785 resultados para Ingeniería Industrial


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En el discurso se reivindica el papel actual de la ingeniería mecánica como impulsora del desarrollo de las máquinas. Comienza con una breve exposición de la evolución de las máquinas a lo largo de la historia y su influencia en el desarrollo económico y social. Igualmente, señala la importancia de otras áreas de la ingeniería en el desarrollo de las máquinas actuales y el carácter multidisciplinar del diseño y desarrollo de las máquinas actuales. Ante la nueva situación, el discurso analiza el papel que desempeña actualmente la ingeniería de máquinas. Asimismo, comprueba que la aportación de otras disciplinas ha llevado a la concepción de máquinas con soluciones, más eficientes y eficaces, que requieren nuevos avances de la ingeniería de máquinas. Finalmente, se muestran diversos ejemplos significativos de los avances requeridos para el diseño de las máquinas actuales, entre los que destacan los relativos al análisis dinámico y a la fatiga. Entre los problemas dinámicos, se analizan los casos del comportamiento de sistemas multicuerpos con holgura o sujetos a impactos, y la detección de grietas en rotores mediante la medida de vibraciones. Del análisis del comportamiento a fatiga, se destaca la importancia de la aplicación conjunta de la mecánica de la fractura y el método de las deformaciones locales, especialmente para el análisis del comportamiento de grietas microestructuralmente pequeñas.

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"Van pudiendo por creer que pueden", dice Virgilio de la tripulación de Mnesteo durante la regata en honor de Anquises, y no se me ocurre mejor descripción de nuestro avance durante la primera mitad del año en que estamos celebrando el décimo aniversario de nuestra fundación: todos los compañeros y en especial los responsables de organización de las Jornadas Conmemorativas se están volcando para conseguir superar las limitaciones de una Academia joven y mostrar la fuerza de la ingeniería española.

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En este último Mensaje como Presidente envío mi agradecimiento a todos los amigos de instituciones, empresas y universidades que han sabido comprender lo importante que, para España, es llevar a buen término el desarrollo de esta Academia y a todos los Académicos que han sufrido con paciencia mis errores y siempre han respondido, con generosidad , a mis demandas de su tiempo. Finalmente mi reconocimiento a la labor de los compañeros de la Junta de Gobierno cuya inteligencia, vocación de servicio y capacidad de trabajo sólo son comparables a la lealtad demostrada durante estos años en que he tenido el privilegio de trabajar a su lado.

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La Academia de Ingeniería fue fundada como Corporación de Derecho Público por Real Decreto de S. M. Juan Carlos I el 29 de abril de 1994 y recibió el título de «real» el 14 de julio de 2003. Según indican sus estatutos, se trataba de crear una entidad activa y cualificada en la prospección y análisis crítico de la evolución científica y técnica con capacidad de aconsejar tanto a organismos del Estado como a la sociedad en general. La promoción de la calidad y la competencia de la ingeniería es el objetivo permanente de la RAI. Se intenta cumplir con él actuando en varios frentes. En primer lugar reconociendo el mérito: el de las personas mediante su elección como miembros de la Academia, el de las empresas mediante el Premio Academiae Dilecta, y el de los estudiosos mediante el Premio a los Investigadores Jóvenes. Se han creado foros de discusión, siguiendo diferentes formatos, para tratar sobre grandes temas de actualidad, tales como la aventura aeroespacial, la biotecnología, la seguridad frente a incendios en los túneles, la energía, el impacto medioambiental de las obras de ingeniería y el futuro de las grandes infraestructuras. También es una labor de estímulo de la calidad y competencia la edición de las Comunicaciones a la Academia, donde se remarca la importancia de la innovación invitando a equipos jóvenes a que presenten logros de la ingeniería española que hayan dado lugar a algún resultado tangible y no meramente especulativo. Satélites, nanotecnología, bioingeniería, comunicaciones, etc., son algunos de los temas de las comunicaciones publicadas hasta ahora. Otro delos fines de la Academia, según el artículo 3 de sus estatutos fundacionales es "elaborar y mantener actualizado un lexicón en lengua castellana de términos relativos a la ingeniería", y sobre ello trata este capítulo.

