australia) was undertaken between 1999 and 2002. Individuals in inshore estuarine and freshwater riverine habitats were mostly immature whereas those captured in offshore reef waters were predominantly mature. Males matured at a smaller size than females, with the length-at-50%-maturity (Lm50) for males estimated to be 470.7 mm fork length (FL) and 531.4 mm FL for females. The spawning season in northeastern Queensland was mostly during the austral spring-summer and peaked in December. The presence of ripe female fish and occurrence of postovulatory follicles in histological sections provided evidence that spawning activity was more pronounced during the full and third quarter moon phases. Lutjanus argentimaculatus were highly fecund with estimates of up to 4 x 106 ova per spawning event. Immature fish concentrated in inshore areas where they were targeted by recreational fishers whereas, in offshore areas, commercial fishers caught predominantly larger, mature fish.

Genetic population structure of red snappers (Lutjanus malabaricus Bloch & Schneider, 1801 and Lutjanus erythropterus Bloch, 1790) in central and eastern Indonesia and northern Australia

The genetic population structure of red snapper Lutjanus malabaricus and Lutjanus erythropterus in eastern Indonesia and northern Australia was investigated by allozyme electrophoresis and sequence variation in the control region of mtDNA. Samples were collected from eight sites in Indonesia and four sites in northern Australia for both species. A total of 13 allozyme loci were scored. More variable loci were observed in L. malabaricus than in L. erythropterus. Sequence variation in the control region (left domain) of the mitochondrial genome was assessed by RFLP and direct sequencing. MtDNA haplotype diversity was high (L. erythropterus, 0.95 and L. malabaricus, 0.97), as was intraspecific sequence divergence, (L. erythropterus, 0.0-12.5% and L. malabaricus, 0.0-9.5%). The pattern of mtDNA haplotype frequencies grouped both species into two broad fisheries stocks with a genetic boundary either between Kupang and Sape (L. malabaricus) or between Kupang and Australian Timor Sea (L. erythropertus). The allozyme analyses revealed similar boundaries for L. erythropterus. Seven allozymes stocks compared to two mtDNA stocks of L. malabaricus including Ambon, which was not sampled with mtDNA, however, were reported. Possible reasons for differences in discrimination between the methods include: i) increased power of multiple allozyme loci over the single mtDNA locus, ii) insufficient gene sampling in the mtDNA control region and iii) relative evolutionary dynamics of nuclear (allozyme loci) and mitochondrial DNA in these taxa. Allozyme and haplotype data did not distinguish separate stocks among the four Australian locations nor the central Indonesian (Bali and Sape locations) for both L. malabaricus and L. erythropterus.

An improved technique for estimating short-term survival of released line-caught fish, and an application comparing barotrauma-relief methods in red emperor (Lutjanus sebae Cuvier 1816).

Promotion of better procedures for releasing undersize fish, advocacy of catch-and-release angling, and changing minimum legal sizes are increasingly being used as tools for sustainable management of fish stocks. However without knowing the proportion of released fish that survive, the conservation value of any of these measures is uncertain. We developed a floating vertical enclosure to estimate short-term survival of released line-caught tropical and subtropical reef-associated species, and used it to compare the effectiveness of two barotrauma-relief procedures (venting and shotline releasing) on red emperor (Lutjanus sebae). Barotrauma signs varied with capture depth, but not with the size of the fish. Fish from the greatest depths (40-52 m) exhibited extreme signs less frequently than did those from intermediate depths (30-40 m), possibly as a result of swim bladder gas being vented externally through a rupture in the body wall. All but two fish survived the experiment, and as neither release technique significantly improved short-term survival of the red emperor over non-treatment we see little benefit in promoting either venting or shotline releasing for this comparatively resilient species. Floating vertical enclosures can improve short-term post-release mortality estimates as they overcome many problems encountered when constraining fish in submerged cages.

Biology, Management and Genetic Stock Structure of Mangrove Jack, (Lutjanus argentimaculatus) in Australia.

This project has contributed to the ecologically sustainable management of mangrove jack in Australia by providing comprehensive information on its biology, habitat requirements, population parameters and stock structure. Specifically, the project has resulted in an enhanced understanding of the life history of Australian mangrove jack, the levels of exploitation in its local fishery and the likely existence of a single genetic stock throughout Queensland.

Physiological Factors Influencing Toughness in Cooked Saddletail Snapper (Lutjanus malabaricus)

Saddletail snapper (Lutjanus malabaricus) is a commercially significant tropical species in Australia and has been the subject of consumer complaints of extreme toughness in cooked fillets. Textural and biochemical analyses including collagen and hydroxylysyl pyridinoline (PYD) cross-links concentrations were conducted on 101 commercially harvested Saddletail snapper to identify causes of toughness. Fish age was found to account for 75.6% of observed variation in cooked muscle texture (work done) of Saddletail snapper. A significant linear relationship (P < 0.001) between PYD content and cooked muscle texture was also identified accounting for 50.3% of observed variation. The concentration ratio of PYD to total collagen (TC) ranged from 0.04 to 0.38 mol PYD per mol of TC. Fish size was also found to be a poor indicator of fish age and therefore a poor indicator of the potential risk of toughness of the cooked muscle.

