Long-Term Evolution Of Delayed Ettringite And Gypsum In Portland Cement Mortars Under Sulfate Erosion

The magnitude evolution of ettringite and gypsum in hydrated Portland cement mortars due to sulfate attack was detected by X-ray powder diffraction. The influences of sulfate concentration and water-to-cement ratio on the evolution of ettringite and gypsum were investigated. Experimental results show that the magnitude of ettringite formation in sodium sulfate solution follows a three-stage process, namely, the 'penetration period', 'enhance period of strength', and 'macro-crack period'. The cracking of concrete materials is mainly attributed to the effect of ettringite. The gypsum formations occurred in two stages, the 'latent period' and the 'accelerated period'. The gypsum formation including ettringite formation was relative to the linear expansion of mortars to some extend. Both water-to-cement ratio and sulfate concentration play important roles in the evolution of ettringite and gypsum. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Studies in nuclear reactor dynamics : I. The accuracy of point kinetics. II. The effect of delayed neutrons on the spectrum of the group-diffusion operator

This thesis is a theoretical work on the space-time dynamic behavior of a nuclear reactor without feedback. Diffusion theory with G-energy groups is used.

In the first part the accuracy of the point kinetics (lumped-parameter description) model is examined. The fundamental approximation of this model is the splitting of the neutron density into a product of a known function of space and an unknown function of time; then the properties of the system can be averaged in space through the use of appropriate weighting functions; as a result a set of ordinary differential equations is obtained for the description of time behavior. It is clear that changes of the shape of the neutron-density distribution due to space-dependent perturbations are neglected. This results to an error in the eigenvalues and it is to this error that bounds are derived. This is done by using the method of weighted residuals to reduce the original eigenvalue problem to that of a real asymmetric matrix. Then Gershgorin-type theorems .are used to find discs in the complex plane in which the eigenvalues are contained. The radii of the discs depend on the perturbation in a simple manner.

In the second part the effect of delayed neutrons on the eigenvalues of the group-diffusion operator is examined. The delayed neutrons cause a shifting of the prompt-neutron eigenvalue s and the appearance of the delayed eigenvalues. Using a simple perturbation method this shifting is calculated and the delayed eigenvalues are predicted with good accuracy.

I. A study of the dynamics of triplet excitons in molecular crystals. II. An investigation of delayed light emission from Chlorella pyrenoidosa

I. PREAMBLE AND SCOPE

Brief introductory remarks, together with a definition of the scope of the material discussed in the thesis, are given.

II. A STUDY OF THE DYNAMICS OF TRIPLET EXCITONS IN MOLECULAR CRYSTALS

Phosphorescence spectra of pure crystalline naphthalene at room temperature and at 77˚ K are presented. The lifetime of the lowest triplet ³B_1u state of the crystal is determined from measurements of the time-dependence of the phosphorescence decay after termination of the excitation light. The fact that this lifetime is considerably shorter in the pure crystal at room temperature than in isotopic mixed crystals at 4.2˚ K is discussed, with special importance being attached to the mobility of triplet excitons in the pure crystal.

Excitation spectra of the delayed fluorescence and phosphorescence from crystalline naphthalene and anthracene are also presented. The equation governing the time- and spatial-dependence of the triplet exciton concentration in the crystal is discussed, along with several approximate equations obtained from the general equation under certain simplifying assumptions. The influence of triplet exciton diffusion on the observed excitation spectra and the possibility of using the latter to investigate the former is also considered. Calculations of the delayed fluorescence and phosphorescence excitation spectra of crystalline naphthalene are described.

