The broad-scale distribution and abundance of Scyphomedusae in Irish waters

Scyphomedusae are receiving increasing recognition as key components of marine ecosystems. However, information on their distribution and abundance beyond coastal waters is generally lacking. Organising access to such data is critical to effectively transpose findings from laboratory, mesocosm and small scale studies to the scale of ecological processes. These data are also required to identify the risks of detrimental impacts of jellyfish blooms on human activities. In Ireland, such risks raise concerns among the public, but foremost amongst the professionals of the aquaculture and fishing sectors. The present work looked at the opportunity to get access to new information on the distribution of jellyfish around Ireland mostly by using existing infrastructures and programmes. The analysis of bycatch data collected during the Irish groundfish surveys provided new insights into the distribution of Pelagia noctiluca over an area >160 000 km2, a scale never reached before in a region of the Northeast Atlantic (140 sampling stations). Similarly, 4 years of data collected during the Irish Sea juvenile gadoid fish survey provided the first spatially, explicit, information on the abundance of Aurelia aurita and Cyanea spp. (Cyanea capillata and Cyanea lamarckii) throughout the Irish Sea (> 200 sampling events). In addition, the use of ships of opportunity allowed repeated samplings (N = 37) of an >100 km long transect between Dublin (Ireland) and Holyhead (Wales, UK), therefore providing two years of seasonal monitoring of the occurrence of scyphomedusae in that region. Finally, in order to inform the movements of C. capillata in an area where many negative interactions with bathers occur, the horizontal and vertical movements of 5 individual C. capillata were investigated through acoustic tracking.

Scyphozoan jellyfish provide short-term reproductive habitat for hyperiid amphipods in a temperate near-shore environment

Hyperiid amphipods (Order Amphipoda, Suborder Hyperiidea) are known to infest gelatinous zooplankton. However, the temporal backdrop to these associations is less clear, given that data are often gathered during discrete sampling events rather than over time. In general, hyperiids are considered to be pelagic: however, for individuals associated with metagenic jellyfishes in temperate shallow shelf seas, this may not always be the case, as the majority of their gelatinous hosts are present in the water column from spring to the onset of autumn. Here, we explored the temporal patterns of colonisation and overall duration of the association between Hyperia galba and 3 scyphozoan jellyfish species (Aurelia aurita, Cyanea capillata and C. lamarckii) in a temperate coastal system (Strangford Lough, Northern Ireland) during 2010 and 2012. Concomitantly, we used carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios to examine whether hyperiid infestation represented a permanent association with their host or was part of a more complex life history. We found that jellyfish were colonised by H. galba ca. 2 mo after they are first observed in the lough and that H. galba reached 100% prevalence in the different jellyfish species shortly before the medusae of each species disappeared from the water column. It is possible that some jellyfish overwintered in deeper water, prolonging the association between H. galba and their hosts. However, all the medusae sampled during the spring and early summer (whether they were newly emerged or had overwintered from the previous season) were not infected with hyperiids, suggesting that such behaviour was uncommon or that individuals had become dissociated from their host during the winter. Further evidence of temporary association came from stable isotope data, where δ13C and δ15N isotope ratios were indicative of feeding outside of their host prior to jellyfish colonisation. In combination, these findings suggest alternating habitat associations for H. galba, with the amphipods spending the majority of the year outside of the 3 scyphozoan species considered here.

Population-level perspectives on global change : genetic and demographic analyses indicate various scales, timing, and causes of scyphozoan jellyfish blooms

Whether a perceived increase in the abundance of jellyfishes is related to changing marine environments has been considered primarily using large-scale analyses of multi-species assemblages. Yet jellyfish blooms-rapid increases in the biomass of pelagic coelenterate species-are single-species demographic events. Using published and new genetic analyses and population surveys, we investigate whether there may be a critical knowledge gap between the scales of recent analyses and the scales of natural phenomena. We find that scyphomedusae may show population genetic structure over scales of tens to hundreds of kilometers, that environments vary regionally and locally, and that populations of medusae can display uncorrelated dynamics on these scales. These findings suggest genetic differences between populations and/or environmental differences between sites are important determinants of population dynamics in these jellyfishes. Moreover, the local abundance of medusae may be most strongly correlated with preceding rather than current local environmental conditions, indicating there is a cumulative time-course to the formation of 'blooms'. Broad-scale macro-ecological analyses will need to build from coordinated, long-term, fine-grained studies to synthesize, rather than mask, population-level phenomena in larger-scale analyses. © 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland.

Seabather's eruption: report of five cases in southeast region of Brazil

Os autores relatam cinco acidentes de seabather's eruption ou prurido do traje de banho, uma erupção típica associada na maioria das vezes à água-viva Linuche unguiculata (Cnidaria), que causa um rash pápulo-eritematoso extremamente pruriginoso em áreas cobertas por trajes de banho. O quadro cutâneo é característico e a erupção é comum no Caribe, Flórida, México e estados americanos do Golfo. Os casos são os primeiros relatados no Brasil e larvas de Linuche unguiculata estão presentes nas águas onde ocorreram os acidentes.

