A relação trabalho-família : o desafio para ontem

Tese de doutoramento, Psicologia (Psicologia dos Recursos Humanos, do Trabalho e das Organizações), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Psicologia, 2016

Culture organisationnelle et santé mentale au travail

Cette thèse doctorale poursuit l’objectif de mieux comprendre le rôle joué par la culture organisationnelle en tant que déterminant des problèmes de santé mentale dans la main-d’œuvre. Ceci, dans un contexte où les organisations font face à plusieurs défis importants pouvant affecter leur survie et pérennité, mais surtout face aux coûts directs et indirects reliés à ce type de problèmes qui ne cessent d’augmenter. Cette thèse fut également inspirée par les nombreuses limites constatées à la suite d’une revue de la littérature sur la santé mentale au travail, alors que les principaux modèles sur le stress professionnel (e.g. modèle demandes-contrôle de Karasek (1979), modèle demandes-contrôle-soutien de Karasek et Theorell (1990), le modèle du Déséquilibre Efforts-Récompenses de Siegrist (1996) et le modèle Demandes-Ressources de Demerouti et al., (2001)) et guidant la recherche sur le sujet, ne tiennent pas compte du contexte organisationnel élargi dans lequel se vit le travail. Un élément bien précis du contexte organisationnel est le cœur de cette thèse soit la culture organisationnelle. En effet, la culture organisationnelle joue-t-elle un rôle dans le développement et/ou l’aggravation de problèmes de santé mentale dans la main-d’œuvre? Si oui ce rôle existe, alors comment et sous quelles conditions la culture organisationnelle est-elle susceptible de protéger ou de fragiliser la santé mentale des individus? Dans le but de mieux comprendre le rôle joué par la culture organisationnelle en matière de santé mentale au travail, nous avons eu recours à un modèle théorique intégrateur exposant les relations entre la culture organisationnelle, les conditions de l’organisation du travail et la santé mentale. Cette articulation théorique est présentée sous forme d’article dans le cadre de cette thèse. De ce modèle découle deux grandes hypothèses. La première est à l’effet que les conditions de l’organisation du travail sont associées à la détresse psychologique et à l’épuisement professionnel une fois tenu en compte la culture organisationnelle. La seconde hypothèse induite par le modèle proposé, pose que les conditions de l’organisation du travail médiatisent la relation entre la culture organisationnelle et les problèmes de santé mentale au travail. Ces hypothèses de recherche furent testées à partir de données transversales obtenues dans le cadre du projet de recherche SALVEO de l’Équipe de Recherche sur le Travail et la Santé Mentale (ERTSM) de l’Université de Montréal. Les résultats obtenus sont présentés sous forme de deux articles, soumis pour publication, lesquels constituent les chapitres 5 et 6 de cette thèse. Dans l’ensemble, le modèle théorique proposé obtient un soutient empirique important et tend à démontrer que la culture organisationnelle joue indirectement sur la détresse psychologique de par son influence sur les conditions de l’organisation du travail. Pour l’épuisement professionnel, les résultats démontrent que la culture organisationnelle influence directement et indirectement les problèmes de santé mentale au travail. Les résultats corroborent l’importance de développer de nouveaux modèles théoriques pour mieux inclure des facteurs reliés à l’organisation et au contexte organisationnel plus large afin d’avoir un portrait complet de la problématique de la santé mentale au travail. Cette thèse conclue sur les implications de ces résultats pour la recherche, et pour les retombées pratiques pour la gestion des ressources humaines.

Spanish version of Bus Drivers’ Job Demands Scale (BDJD-24)

Resumen tomado de la publicación

Using the four resources model across the curriculum

This chapter is aimed at student teachers and practising middle-years teachers in the primary school who are interested in developing their students' subject-specific literacies in preparation for their transition to secondary school. A number of texts and activities from a popular secondary textbook are analysed and mapped against the four resources model. Given that learning tasks that develop students as code breakers, text participants, text users and
text analysts are suggested, it is important to recognise that focus does not infer separation. The activity foci rely on the take-up of each of the other resources.

The career resources model: An integrative framework for career counsellors

Changes in the nature of work and organizations have led to an increased need for self-directed career management (SDCM). However, there is no consensus in the literature of what constitutes SDCM and many related concepts have been proposed. Integrating previous research across different conceptualizations of SDCM, the paper proposes four critical career resources which are essential for career development in the modern context: human capital resources, social resources, psychological resources, and identity resources. Implications of this framework for counselling practice are presented.

Who gets the high quality jobs ten years after compulsory school?

Good work quality is crucial for employee well-being and health. Indicators of work quality are, among others, aspects of one’s work organization and learning opportunities. Based on the Job-Demands Control model we investigate if a) young employees are confronted with different combinations of job characteristics, b) cluster membership is predicted through socio-demographic and educational factors as well as positive self-evaluations and health, and c) cluster membership leads to different associations with job-related and general well-being. Based on TREE (Transition from Education to Employment) data we found three clusters of job characteristics, i.e. high resources – low demands, medium resources – medium demands, and low resources – high demands. Likelihood to be in a more favourable group was higher for females and young employees who reported more positive self-evaluations and higher learning efforts after compulsory school. Young employees in more favourable groups also reported higher levels of job-related and general well-being.