A search for absorption of additional light quanta by triplet excitons in naphthalene and anthracene crystals failed to produce any evidence for the phenomenon. This apparent absence of triplet-triplet absorption in pure crystals is attributed to a low steady-state triplet concentration, due to processes like triplet-triplet annihilation, resulting in an absorption too weak to be detected with the apparatus used in the experiments. A comparison of triplet-triplet absorption by naphthalene in a glass at 77˚ K with that by naphthalene-h₈ in naphthalene-d₈ at 4.2˚ K is given. A broad absorption in the isotopic mixed crystal triplet-triplet spectrum has been tentatively interpreted in terms of coupling between the guest ³B_1u state and the conduction band and charge-transfer states of the host crystal.

III. AN INVESTIGATION OF DELAYED LIGHT EMISSION FROM Chlorella Pyrenoidosa

An apparatus capable of measuring emission lifetimes in the range 5 X 10^-9 sec to 6 X 10^-3 sec is described in detail. A cw argon ion laser beam, interrupted periodically by means of an electro-optic shutter, serves as the excitation source. Rapid sampling techniques coupled with signal averaging and digital data acquisition comprise the sensitive detection and readout portion of the apparatus. The capabilities of the equipment are adequately demonstrated by the results of a determination of the fluorescence lifetime of 5, 6, 11, 12-tetraphenyl-naphthacene in benzene solution at room temperature. Details of numerical methods used in the final data reduction are also described.

The results of preliminary measurements of delayed light emission from Chlorella Pyrenoidosa in the range 10^-3 sec to 1 sec are presented. Effects on the emission of an inhibitor and of variations in the excitation light intensity have been investigated. Kinetic analysis of the emission decay curves obtained under these various experimental conditions indicate that in the millisecond-to-second time interval the decay is adequately described by the sum of two first-order decay processes. The values of the time constants of these processes appear to be sensitive both to added inhibitor and to excitation light intensity.

A atividade da pterocarpanoquinona LQB 118 in vitro e in vivo em Leishmania braziliensis

As leishmanioses estão entre as mais importantes endemias brasileiras e encontram-se entre as doenças mais negligenciadas no mundo. O arsenal terapêutico disponível é restrito, tóxico, caro e em algumas situações ineficazes, devido ao surgimento de cepas resistentes do parasito. No Brasil são registrados anualmente mais de 20 mil casos de leishmaniose tegumentar e a Leishmania braziliensis é a principal espécie causadora das formas clínicas cutânea e mucosa. Portanto tornam-se importantes estudos que conduzam ao desenvolvimento de novas alternativas terapêuticas. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a atividade da pterocarpanoquinona denominada LQB118 sobre Leishmania braziliensis in vitro e in vivo usando hamsters como modelo experimental. O efeito antiparasitário foi avaliado sobre o crescimento in vitro das formas promastigotas e sobre amastigotas intracelulares em macrófagos peritoneais de camundongos. Para avaliar o modo ação in vitro foi investigada a indução de apoptose usando marcação por TUNEL e Anexina V-FITC. O efeito sobre a modulação da ativação de macrófagos murinos foi analisada pela dosagem de óxido nítrico (reagente de Griess) e de citocinas IL-12, TNF-alfa e IL-10 (por ELISA) nos sobrenadantes de macrófagos. In vivo a atividade terapêutica da LQB 118 foi estudada em grupos de hamsters infectados com L.braziliensis na pata, tratados com a LQB118 pelas vias intralesional (100M/3x/semana) ou oral (0,5mg/5x/semana) após 7 dias de infecção durante oito semanas. A ação terapêutica foi analisada através do tamanho da lesão. A resposta imune foi avaliada durante o tratamento, pela resposta de hipersensibilidade tardia (DTH) ao antígeno total de L. braziliensis. A ação da LQB118 in vitro foi dose-dependente tanto na forma promastigota inibindo 45%, 64,7% e 99,95%, quanto nas amastigotas intracelulares 22%, 72% e 81% nas concentrações de 5M, 10M e 20M, respectivamente para ambas as formas evolutivas. A LQB118 foi capaz de induzir a externalização de fosfatidilserina em promastigotas (18,57% das células incubadas por 24 h e em 25,79% de células tratadas por 48h) e também promoveu aumento da fluorescência nas duas formas evolutivas da Leishmania quando comparadas aos controles, demonstrando a indução de fragmentação do DNA do parasito. Esta substância também foi capaz de modular a resposta dos macrófagos infectados por 24 horas aumentando de forma dose-dependente a IL-12 e NO, mantendo constante TNF-α. In vivo, na sétima semana de tratamento, observamos uma redução significativa do tamanho das lesões nos animais tratados com LQB 118 intralesional (p<0, 001) e no grupo tratado pela via oral (p<0,05) quando comparado com o controle. Estes resultados demonstram que a atividade anti-Leishmania da LQB118 é direta sobre o parasito pela indução de morte por apoptose, apresentando também uma ação moduladora da resposta dos macrófagos contribuindo para ação leishmanicida, sem alterar a morfologia da célula hospedeira e que a LQB 118 apresenta uma atividade terapêutica no modelo hamster e pode ser uma importante molécula para o desenvolvimento de um novo fármaco.