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The design of a Final Assembly Line (FAL) is carry out in the product industrialization activity. The phase dealing with the definition of conceptual solutions is characterized by depending heavily on the personnel experience and being time-consuming. To enhance such process, it is proposed a development of a knowledge based software application to assist designers in the definition of scenarios and to generate conceptual FAL alternatives. Both the scenario and the generated FAL solution are part of the industrialization digital mock-up (IDMU). A commercial software application used in the aircraft programmes and supporting the IDMU concepts of: Product, Process and Resource; was selected to implement a software prototype. This communication presents the adopted methodological approach and the architecture of the developed application.

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La evidencia empírica aplicada a países de cierto tamaño y desarrollo económico, muestra que existe una relación directa y positiva entre la intensidad de la industria manufacturera, medida como porcentaje de su PIB, y ciertas variables económicas como, el crecimiento, el desempleo y la balanza exterior de bienes y servicios. En el caso de esta última, se verifica empíricamente, que los países con una proporción de actividad manufacturera inferior al 20%, tienen una marcada tendencia a presentar déficits crónicos de balanza de bienes y servicios, lo que conduce a persistentes déficits por cuenta corriente, al ser el primer déficit el principal componente del segundo. Esto trae consigo un continuado incremento del endeudamiento externo que no cesa, y que terminará en algún momento por desequilibrar el conjunto de la economía de los países con esos déficits crónicos. Las anteriores conclusiones, abren una vía de orientación de la política económica, que tiene como objetivo la promoción de la industria manufacturera de cada país. Y esto es un hecho ya en 2014. Países relevantes, como Alemania o Francia en la UE, incluso los EEUU y últimamente el Reino Unido, y por supuesto países del área asiática como Japón, Corea del Sur y China, llevan años promoviendo su industria manufacturera. Resulta significativo, que el debate ideológico sobre la bondad de la aplicación política industrial por parte de los gobiernos, frente a las teorías liberales de mantener a los poderes públicos lejos de ese tipo de actividades, haya dado paso a un modelo generalizado de corte más bien horizontal, donde los países casi sin excepciones apoyan el desarrollo de sus empresas con numerosos instrumentos, que van bastante más lejos de los habituales de I+D. Se valora por tanto, la industria manufacturera como algo vital para el equilibrio económico. Incluso la UE, defensora durante décadas de la no intervención de los diferentes Estados miembros en actividades de promoción industrial más allá del apoyo a las actividades de I+D, realiza un giro copernicano, que termina en 2012 proclamando que la industria manufacturera es vital para el equilibrio económico de la UE, que hay que promoverla, e incluso marca un objetivo, precisamente del 20%, como contribución manufacturera a su PIB. Es decir, se da por asumido que los servicios no son un sustituto indefinido de la industria y que por tanto tienen un límite, lo que se contrapone frontalmente contra la anterior creencia de que el aumento de la participación de los servicios en la economía, no solo era bueno, sino un síntoma de desarrollo. Esta premisa ya ha dejado de ser cierta para esos y otros países. En cambio, en España nada de esto sucede en las dos últimas décadas, sino que la industria manufacturera no recibe especial atención de los poderes públicos y se desliza en una pendiente de disminución de su contribución al PIB, que incluso se acelera con la crisis económica que comienza en 2007, hasta alcanzar cifras del orden del 12% del PIB en 2013. La política económica que se aplica es la de la deflación de costes, con los efectos consecuentes sobre los salarios y sobre la capacidad de la economía de generar riqueza. Se apuesta por un modelo de mano de obra barata, que recuerda al de los años 60. Como indicador relevante de esta situación, lo que exporta la industria manufacturera española, no ha ganado en contenido tecnológico en los últimos quince años. Esta situación se ve empeorada por un hecho significativo adicional, y es que casi el 40% de las ventas de la industria manufacturera española provienen de empresas de propiedad extranjera, con lo que eso supone por una parte de dependencia tecnológica del exterior como en el caso del automóvil, y de incertidumbre sobre su futuro, al estar basadas en el mantenimiento en el futuro de una mano de obra barata, que frenará que los españoles que trabajan en esas empresas, progresen económicamente. La propuesta de esta Tesis, es en cambio apostar por un modelo de crecimiento para España que tenga como uno de sus pilares el desarrollo de una industria manufacturera sólida y con cada vez mayor contenido tecnológico. Para ello, se propone un Plan de política industrial, donde se incluye la creación de actores impulsores de este plan, que deben ser del máximo nivel político. Si los diferentes gobiernos no entienden y asumen esta necesidad de apoyo a la industria a largo plazo e independiente de los cambios políticos, no será posible llevar a cabo este Plan. Para su puesta en marcha, se propone la creación o refuerzo de numerosos instrumentos de apoyo a la industria manufacturera de carácter fundamentalmente horizontal que van mucho más allá de los habituales del I+D, y que en varios casos, tienen una clara semejanza con otros existentes ya en otros países desarrollados desde hace años. La promoción de la industria manufacturera necesita