Antiviral activity of plants occurring in the state of minas gerais (Brazil): Part III

A total of 24 extracts from 14 plant species collected at the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, and belonging to five botanical families (Annonaceae, Apocynaceae, Ochnaceae, Polygonaceae and Vitaceae) was screened for cytotoxicity in cultured Vero cells and for antiviral activity against human herpes virus type 1 (HSV-1), vaccinia virus (VACV) and murine encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV). The highest cytotoxicity (CC 50 < 10 μg/mL) was observed for the ethanol extracts from Annona coriacea fruits and seeds. Extracts from Hancornia speciosa, Ouratea castaneafolia and O. semisrrata were the only ones that have shown activity against all the three viruses assayed. Extracts from Polygonum spectabile, Hancornia speciosa, Himatanthus phagedaenica, Ouratea spectabilis and O. semiserrata were the most active against HSV-1 (EC 50 < 50 mg/mL), with favorable SI values (8.0 to 10.0). Hancornia speciosa and Anaxagorea dolichocarpa were the most active against EMCV (EC 50 50 - 100 μg/mL), with reasonable SI values (5.2 to 6.1), while moderate to low activity (EC 50 > 100 μg/mL) was observed for Ouratea spectabilis and O. semiserrata. A total of 7 plant species, Ouratea semiserrata, O. spectabilis, O. castanaeafolia, Rollinia laurifolia, Cissus erosa, Polygonum spectabile, and Hancornia speciosa, were active against VACV, disclosing EC50 < 50 μg/mL and SI values ranging from 6.6 to 67.3. In total, 10 out of the 14 species were selected from a literature survey on plants used to treat viral diseases in Brazil; these species were responsible for 70% of the positive results.

Effect of himatanthus sucuuba in maternal reproductive outcome and fetal anomaly frequency in rats

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Ésteres triterpênicos de Himatanthus sucuuba (Spruce) Woodson

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Contribuição para o estudo microquímico e anatômico da casca e validação de um método espectrofotométrico para quantificação de alcalóides totais de Himatanthus lancifolius (Muell. Arg.) Woodson

Para o registro de fitoterápicos e disponibilização deles para os usuários, a ANVISA estabelece parâmetros de eficácia, qualidade e segurança e, estipula requisitos de controle semelhantes àqueles aplicados aos medicamentos sintéticos. Este trabalho relata a investigação da casca de Himatanthus lancifolius e seus extratos, a fim de contribuir para a padronização dos derivados desta espécie vegetal; os ensaios foram desenvolvidos utilizando amostras comerciais Q e S e uma autêntica, E, fornecida pela EMBRAPA. A comparação microquímica, anatômica e cromatográfica de Q, S e E não permite que se caracterizem as amostras comerciais como H. lancifolius. A presença de uleína não pôde ser caracterizada em qualquer amostra, mesmo em E. Os dados de CCD e CLAE mostram que as três amostras têm perfil cromatográfico diferente. As características morfológicas e a caracterização microquímica das cascas de H. lancifolius mostram córtex com grupos de fibras do floema primário inclusos, com cristais e lactíferos na região do floema secundário, e positividade para alcalóides, flavonóides, açúcares redutores e amido. O método de quantificação desenvolvido mostra alta seletividade a 281nm, o que confere confiança para a detecção dos alcalóides. O método é robusto, de acordo com o regulamento em vigor e mostra linearidade, precisão e robustez, ao lado da acessibilidade, sendo ainda de fácil execução. A fração de alcalóides totais do extrato aquoso da amostra coletada (E) representa 0,219% do extrato seco. Espera-se com este trabalho ter contribuído para reduzir a insuficiência de métodos de controle da qualidade para fitoterápicos preparados a partir de Himatanthus lancifolius.