How innovation can alleviate negative consequences of demanding work contexts:The influence of climate for innovation on organizational outcomes

This study examines climate for innovation as a method by which negative organizational consequences of demanding work may be lessened. It was expected that a climate for innovation would enable employees to develop coping mechanisms or improved work-related processes which counteract negative consequences of work demands. Extending the job demands-resource model (Karasek, 1979), we predicted and found that among the sample of 22,696 respondents from 131 healthcare organizations, organizational climate for innovation alleviated the negative effects of work demands on organizational performance. Thus, this study informs climate theories and guides practitioners' efforts to support the employees. © 2007 The British Psychological Society.

Leadership and organisational outcomes in healthcare

This research examined to what extent and how leadership is related to organisational outcomes in healthcare. Based on the Job Demands-Resource model, a set of hypotheses was developed, which predicted that the effect of leadership on healthcare outcomes would be mediated by job design, employee engagement, work pressure, opportunity for involvement, and work-life balance. The research focused on the National Health Service (NHS) in England, and examined the relationships between senior leadership, first line supervisory leadership and outcomes. Three years of data (2008 – 2010) were gathered from four data sources: the NHS National Staff Survey, the NHS Inpatient Survey, the NHS Electronic Record, and the NHS Information Centre. The data were drawn from 390 healthcare organisations and over 285,000 staff annually for each of the three years. Parallel mediation regressions modelled both cross sectional and longitudinal designs. The findings revealed strong relationships between senior leadership and supervisor support respectively and job design, engagement, opportunity for involvement, and work-life balance, while senior leadership was also associated with work pressure. Except for job design, there were significant relationships between the mediating variables and the outcomes of patient satisfaction, employee job satisfaction, absenteeism, and turnover. Relative importance analysis showed that senior leadership accounted for significantly more variance in relationships with outcomes than supervisor support in the majority of models tested. Results are discussed in relation to theoretical and practical contributions. They suggest that leadership plays a significant role in organisational outcomes in healthcare and that previous research may have underestimated how influential senior leaders may be in relation to these outcomes. Moreover, the research suggests that leaders in healthcare may influence outcomes by the way they manage the work pressure, engagement, opportunity for involvement and work-life balance of those they lead.

Well-being, satisfaction and commitment : the substitutable nature of resources for maternity hospital nurses

Abstract Aims. To investigate the relationship between three types of organizational resources (job control, social support and organizational justice) and the impact of job demands on nurse’s well-being and attitudes towards their work. Background. The negative impact of work-related stress on nurse’s health and attitudes towards their work has been established. Increasingly, research is focusing on the role of organizational resources in reducing the impact of work related stress. Design. Cross-sectional survey. Method. Data collected in November 2008 from 226 Australian nurses and midwives were analysed using the full Job Strain Model with the addition of organizational justice variables. Multiple regression analyses explored the relationships among job control, job demands, three sources of social support and four types of organizational justice on well-being and work attitudes. Results. The overall regression models explained a significant amount of variance in well-being, job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Significant main effects were evident for support variables and organizational justice variables on well-being and job satisfaction. Interactions between job control and supervisor support and between job demands and supervisor support were evident for job satisfaction. Conclusions. Supervisor support and organizational justice have significant relationships with nurses’ well-being and job satisfaction. More broadly, the findings suggest that, in the triple-matching approach from a work-stressor to a resource to a work outcome, personal, supervisory and organizational resources may be substitutable. These findings provide nurse management with empirical endorsement for the development and delivery of the organization’s resources for nursing staff.

The moderating effects of job control and selection, optimization, and compensation strategies on the age-work ability relationship

Work ability describes employees' capability to carry out their work with respect to physical and psychological job demands. This study investigated direct and interactive effects of age, job control, and the use of successful aging strategies called selection, optimization, and compensation (SOC) in predicting work ability. We assessed SOC strategies and job control by using employee self-reports, and we measured employees' work ability using supervisor ratings. Data collected from 173 health-care employees showed that job control was positively associated with work ability. Additionally, we found a three-way interaction effect of age, job control, and use of SOC strategies on work ability. Specifically, the negative relationship between age and work ability was weakest for employees with high job control and high use of SOC strategies. These results suggest that the use of successful aging strategies and enhanced control at work are conducive to maintaining the work ability of aging employees. We discuss theoretical and practical implications regarding the beneficial role of the use of SOC strategies utilized by older employees and enhanced contextual resources at work for aging employees.

The role of emotional labour and role stress on burnout and psychological strain in high contact service employees

This study examines the relationships between job demands (in the form of role stressors and emotional management) and employee burnout amongst high contact service employees. Employees in customer facing roles are frequently required to manage overwhelming, conflicting or ambiguous demands, which they may feel ill-equipped to handle. Simultaneously, they must manage the emotions they display towards customers, suppressing some, and expressing others, be they genuine or contrived. If the in-role effort required of employees exceeds their inherent capacity to cope, burnout may result. Burnout, in turn, can have serious detrimental consequences for the psychological well being of employees. We find that both emotional management and role stressors impact burnout. We also confirm that burnout predicts psychological strain. In line with the Job Demands and Resources Model, we examine the mitigating impact of perceived support on these relationships but do not find a significant mitigating impact.

Literacies programs: Debates and demands in cultural context

An introduction to the "four resources" model of literacy, where coding, semantics, pragmatic and critical text work are viewed as necessary components for literacy in contemporary society.