nuevos instrumentos, como una financiación a largo plazo para las empresas, una promoción ordenada y eficaz de la actividad internacional de las empresas exportadoras, la mayoría de las cuales exportan productos manufacturados, una educación y formación profesional que esté alineada con estos objetivos, unos instrumentos que apoyen en especial el desarrollo la industria manufacturera, o la participación minoritaria pero significativa, del Estado en empresas españolas pertenecientes a sectores estratégicos entre otros. En resumen, esta Tesis propone una alternativa de política económica radicalmente diferente a la de dejar la industria manufacturera española a su suerte, y basar el futuro económico de España en una mano de obra barata. ABSTRACT The empirical evidence, applied to countries of certain size and economic development, shows that there exists a direct and positive relationship between industrial manufacturing activity, measured as a percentage of GDP, and certain economic variables, such as growth, unemployment and the foreign balance of trade. In the case of the latter, it is verified empirically that the countries with a percentage of manufacturing activity below 20% have a marked tendency for chronic deficits of the balance of trade, leading to persistent deficits in the current account, being that the former deficit is the main component of the latter. This brings about a continued increase in foreign debt that does not cease, and that will end at some point by disrupting the economy of the countries with these chronic deficits. The previous conclusions open the way to a new direction for economic policy, which promotes industrial manufacturing in each country. This is already a fact in 2014. Relevant countries, such as Germany or France in the EU, even the US and ultimately the UK, and of course countries of East Asia such as Japan, South Korea and China, have been promoting their industrial manufacturing for years. It becomes significant that the ideological debate about the goodwill of the application of industrial policy by governments, against liberal theories that maintain public powers far from these kinds of activities, has taken a step towards a horizontal-cut generalized model, where countries, with almost no exception, rely on various instruments to develop their companies that go much further than the usual R&D. Industrial manufacture is therefore valued as vital for economic stability. Even the EU, proponent for decades of non-intervention policy that goes beyond R&D, has gone full circle, ending in 2012 by proclaiming that industrial manufacture is vital for the economic stability of the EU, that it must be promoted. They even mark precisely 20% as an objective for manufacturing as a percentage of GDP. In other words, it is a given that services are not an indefinite substitute for industry, and that therefore it has a limit as such. This rejects the notion that the increase in services at the cost of manufacture is not only healthy, but is also a symptom of development. This premise is no longer true for these and other countries. On the other hand, none of this happens in Spain, where industrial manufacture receives no special attention from the public authorities, and it slides on a downward slope of percentage contribution to GDP, which accelerates the economic crisis that begins in 2007, until manufacture reaches values of around 12% of GDP in 2013. The economic policy applied is that of cost deflation, with consequential effects on wages and the capacity of the economy to generate wealth. A model is proposed for cheaper labor, akin to that of the 1960s. As a relevant indicator of this situation, manufacturing exports from Spain have not grown technologically in the last 15 years. The situation is made worse by another significant fact: almost 40% of sales of the manufacturing industry originate from companies of foreign origin, which supposes on one hand a technological dependence on foreign countries, such as in the case of the automotive industry, and on the other hand uncertainty in its future, being that they are based on maintaining cheap labor in the future, which will slow economic progress of Spaniards working in these companies. The proposition of this Thesis is to bet on a growth model for Spain that has as one of its pillars the development of a solid manufacturing industry, with increasing technological content. For this, an industrial policy plan is proposed, which includes the creation of driving agents for this plan, which must be of maximum political level. If the various governments don’t understand and assume this necessity for support of industry in the long term, independent of political change, this plan will not be accomplished. To start it, the creation or reinforcement of numerous instruments to promote the manufacturing activities are proposed, with a fundamentally horizontal nature that goes far beyond the usual R&D, and that, in several cases, have a clear similarity with others existing in other countries, having been developed for years. The promotion of the manufacturing industry needs new instruments, such as the long-term financing of companies, an orderly and efficient promotion of international activity of exporting companies, the most of which export manufactured goods, education and professional training which is in tune with these objectives, some instruments which support in particular the development of the manufacturing industry, or the minor yet significant participation of the State in Spanish companies belonging to strategic sectors, among others. In summary, this Thesis proposes an different alternative to the economic policy of leaving the manufacturing industry of Spain to its chances, and to base the economic future of Spain on a cheaper labor force.