Animais aquáticos de importância médica no Brasil

The injuries caused by venomous and poisonous aquatic animals may provoke important morbidity in the victim. The cnidarians (jellyfishes, especially cubomedusas and Portuguese-Man-of-War) caused nearly 25% of 236 accidents by marine animals, while sea urchins were responsible for about 50% and catfish, stingrays and scorpionfish nearly 25%). In freshwater, stingrays and catfish cause injuries with a very similar mechanism to the poisoning and the effects of the toxins of marine species. In a series of about 200 injuries observed among freshwater fishermen, nearly 40% were caused by freshwater catfish, 5% freshwater stingrays and 55% by traumatogenic fish, such as piranhas and trairas. The author presents the aquatic animals that cause injuries to humans in Brazil, the clinical aspects of the envenoming and the first measures for the control of the severe pain observed mainly in the accidents caused by cnidarians and venomous fishes.

Histoire naturelle des zoophytes. Acalèphes / par René-Primevère Lesson ...

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Evolução do veneno em cnidários baseada em dados de genomas e proteomas

A evolução do veneno, uma das misturas mais complexas da natureza, tem sustentado o sucesso da diversificação de inúmeras linhagens de animais. Serpentes deslizantes ou medusas flutuantes utilizam o veneno, um coquetel de peptídeos farmacologicamente ativos, sais e moléculas orgânicas. Esses animais surpreendentes têm provocado grande fascínio ao longo da história humana. Nesta dissertação propomos um estudo da evolução dos venenos no filo Cnidaria, englobando dados proteômicos e genômicos. Este projeto teve como objetivos: (1) caracterizar e elucidar a evolução da composição do veneno em Cnidaria por meio da comparação de listas de proteínas; (2) testar a hipótese de que a variação na família de toxinas específica de cnidários tem sido o resultado de um regime de seleção positiva; e (3) determinar a extensão em que a duplicação de genes pode ser considerada como a principal razão para a diversificação de toxinas em Cnidaria. O capítulo \"Comparative proteomics reveals common components of a powerful arsenal in the earliest animal venomous lineage, the cnidarians\" propõe o estudo comparado mais completo sobre a composição do veneno de cnidários e uma hipótese sobre a montagem evolutiva do complexo arsenal bioquímico de cnidários e do veneno ancestral desse grupo basal. Vinte e oito famílias de proteínas foram identificadas. Destas, 13 famílias foram registradas pela primeira vez no proteoma de Cnidaria. Pelo menos 15 famílias de toxinas foram recrutadas no proteoma de veneno de cnidários antes da diversificação dos grupos Anthozoa e Medusozoa. Nos capítulos \"Evidence of episodic positive selection in the evolution of jellyfish toxins of the cnidarian venom\" e \"Gene duplications are extensive and contribute significantly to the toxic proteome of nematocysts isolated from Acropora digitifera (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Scleractinia)\", nossas análises demonstram que as famílias de toxinas nos cnidários se diversificam amplamente mediante a duplicação de genes. Além disso, em contraste com as famílias de toxinas do veneno na maioria das linhagens animais; nós identificamos um padrão diferente na família de toxinas específica de cnidários, em que há uma seleção purificadora por longos períodos seguindo longos tempos de diversificação ou vice-versa

Embryologische Studien an Medusen : Ein Beitrag zur Genealogie der Primitiv-organe / von Elias Metschnikoff.

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Medusae of the world, by Alfred Goldsborough Mayer.

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Data compilation of marine pelagic organism biomasses, swimming velocities, clearance and respiration rates

Jellyfishes have functionally replaced several overexploited commercial stocks of planktivorous fishes. This is paradoxical, because they use a primitive prey capture mechanism requiring direct contact with the prey, whereas fishes use more efficient visual detection. We have compiled published data to show that, in spite of their primitive life-style, jellyfishes exhibit similar instantaneous prey clearance and respiration rates as their fish competitors and similar potential for growth and reproduction. To achieve this production, they have evolved large, water-laden bodies that increase prey contact rates. Although larger bodies are less efficient for swimming, optimization analysis reveals that large collectors are advantageous if they move through the water sufficiently slowly.

Biological investigations of noxious coelenterates and ctenophores in coastal North Carolina /

Mode of access: Internet.

Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte der wirbellosen Thiere : Ueber Medusa, Cyclops, Loligo, Gregarina und Xenos /

Bound with his: Observationes quaedam entomologicae de oxybelo uniglume atque miltogramma conica. Erlangae : Typis Kunstmannianis, 1841, and, Ueber Parthenogenesis. München : Auf Kosten der K. Akademie, 1862.