A novel method for the age estimation of Saddletail snapper (Lutjanus malabaricus) using Fourier Transform-near infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy

Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was investigated as a potential rapid method of estimating fish age from whole otoliths of Saddletail snapper (Lutjanus malabaricus). Whole otoliths from 209 Saddletail snapper were extracted and the NIR spectral characteristics were acquired over a spectral range of 800–2780 nm. Partial least-squares models (PLS) were developed from the diffuse reflectance spectra and reference-validated age estimates (based on traditional sectioned otolith increments) to predict age for independent otolith samples. Predictive models developed for a specific season and geographical location performed poorly against a different season and geographical location. However, overall PLS regression statistics for predicting a combined population incorporating both geographic location and season variables were: coefficient of determination (R2) = 0.94, root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) = 1.54 for age estimation, indicating that Saddletail age could be predicted within 1.5 increment counts. This level of accuracy suggests the method warrants further development for Saddletail snapper and may have potential for other fish species. A rapid method of fish age estimation could have the potential to reduce greatly both costs of time and materials in the assessment and management of commercial fisheries.

Improving Profitability to Industry Through the Identification and Management of 'tough' Fish Syndrome in Tropical Saddletail Snapper (Lutjanus Malabaricus)

OBJECTIVES: 1. To determine whether incomplete rigor mortis resolution and 'cold shock' play a role in development of tough fish syndrome (TFS) in tropical Saddletail snapper. 2. To identify links between TFS and specific physiological factors in tropical Saddletail snapper. 3. Communicate findings and recommendations to stakeholders and assist with implementation of any changes to fishing or handling practices required.

Population structure, long-term connectivity, and effective size of mutton snapper (Lutjanus analis) in the Caribbean Sea and Florida Keys

Genetic structure and average long-term connectivity and effective size of mutton snapper (Lutjanus analis) sampled from offshore localities in the U.S. Caribbean and the Florida Keys were assessed by using nuclear-encoded microsatellites and a fragment of mitochondrial DNA. No significant differences in allele, genotype (microsatellites), or haplotype (mtDNA) distributions were detected; tests of selective neutrality (mtDNA) were nonsignificant after Bonferroni correction. Heuristic estimates of average long-term rate of migration (proportion of migrant individuals/generation) between geographically adjacent localities varied from 0.0033 to 0.0054, indicating that local subpopulations could respond independently of environmental perturbations. Estimates of average longterm effective population sizes varied from 341 to 1066 and differed significantly among several of the localities. These results indicate that over time larval drift and interregional adult movement may not be sufficient to maintain population sustainability across the region and that there may be different demographic stocks at some of the localities studied. The estimate of long-term effective population size at the locality offshore of St. Croix was below the minimum threshold size considered necessary to maintain the equilibrium between the loss of adaptive genetic variance from genetic drift and its replacement by mutation. Genetic variability in mutton snapper likely is maintained at the intraregional level by aggregate spawning and random mating of local populations. This feature is perhaps ironic in that aggregate spawning also renders mutton snapper especially vulnerable to overexploitation.

Variation in the isotopic signatures of juvenile gray snapper (Lutjanus griseus) from five southern Florida region

Measurements of 18O/16O and 13C/12C ratios in the carbonate of juvenile gray snapper (Lutjanus griseus) sagittal otoliths collected during 2001–2005 from different southern Florida regions indicated significant variations in the ratios between Florida Bay and surrounding areas. Annual differences in isotopic composition were also observed. Classification accuracy of individual otoliths to a region averaged 80% (63% to 96%), thereby enabling the probability of assigning an unknown individual to the appropriate juvenile nursery habitat. Identification of isotopic signatures in the otoliths of gray snapper from Florida Bay and adjacent ecosystems may be important for distinguishing specific portions of the bay that are crucial nursery grounds for juveniles. Separation of gray snapper between geographic regions and nursery sites is possible and has the potential to establish a link between adult gray snapper present on offshore reefs and larvae and juveniles at nursery habitats in Florida Bay or adjacent areas.

Population connectivity among Dry Tortugas, Florida, and Caribbean populations of mutton snapper (Lutjanus analis), inferred from multiple microsatellite loci

Determining patterns of population connectivity is critical to the evaluation of marine reserves as recruitment sources for harvested populations. Mutton snapper (Lutjanus analis) is a good test case because the last known major spawning aggregation in U.S. waters was granted no-take status in the Tortugas South Ecological Reserve (TSER) in 2001. To evaluate the TSER population as a recruitment source, we genotyped mutton snapper from the Dry Tortugas, southeast Florida, and from three locations across the Caribbean at eight microsatellite loci. Both Fstatistics and individual-based Bayesian analyses indicated that genetic substructure was absent across the five populations. Genetic homogeneity of mutton snapper populations is consistent with its pelagic larval duration of 27 to 37 days and adult behavior of annual migrations to large spawning aggregations. Statistical power of future genetic assessments of mutton snapper population connectivity may benefit from more comprehensive geographic sampling, and perhaps from the development of less polymorphic DNA microsatellite loci. Research where alternative methods are used, such as the transgenerational marking of embryonic otoliths with barium stable isotopes, is also needed on this and other species with diverse life history characteristics to further evaluate the TSER as a recruitment source and to define corridors of population connectivity across the Caribbean and Florida.