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This paper groups recent supply chain management research focused on organizational design and its software support. The classification encompasses criteria related to research methodology and content. Empirical studies from management science focus on network types and organizational fit. Novel planning algorithms and innovative coordination schemes are developed mostly in the field of operations research in order to propose new software features. Operations and production management realize cost-benefit analysis of IT software implementations. The success of software solutions for network coordination depends strongly on the fit of three dimensions: network configuration, coordination scheme and software functionality. This paper concludes with proposals for future research on unaddressed issues within and among the identified research streams.

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La Ley Orgánica 8/2013 para la mejora de la calidad educativa, facilita al alumno de bachillerato una amplia posibilidad de configuración de los estudios en función de sus intereses. Sin embargo, la oferta educativa real resulta mucho más restringida. En el presente documento, se aborda el caso de la materia, del bloque de materias específicas, Tecnología Industrial II, la cual no está siendo impartida en la mayoría de los centros docentes como consecuencia del número insuficiente de alumnos que la solicitan. Tras un análisis inicial del currículo de la materia, se desarrolla un estudio que profundiza en las relaciones existentes con el resto de asignaturas de Educación Secundaria y Bachillerato. Las vínculos más significativos que se han localizado responden, por una parte, al solapamiento de contenidos que inevitablemente surge con otras materias y; por otra, a la ubicación de los fundamentos necesarios para abordar los contenidos de Tecnología Industrial II. El objeto último del análisis consiste en plantear una metodología docente que permita la integración real de esta materia en los centros de dimensión media. Para ello, y a la vista de los resultados obtenidos, se articulan diferentes estrategias de actuación que, a la vez que enriquecen el acto pedagógico, permiten optimizar los recursos humanos y materiales necesarios para abordar la enseñanza de Tecnología Industrial II. ABSTRACT The Law 8/2013 for the improvement of the educational quality facilitates to the pupil a wide possibility to configurate his studies in depend of his interest. Nevertheless, the real offer turns out to be restricted. The present document studies the subject Industrial Technologies II; who is not been teached in most educational center, as they are not enough pupils interested in it. After an initial analysis of the subject there have been developed a studiy that look for the existing relations with the contents of other subjects in the same cycle. The more important relations will be clasifficate in two different types. In the first place, the repetition of contents, in the second place the basement concepts necessaries to study the subject