Janaúba (Himatanthus Willd. Ex. Schult.) – Apocynaceae no controle de nematódeos gastrintestinais em ovinos

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Estudo fitoquímico e atividade antiplasmódica em Plasmodium falciparum (W2) de Himatanthus articulatus (Vahl) Woodson (Apocynaceae)

O presente trabalho descreve a análise fitoquímica e avaliação da atividade antiplasmódica em Plasmodium falciparum (W2) de Himatanthus articulatus (Vahl) Woodson. O extrato etanólico (EEHS) obtido por percolação do pó das cascas, após concentração, forneceu um precipitado (EEHSP) e um resíduo pastoso que foi submetido a liofilização (EEHS). Fracionou-se este por: re-extração sob refluxo, partição ácido-base e coluna cromatográfica de sílica gel. Além disso, submeteu-se o pó das cascas a extração com ácido clorídrico 1 N para separação de alcalóides. A prospecção fitoquímica, em CCD, foi realizada com EEHS e EEHSP, enquanto que EEHS, frações (FrDCM EEHS, FrAcOET EEHS e FrMeOH EEHS) e FAHS2 DCM foram analisadas por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência acoplada a DAD (arranjo de diiodo-CLAE-DAD). FrAcOET EEHS foi fracioanda por coluna cromatográfica fornecendo uma substância isolada (S1). Analisou-se o EEHS, a fração majoritária obtida na coluna cromatográfica (F71), FAHS2 DCM e S1 por cromatografia liquida acoplada a espectrometria de massas (CL-EM). O espectro no infravermelho foi obtido para F71 e S1. A estrutura química de S1 foi definida como sendo o plumierídeo por ressonância magnética nuclear. A avaliação de atividade antiplasmódica foi realizada com EEHS, EEHSP, FrDCM EEHS, FrAcOET EEHS, FrMeOH EEHS, FAHS1 DCM, FAHS2 DCM, FAEEHS, FNEEHS, FNHS DCM e S1 pelo método da lactato desidrogenase parasitária (pLDH). Na prospecção fitoquímica, EEHS e EEHSP apresentaram resultados positivos para polifenóis e taninos, saponinas, triterpenos e esteroides, alcaloides e geninas flavônicas. EEHS e frações analisadas por CLAE-DAD mostraram os picos mais intensos sugestivos de iridoides, comprovados por CL-EM de EEHS que mostrou como substância majoritária o iridóide plumierídeo, coerente com o espectro no IV de F71 e S1 que revelou absorções de grupos funcionais presentes em iridóides. Nas análises destas por CL-EM, observou-se um pico a m/z 471 (M+H), atribuído ao íon pseudomolecular do plumierídeo e/ou isoplumierídeo. S1 foi identificada como plumierídeo. Até o presente momento não foi relatada a presença de alcaloides para a espécie, porém nas frações alcaloídicas (FAHS1 DCM, FAHS2 DCM, FAEEHS) e de neutros (FNEEHS e FNHS DCM) em análise por CCD revelada com reagente Dragendorff observaram-se manchas sugestivas de alcalóides, coerente com análise por CLAE-DAD de FAHS2 DCM, a qual mostrou pico majoritário com cromóforo sugestivo de alcaloide β-carbolínico. Em análises por CL-EM de FAHS2 DCM observou-se pico majoritário sugestivo do alcalóide 10-hidroxi-antirina-N-óxido com massa molecular 328 u. Os ensaios de atividade antiplasmódica foram negativos para EEHS, EEHSP, FrDCM EEHS, FrAcOET EEHS, FrMeOH EEHS, S1, FAEEHS, FAHS1 DCM, FNEEHS, FNHS DCM e moderadamente ativo (CI₅₀ 22,89 μg/mL) para FAHS2 DCM. Estes resultados indicam que a atividade antiplasmódica da planta pode se atribuída aos alcaloides, cuja presença em H. articulatus é descrita pela primeira vez.

