Study of near-infrared nonvolatile two-center holographic recording in LiNbO3:Fe:Rh crystal

The near-infrared nonvolatile holographic recording has been realized in a doubly doped LiNbO3:Fe:Rh crystal by the traditional two-center holographic recording scheme, for the first time. The recording performance of this crystal has been investigated by recording with 633 nm red light, 752 nm red light and 799 nm near-infrared light and sensitizing with 405 nm purple light. The experimental results show that, co-doped with Fe and Rh, the near-infrared absorption and the photovoltaic coefficient of shallow trap Fe are enhanced in this LiNbO3:Fe:Rh crystal, compared with other doubly doped LiNbO3 crystals Such as LiNbO3:Fe:Mn. It is also found that the sensitizing light intensity affects the near-infrared recording sensitivity in a different way than two-center holographic recording with shorter wavelength, and the origin of experimental results is analyzed. (C) 2007 Elsevier GrnbH. All rights reserved.

LiNbO3∶Fe∶Rh晶体近红外非挥发全息记录

采用双中心记录方案在双掺杂LiNbO3∶Fe∶Rh晶体中实现了近红外非挥发全息记录,研究了LiNbO3∶Fe∶Rh晶体在633 nm,752 nm,799 nm波长下的全息记录性能。结果表明,在使用近红外记录光时,其记录灵敏度随敏化光强的变化趋势与双中心短波长记录时的不同。通过和LiNbO3∶Fe∶Mn等传统双掺杂铌酸锂晶体的近红外波段记录效果对比,发现同时掺杂Fe和Rh可增强晶体对近红外光的吸收,获得更高的浅中心Fe光生伏特系数,从而能够在LiNbO3∶Fe∶Rh晶体中实现近红外波段的光折变全息记录。

Effect of wavelength of sensitizing light on holographic storage properties in LiNbO3 : Fe : Ni crystal

By sensitizing with 514 nm green light, 488 nm blue light and 390 nm ultraviolet light, respectively, recording with 633 nm red light, effect of wavelength of sensitizing light on holographic storage properties in LiNbO3:Fe:Ni crystal is investigated in detail. It is shown that by shortening the wavelength of sensitizing light gradually, nonvolatile holographic recording properties of oxidized LiNbO3:Fe:Ni crystal is optimized gradually, 390 nm ultraviolet light is the best as the sensitizing light. Considering the absorption of sensitizing light, to obtain the best performance in two-center holographic recording we must choose a sensitizing wavelength that is long enough to prevent unwanted absorptions (band-to-band, etc.) and short enough to result in efficient sensitization from the deep traps. So in practice a trade-off is always needed. Explanation is presented theoretically. (c) 2005 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

LiNbO3：Fe：Ni晶体非挥发全息存储研究

采用三种不同的双光记录方案进行了LiNbO3：Fe：Ni晶体全息存储实验．详细研究了饱和衍射效率、固定衍射效率、动态范围和记录灵敏度，以及退火条件对记录的影响。结果表明，氧化LiNbO3：Fe：Ni晶体的饱和衍射效率、固定衍射效率和记录灵敏度比其他报道的双掺杂LiNbO3晶体高。结合掺杂能级图，理论分析了LiNbO3双掺杂晶体深陷阱中心能级的相对位置及其微观光学参量对全息记录性能的影响。LiNbO3：Fe：Ni晶体有望成为一种新的高效率非挥发全息存储材料。

Prescription for optimizing holograms in LiNbO3 : Fe : Mn

The photorefractive holographic dynamics of grating formation in photochromic doubly doped LiNbO3:Fe:Mn crystal is studied numerically and analytically in terms of the two-center model of Kukhtarev Et al. [Ferroelectrics 22, 949 (1979)]. The relations among the recorded and fixed space-charge fields and the doping densities, the oxidation-reduction states of the fields, and the intensities of UV-sensitizing and red recording beams are studied. Important conditions and effects are feued, and an optimal prescription for material doping and oxidation-reduction processing is suggested in which the crystal can be strongly oxidized and the Mn-doping density is smaller than the Fe-doping density. (C) 2000 Optical Society of America. OCIS codes: 050.7330, 190.5330, 090.2900.

LiNbO3：Fe晶体光栅擦除特性

在光折变过程中，光波对掺杂中心的激发系数S是一个重要的物理量。为了求出光激发系数S对波长A的依赖，研究了在不同的擦除波长条件下，记录在光折变晶体LiNbO3：Fe中的光栅衰减特性。实验结果表明lnP（P为光擦除灵敏度）与擦除波长λ呈线性关系，即波长越短，光栅擦除越快，光擦除灵敏度越高。在单中心电子带传输模型的基础上，理论计算也证实了实验结果。利用带传输模型，给出了理论上光激发系数S对波长的指数依赖关系。同时微观量φμγ（φ为量子效率）也可由光栅擦除实验求出。

双掺杂LiNbO3：Fe：Ru晶体的全息读出特性

为了解决读出过程中全息数据的擦除问题，研究了新型双掺杂LiNbOa：Fe：Ru晶体的全息读出特性。分析了双中心和单中心记录方案光栅的读出特性，并联立双中心物质方程和耦合波方程进行了模拟计算。结果表明，双中心记录所得到的饱和全息的读出时间常数远低于LiNbO2：Fe：Mn晶体的读出时间常数；单色光记录可以实现有效的全息，且其读出时间常数远大于记录时间常数，表现为准态非挥发读出。分析表明，这可能由于Ru的能级比Mn更靠近Fe，更易被红光激发，从而使得双中心记录所得饱和光栅的存贮持久性降低；单色光记录中红光能够