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PURPOSE The decision-making process plays a key role in organizations. Every decision-making process produces a final choice that may or may not prompt action. Recurrently, decision makers find themselves in the dichotomous question of following a traditional sequence decision-making process where the output of a decision is used as the input of the next stage of the decision, or following a joint decision-making approach where several decisions are taken simultaneously. The implication of the decision-making process will impact different players of the organization. The choice of the decision- making approach becomes difficult to find, even with the current literature and practitioners’ knowledge. The pursuit of better ways for making decisions has been a common goal for academics and practitioners. Management scientists use different techniques and approaches to improve different types of decisions. The purpose of this decision is to use the available resources as well as possible (data and techniques) to achieve the objectives of the organization. The developing and applying of models and concepts may be helpful to solve managerial problems faced every day in different companies. As a result of this research different decision models are presented to contribute to the body of knowledge of management science. The first models are focused on the manufacturing industry and the second part of the models on the health care industry. Despite these models being case specific, they serve the purpose of exemplifying that different approaches to the problems and could provide interesting results. Unfortunately, there is no universal recipe that could be applied to all the problems. Furthermore, the same model could deliver good results with certain data and bad results for other data. A framework to analyse the data before selecting the model to be used is presented and tested in the models developed to exemplify the ideas. METHODOLOGY As the first step of the research a systematic literature review on the joint decision is presented, as are the different opinions and suggestions of different scholars. For the next stage of the thesis, the decision-making process of more than 50 companies was analysed in companies from different sectors in the production planning area at the Job Shop level. The data was obtained using surveys and face-to-face interviews. The following part of the research into the decision-making process was held in two application fields that are highly relevant for our society; manufacturing and health care. The first step was to study the interactions and develop a mathematical model for the replenishment of the car assembly where the problem of “Vehicle routing problem and Inventory” were combined. The next step was to add the scheduling or car production (car sequencing) decision and use some metaheuristics such as ant colony and genetic algorithms to measure if the behaviour is kept up with different case size problems. A similar approach is presented in a production of semiconductors and aviation parts, where a hoist has to change from one station to another to deal with the work, and a jobs schedule has to be done. However, for this problem simulation was used for experimentation. In parallel, the scheduling of operating rooms was studied. Surgeries were allocated to surgeons and the scheduling of operating rooms was analysed. The first part of the research was done in a Teaching hospital, and for the second part the interaction of uncertainty was added. Once the previous problem had been analysed a general framework to characterize the instance was built. In the final chapter a general conclusion is presented. FINDINGS AND PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS The first part of the contributions is an update of the decision-making literature review. Also an analysis of the possible savings resulting from a change in the decision process is made. Then, the results of the survey, which present a lack of consistency between what the managers believe and the reality of the integration of their decisions. In the next stage of the thesis, a contribution to the body of knowledge of the operation research, with the joint solution of the replenishment, sequencing and inventory problem in the assembly line is made, together with a parallel work with the operating rooms scheduling where different solutions approaches are presented. In addition to the contribution of the solving methods, with the use of different techniques, the main contribution is the framework that is proposed to pre-evaluate the problem before thinking of the techniques to solve it. However, there is no straightforward answer as to whether it is better to have joint or sequential solutions. Following the proposed framework with the evaluation of factors such as the flexibility of the answer, the number of actors, and the tightness of the data, give us important hints as to the most suitable direction to take to tackle the problem. RESEARCH LIMITATIONS AND AVENUES FOR FUTURE RESEARCH In the first part of the work it was really complicated to calculate the possible savings of different projects, since in many papers these quantities are not reported or the impact is based on non-quantifiable benefits. The other issue is the confidentiality of many projects where the data cannot be presented. For the car assembly line problem more computational power would allow us to solve bigger instances. For the operation research problem there was a lack of historical data to perform a parallel analysis in the teaching hospital. In order to keep testing the decision framework it is necessary to keep applying more case studies in order to generalize the results and make them more evident and less ambiguous. The health care field offers great opportunities since despite the recent awareness of the need to improve the decision-making process there are many opportunities to improve. Another big difference with the automotive industry is that the last improvements are not spread among all the actors. Therefore, in the future this research will focus more on the collaboration between academia and the health care sector.

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Estamos en pleno proceso de establecimiento de los títulos de grado, donde además de implantarse bajo condiciones seguramente no óptimas del todo, debido principalmente a las circunstancias económicas de la época, surge la necesidad de analizar si la formación que reciben nuestro alumnado es suficiente para integrarse laboralmente en el mundo industrial. En concreto analizaremos el caso de la titulación de graduado en Ingeniería Química. El objetivo se centra en analizar a nivel español si en el cómputo de los estudios que se realizan, nos acercamos más a su formación como ingenieros o a su formación como químicos. Para ello se presenta un análisis sobre diferentes Universidades españolas donde se imparte esta titulación, y la clasificación de sus asignaturas en dos grandes ramas, formación en la rama química y formación en la rama ingenieril, para poderla comparar y analizar la similitud o diferencias entre ellas. También se comparan estos estudios con la orden CIN/351/2009 donde se establecen los requisitos para la verificación de los títulos universitarios que habiliten para el ejercicio de la profesión de Ingeniero Técnico Industrial. Este estudio nos permitirá en caso de realizar futuras modificaciones poder realizar cambios que busquen la excelencia de nuestros titulados.