How to extract and expand randomness : a summary and explanation of existing results

We examine the use of randomness extraction and expansion in key agreement (KA) pro- tocols to generate uniformly random keys in the standard model. Although existing works provide the basic theorems necessary, they lack details or examples of appropriate cryptographic primitives and/or parameter sizes. This has lead to the large amount of min-entropy needed in the (non-uniform) shared secret being overlooked in proposals and efficiency comparisons of KA protocols. We therefore summa- rize existing work in the area and examine the security levels achieved with the use of various extractors and expanders for particular parameter sizes. The tables presented herein show that the shared secret needs a min-entropy of at least 292 bits (and even more with more realistic assumptions) to achieve an overall security level of 80 bits using the extractors and expanders we consider. The tables may be used to �nd the min-entropy required for various security levels and assumptions. We also �nd that when using the short exponent theorems of Gennaro et al., the short exponents may need to be much longer than they suggested.

Kava Anxiety Depression Spectrum Study (KADSS): a mixed methods RCT using an aqueous extract of Piper methysticum

Objectives: To report on the design, significance and potential impacts of the first documented human clinical trial assessing the anxiolytic and thymoleptic efficacy of an aqueous monoextract of Piper methysticum (kava). The significance of the qualitative element of our clinical trial is also explored. The Kava Anxiety Depression Spectrum Study (KADSS) is a 3-week placebocontrolled, double-blind, cross-over trial involving 60 adult participants (18—65) with elevated stable anxiety and varying levels of depressive symptoms. Aims: The aims of KADSS are: (1) to determine whether an aqueous standardised extract of kava is effective for the treatment of anxiety; (2) to assess the effects of kava on differing levels of depression; and (3) to explore participants’ experience of taking kava via qualitative research. The study also provides preliminary assessment of the safety of an aqueous extract of kava in humans. Conclusion: If results reveal that the aqueous kava preparation exerts significant anxiolytic effects and appears safe, potentially beneficial impacts may occur. Data supporting a safe and effective kava extract may encourage a re-introduction of kava to Europe, UK and Canada. This may provide a major socioeconomic benefit to Pacific Island nations, and to sufferers of anxiety disorders.

The Kava Anxiety Depression Spectrum Study (KADSS): A randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial using an aqueous extract of Piper methysticum.

Rationale: Piper methysticum (Kava) has been withdrawn in European, British, and Canadian markets due to concerns over hepatotoxic reactions. The WHO recently recommended research into “aqueous” extracts of Kava. Objective: The objective of this study was to conduct the first documented human clinical trial assessing the anxiolytic and antidepressant efficacy of an aqueous extract of Kava. Design and participants: The Kava Anxiety Depression Spectrum Study was a 3-week placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover trial that recruited 60 adult participants with 1 month or more of elevated generalized anxiety. Five Kava tablets per day were prescribed containing 250 mg of kavalactones/day. Results: The aqueous extract of Kava reduced participants' Hamilton Anxiety Scale score in the first controlled phase by −9.9 (CI = 7.1, 12.7) vs. −0.8 (CI = −2.7, 4.3) for placebo and in the second controlled phase by −10.3 (CI = 5.8, 14.7) vs. +3.3 (CI = −6.8, 0.2). The pooled effect of Kava vs. placebo across phases was highly significant (p < 0.0001), with a substantial effect size (d = 2.24, η² [sub]p[sub] = 0.428). Pooled analyses also revealed highly significant relative reductions in Beck Anxiety Inventory and Montgomery–Asberg Depression Rating Scale scores. The aqueous extract was found to be safe, with no serious adverse effects and no clinical hepatotoxicity. Conclusions: The aqueous Kava preparation produced significant anxiolytic and antidepressant activity and raised no safety concerns at the dose and duration studied. Kava appears equally effective in cases where anxiety is accompanied by depression. This should encourage further study and consideration of globally reintroducing aqueous rootstock extracts of Kava for the management of anxiety.