Atividade do flavonóide quercetina em Leishmania braziliensis usando hamster como modelo de infecção

As leishmanioses estão entre as mais importantes endemias brasileiras e encontram-se entre as doenças mais negligenciadas no mundo. O arsenal terapêutico disponível é restrito, tóxico, caro e em algumas situações ineficazes, devido ao surgimento de cepas resistentes do parasito. No Brasil são registrados anualmente mais de 20 mil casos de leishmaniose tegumentar e a Leishmania braziliensis é a principal espécie causadora das formas clínicas cutânea e mucosa. Estudos prévios mostraram que o flavonóide quercetina tem ação terapêutica pela via oral em camundongos infectados com L. amazonensis. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a atividade do flavonóide quercetina sobre Leishmania braziliensis in vitro e in vivo usando hamsters como modelo experimental. O efeito antiparasitário da quercetina foi avaliado sobre o crescimento in vitro das formas promastigotas e sobre amastigotas intracelulares em macrófagos peritoneais de camundongos e hamsters. O efeito da quercetina sobre macrófagos foi avaliado pela dosagem de óxido nítrico pelo método de Griess nos sobrenadantes das culturas e espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs) intracelular através do H2DCFDA. In vivo a atividade terapêutica da quercetina foi estudada em grupos de hamsters infectados com L.braziliensis na pata, tratados com quercetina pela via oral (2mg/ 5X / semana) após 7 dias de infecção durante oito semanas.A ação terapêutica foi analisada através do tamanho da lesão. A resposta imune foi avaliada durante o tratamento, pela resposta de hipersensibilidade tardia (DTH) ao antígeno total de L. braziliensis. A quercetina não apresentou atividade sobre o crescimento de promastigotas em cultura em nenhuma das concentrações testadas. Em amastigotas intracelulares quercetina apresentou ação dose dependente em macrófagos de camundongos e hamsters inibindo 45% e 54% e 25% e 48 %, respectivamente nas concentrações de 50 e 100g/ml após 48h de tratamento. O pré - tratamento dos macrófagos de camundongos e hamsters com quercetina foi capaz de inibir o crescimento de amastigotas intracelulares em 57, 58 e 74% e 49, 50, e 58% respectivamente, nas concentrações de 25, 50 e 100 g/ml, apresentado ação inibitória significativa em todas as concentrações testadas. Não houve alteração na produção de NO pelos macrófagos, entretanto macrófagos pré tratados com a quercetina por 24 horas antes da infecção apresentaram um aumento significativo na produção de EROs, quando comparados aos controles. Macrófagos tratados antes e depois da infecção, apresentaram diminuição da produção de EROs. In vivo, a quercetina foi capaz de controlar o tamanho das lesões a partir da terceira semana de tratamento em relação ao controle não tratado ( P< 0,05). Os animais tratados com quercetina apresentaram maior resposta intradérmica aos antígenos de L. braziliensis. Esses dados mostram que a quercetina tem atividade sobre L. braziliensis, inibindo amastigotas intracelulares in vitro e sendo capaz de controlar o tamanho das lesões em hamsters infectados quando administrada pela via oral.