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The information architecture supports information retrieval by users in Web environment. The design should be center in the information user, favoring usability. The Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Tourism of the Universidad Central "Marta Abreu" de Las Villas, lacks a site that enhances the disclosure of information to its members. Are presented as objectives of the study: 1) conduct a user survey to identify information needs of users, 2) establish guidelines for information architecture for the institution focused on users, 3) designing the information architecture for the institution and 4) designed to evaluate the proposal. Are presented as objectives of the study: 1) to realize a user study to identify the information needs of users, 2) establish guidelines for information architecture for the institution focused on users, 3) to design the information architecture for the institution and 4) to evaluate the proposal designed. To obtain results are used methods in the theoretical and empirical levels. Besides, are use techniques that favored the design and evaluation. Is designed the intranet of the Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Tourism. Is evaluated the proposed design for the validation of the results.

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El proceso de preparación de los especialistas no puede dejarse al azar, las disciplinas de las diferentes carreras se deben organizar de tal forma que exista una documentación de cada una de ellas que recoja materiales tan importantes como: el programa analítico, las orientaciones metodológicas, los planes directores, los folletos auxiliares y las guias de estudio, entre otras; utilizando los recursos que brinda la informatización. De esta forma se propicia que el claustro, no sólo del departamento, sino de la carrera en general, tenga acceso a la documentación que conforma las diferentes disciplinas de la especialidad, fluyendo más rápidamente la interdisciplinaridad, pues cada disciplina tiene acceso a las experiencias de otras, amén de la gran importancia que esta forma de organización brinda a los profesores noveles, los cuales a través de estos materiales podrán nutrirse de las experiencias obtenidas en cursos anteriores. Con el presente trabajo, pretendemos poner a consideración de otros colegas, el montaje de la disciplina matemática para ingeniería industrial en un sitio web, la cual consta de cinco asignaturas, con la documentación respectiva de cada una de ellas así como de la disciplina en general.

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(English)The Swedish industrial sector has overcome the oil crisis and has maintained the energy use constant even though the production has grown. This has been achieved thanks to the development of several energy policies, by the Swedish government, towards the 2020 goals. This thesis carries on this path and performs an energy audit for an old industrial building in Gävle (Sweden) in order to propose different energy efficiency measures to use less energy while maintaining the thermal comfort. The building is in quite a bad shape and some of the areas are unused making them a waste of money. By means of the invoices provided by different companies, the information from the staff and some measures that have been carried out in-situ, the energy balance has been calculated from where conclusions have been drawn. Although it is an industrial building, the study is not going to be focused in the industrial process but in the building’s envelope and support processes, since the unit combines both production and office areas. Therefore, the energy balance is divided in energy supplies (district heating, free heating and sun irradiation) and energy losses (transmission, ventilation hot tap water and infiltrations). The results show that the most important supply is that of the DH whereas the most important losses are the transmission and infiltration. Thus, the measures proposed are focused on the reduction of this relevant parameters. The most important measures are the renovation of the windows, heating systems valves and the ventilation. The glazing of the dwelling is old and some of it is broken accounting for quite a large amount of the losses. The radiator valves are not properly working and there does not exist any temperature control. Therefore the installation of thermostatic valves turns out to be a must. Moreover, some part of the building has no mechanical ventilation but conserves the ducts. These could be utilized if they are connected to the workshop’s ventilation which is capable of generating sufficient flow for the entire building. Finally, although other measures could also be carried out, the ones proposed appear to be the essential ones. A further analysis should be carried out in order to analyze the payback time or investment capability of the company so as to decide between one measure or another. A market study for possible new tenants for the unused parts of the building is also advisable.