Pharmacokinetics of isofraxidin in rat plasma after oral administration of the extract of acanthopanax senticosus using HPLC with solid phase extraction method

High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with solid phase extraction method was developed for determination of isofraxidin in rat plasma after oral administration of Acanthopanax senticosus extract (ASE), and pharmacokinetic parameters of isofraxidin either in ASE or pure compound were measured. The HPLC analysis was performed on a Dikma Diamonsil RP(18) column (4.6 mm x 150 mm, 5 microm) with the isocratic elution of solvent A (acetonitrile) and solvent B (0.1% aqueous phosphoric acid, v/v) (A : B = 22 : 78) and the detection wavelength was set at 343 nm. The calibration curve was linear over the range of 0.156-15.625 microg/ml. The limit of detection was 60 ng/ml. The intra-day precision was 5.8%, and the inter-day precision was 6.0%. The recovery was 87.30+/-1.73%. When the dosage of ASE is equal to pure compound caculated by the amount of isofraxidin, it has been found to have two maximum concentrations in plasma while the pure compound only showed one peak in the plasma concentration-time curve. The determined content of isofraxidin in plasma after oral administration of ASE is the total contents of free isofraxidin and its precursors in ASE in vitro. The pharmacokinetic characteristics of ASE showed the priority of the extract and the properities of traditional Chinese medicine.

Quality evaluation of Yin Chen Hao Tang extract based on fingerprint chromatogram and simultaneous determination of five bioactive constituents

A completely validated method based on HPLC coupled with photodiode array detector (HPLC-UV) was described for evaluating and controlling quality of Yin Chen Hao Tang extract (YCHTE). First, HPLC-UV fingerprint chromatogram of YCHTE was established for preliminarily elucidating amount and chromatographic trajectory of chemical constituents in YCHTE. Second, for the first time, five mainly bioactive constituents in YCHTE were simultaneously determined based on fingerprint chromatogram for furthermore controlling the quality of YCHTE quantitatively. The developed method was applied to analyze 12 batches of YCHTE samples which consisted of herbal drugs from different places of production, showed acceptable linearity, intraday (RSD <5%), interday precision (RSD <4.80%), and accuracy (RSD <2.80%). As a result, fingerprint chromatogram determined 15 representative general fingerprint peaks, and the fingerprint chromatogram resemblances are all better than 0.9996. The contents of five analytes in different batches of YCHTE samples do not indicate significant difference. So, it is concluded that the developed HPLC-UV method is a more fully validated and complete method for evaluating and controlling the quality of YCHTE.

Pharmacokinetics of cimifugin in rat plasma after oral administration of the extract of Saposhnikovia divaricatae root : Determination of cimifugin by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with solid phase extraction

High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with the solid phase extraction method was developed for determining cimifugin (a coumarin derivative; one of Saposhnikovia divaricatae's constituents) in rat plasma after oral administration of Saposhnikovia divaricatae extract (SDE), and the pharmacokinetics of cimifugin either in SDE or as a single compound was investigated. The HPLC analysis was performed on a commercially available column (4.6 mm x 200 mm, 5 pm) with the isocratic elution of solvent A (Methanol) and solvent B (Water) (A:B=60:40) and the detection wavelength was set at 250 nm. The calibration curve was linear over the range of 0.100-10.040 microg/mL. The limit of detection was 30 ng/mL. At the rat plasma concentrations of 0.402, 4.016, 10.040 microg/mL, the intra-day precision was 6.21%, 3.98%, and 2.23%; the inter-day precision was 7.59%, 4.26%, and 2.09%, respectively. The absolute recovery was 76.58%, 76.61%, and 77.67%, respectively. When the dosage of SDE was equal to the pure compound calculated by the amount of cimifugin, it was found to have two maximum peaks while the pure compound only showed one peak in the plasma concentration-time curve. The pharmacokinetic characteristics of SDE showed the superiority of the extract and the properties of traditional Chinese medicine.