Nonvolatile holograms in LiNbO3 : Fe : Cu by use of the bleaching effect

We report our observation of a bleaching effect under an ultraviolet exposure in LiNbO3:Fe:Cu crystals. Two three-step recording-transferring-fixing schemes are proposed to record nonvolatile photorefractive holograms in such crystals. In the schemes two red laser beams and an ultraviolet illumination are used selectively to write the charge grating in the shallow-level Fe centers, to develop the charge grating in the deep-level Cu centers by transferring the charge grating in the Fe centers, and to fix only the charge grating in the Cu centers for unerasable read-out. Experimental results, verifications, and an optimal recording scheme are given. A comparison of the lithium niobate crystals of the same double-doping system of Fe:Mn, Ce:Mn, Ce:Cu, and Fe:Cu is outlined. (C) 2002 Optical Society of America.

Absorption characteristic and nonvolatile holographic recording in LiNbO3 : Cr : Cu crystals

The absorption characteristic of lithium niobate crystals doped with chromium and copper (Cr and Cu) is investigated. We find that there are two apparent absorption bands for LiNbO3:Cr:Cu crystal doped with 0.14 wt.% Cr2O3 and 0.011 wt.% CuO; one is around 480 nm, and the other is around 660 nm. With a decrease in the doping composition of Cr and an increase in the doping composition of Cu, no apparent absorption band in the shorter wavelength range exists. The higher the doping level of Cr, the larger the absorbance around 660 nm. Although a 633 nm red light is located in the absorption band around 660 nm, the absorption at 633 nm does not help the photorefractive process; i.e., unlike other doubly doped crystals, for example, LiNbO3:Fe:Mn crystal, a nonvolatile holographic recording can be realized by a 633 nm red light as the recording light and a 390 nm UV light as the sensitizing light. For LiNbO3:Cr:Cu crystals, by changing the recording light from a 633 nm red light to a 514 nm green light, sensitizing with a 390 nm UV light and a 488 nm blue light, respectively, a nonvolatile holographic recording can be realized. Doping the appropriate Cr (for example, N-Cr = 2.795 X 10(25)m(-3) and N-Cr/N-Cu = 1) benefits the improvement of holographic recording properties. (c) 2005 Optical Society of America.

双掺杂LiNbO3：Fe：Mn晶体局域光折变体全息光栅形成及衍射特性

将带输运模型与二维耦合波理论相结合，研究了双掺杂LiNbO3：Fe：Mn晶体中由两束有限宽度平面波干涉产生的局域光折变体全息的动力学机制及其衍射特性。采用三步法联立求解了双中心带输运物质波方程和二维耦合波方程。数值计算结果表明，局域光折变体全息光栅的空间电荷场在空间上呈不均匀分布。当光栅区域较小时空间电荷场较强，随着光栅区域的增大，空间电荷场急剧下降，并降低一个数量级。此外，在接近光束入射边界的区域，空间电荷场时空变化规律与一维无限大光折变体全息光栅的结果相似，随着光栅区域的扩大，边界效应对空间电荷场的影

Chain growth mechanism in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis: A DFT study of C-C coupling over Ru, Fe, Rh, and Re surfaces

A quantitative approach is used to understand the chain growth mechanism in FT synthesis on the Ru, Fe, Rh, and Re surfaces. The C-C coupling reactions are extensively calculated on the stepped metal surfaces. Combining the coupling barriers and reactant stabilities, we investigate the reaction rates of all possible C, + C-1 coupling pathways on the metal surfaces. It is found that (i) all the transition-state structures are similar on these surfaces, while some coupling barriers are very different; (ii) the dominant chain growth pathways on these surfaces are different: C + CH and CH + CH on Rh and Ru surfaces, C + CH3 on Fe surface, and C + CH on Re surface. The common features of the major coupling reactions together with those on the Co surface are also discussed.

敏化光波长对（Fe，Ni）：LiNbO3晶体全息记录性能的影响

分别采用514nm绿光、488nm蓝光和390nm紫外光作为敏化光，633nm红光作为记录光，详细研究了敏化光波长对氧化（Fe，Ni）：LiNbO3晶体全息记录性能的影响。结果表明：随着敏化光波长的逐渐减小，氧化（Fe，Ni）：LiNbO3晶体的非挥发全息记录性能逐渐优化，390nm紫外光是这三种敏化光中最优的敏化光。考虑敏化光的吸收，为了在双中心全息记录中获得最优的性能，应当选择合适波长的敏化光：一方面短波长敏化光能有效地敏化深中心；另一方面短波长敏化光的吸收太强（如对光折变效应无用的基质吸收），不能沿

Sensitivity improvement by UV-light recording in LiNbO3 : Ce : Cu crystals

Modulated UV light is used to increase the sensitivity of the two-centre holographic recording. Inherent mechanisms of nonvolatile holographic recording in oxidized and reduced crystals are numerically analysed based on solving the two-centre material equations modilied for UV-Iight recording. Experiments verification is performed with an oxidized crystal and a reduced crystal, and the role of UV intensity on the sensitivity is presented.