On Nonnegative Solutions of Fractional q-Linear Time-Varying Dynamic Systems with Delayed Dynamics

This paper is devoted to the investigation of nonnegative solutions and the stability and asymptotic properties of the solutions of fractional differential dynamic linear time-varying systems involving delayed dynamics with delays. The dynamic systems are described based on q-calculus and Caputo fractional derivatives on any order.

Storage life of silverbelly (Leiognathus sp.) with delayed icing

Silver belly (leiognathus splendens) caught in September spoiled faster than the fish caught in May. This could be due to seasonal changes. For silver belly, Total Volatile Base (TVB) value could be used as a measure of spoilage. At the beginning of spoilage TVB value is between 30-40 mg. N/100g sample. The main spoilage for silver belly appears to start between 6 and 8 hours (at 28° C-30°C) after landing on board. Therefore it is not necessary to ice silverbelly immediately; it seems to be sufficient if icing can be done within 6 hours of landing on board.

Effect of delayed icing on quality changes and shelf-life of some freshwater fish from Bangladesh

The quality and shelf-life of three freshwater fish species of Bangladesh, catla (Catla catla), magur (Clarias batrachus) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) stored at room temperature and ice were evaluated. Live fishes were killed by cranial spiking and stored at room temperature (27-30 °C), ice stored immediately after death, 5 hr after death and 10 hr after death. The shelf-life and quality of the fishes were evaluated by organoleptic method, rigor-mortis studies and bacteriological assessment. Fishes kept at room temperature became organoleptically unacceptable within 16-20 hr duration. Ice stored fishes showed considerable differences in their shelf-life when icing was delayed for different duration. Shelf-life of catla ice stored immediately after death was 20 days but shelf-life reduced to 12 days when icing delayed for 10 hr after death. Similar trend was observed for two other fish species magur and tilapia. Rigor-index of the fishes stored under different conditions also considerably varied among the three fish species, particularly effect of delayed icing was very much evident. Bacteriological study showed patterns of Aerobic Plate Count (APC) at the end of shelflife study when fishes became organoleptically unacceptable were more or less similar for all the three fish species stored under different conditions. No definite pattern was observed in the generic distribution of bacteria in different fish species under different storage conditions. Micrococcus, Coryneforms, Pseudomonas and Achromobacter were the dominant groups of bacteria isolated from the fishes spoiled at room temperature and ice stored condition.

The computer simulation of primate (Macaca mulatta) spatial visual delayed response and cerebral prefrontal control function

Cerebral prefrontal function is one of the important aspects in neurobiology. Based on the experimental results of neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, behavioral sciences, and the principles of cybernetics and information theory after constructed a simple model simulating prefrontal control function, this paper simulated the behavior of Macaca mulatta completing delayed tasks both before and after its cerebral prefrontal cortex being damaged. The results indicated that there is an obvious difference in the capacity of completing delayed response tasks for the normal monkeys and those of prefrontal cortex cut away. The results are agreement with experiments. The authors suggest that the factors of affecting complete delayed response tasks might be in information keeping and extracting of memory including information storing, keeping and extracting procedures rather than in information storing process.

Delayed freezing on the quality and shelf-life of Kalawa (Epinephelus spp.)

Kalawa (Epinephelus spp.) caught on board FORV Sagar Sampada was frozen in the absolutely fresh condition as well as after keeping for 5 and 10h at ambient temperature. Evaluation of changes in the quality of these samples during storage at -20°C indicated appreciable difference between the fresh frozen and delayed frozen fish during the initial stages of storage. Fresh frozen and 5h delayed froze fish samples had a shelf-life of more than 62 weeks, whereas the 10h delayed frozen fish had a shelf-life of about 48 weeks.