135 resultados para Glomus etunicatum


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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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The carotid body (CB) is a major arterial chemoreceptor containing glomus cells that are activated by changes in arterial blood contents including oxygen. Despite significant advancement in the characterization of their physiological properties, our understanding on the underlying molecular machinery and signaling pathway in CB glomus cells is still limited.

To overcome these limitations, in chapter 1, I demonstrated the first transcriptome profile of CB glomus cells using single cell sequencing technology, which allowed us to uncover a set of abundantly expressed genes, including novel glomus cell-specific transcripts. These results revealed involvement of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling pathway, various types of ion channels, as well as atypical mitochondrial subunits in CB function. I also identified ligands for the mostly highly expressed GPCR (Olfr78) in CB glomus cells and examined this receptor’s role in CB mediated hypoxic ventilatory response.

Current knowledge of CB suggest glomus cells rely on unusual mitochondria for their sensitivity to hypoxia. I previously identified the atypical mitochondrial subunit Ndufa4l2 as a highly over-represented gene in CB glomus cells. In chapter 2, to investigate the functional significance of Ndufa4l2 in CB function, I phenotyped both Ndufa4l2 knockout mice and mice with conditional Ndufa4l2 deletion in CB glomus cells. I found that Ndufa4l2 is essential to the establishment of regular breathing after birth. Ablating Ndufa4l2 in postnatal CB glomus cells resulted in defective CB sensitivity to hypoxia as well as CB mediated hypoxic ventilatory response. Together, our data showed that Ndufa4l2 is critical to respiratory control and the oxygen sensitivity of CB glomus cells.

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Composite plants consisting of a wild-type shoot and a transgenic root are frequently used for functional genomics in legume research. Although transformation of roots using Agrobacterium rhizogenes leads to morphologically normal roots, the question arises as to whether such roots interact with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in the same way as wild-type roots. To address this question, roots transformed with a vector containing the fluorescence marker DsRed were used to analyse AM in terms of mycorrhization rate, morphology of fungal and plant subcellular structures, as well as transcript and secondary metabolite accumulations. Mycorrhization rate, appearance, and developmental stages of arbuscules were identical in both types of roots. Using Mt16kOLI1Plus microarrays, transcript profiling of mycorrhizal roots showed that 222 and 73 genes exhibited at least a 2-fold induction and less than half of the expression, respectively, most of them described as AM regulated in the same direction in wild-type roots. To verify this, typical AM marker genes were analysed by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and revealed equal transcript accumulation in transgenic and wild-type roots. Regarding secondary metabolites, several isoflavonoids and apocarotenoids, all known to accumulate in mycorrhizal wild-type roots, have been found to be up-regulated in mycorrhizal in comparison with non-mycorrhizal transgenic roots. This set of data revealed a substantial similarity in mycorrhization of transgenic and wild-type roots of Medicago truncatula, validating the use of composite plants for studying AM-related effects.

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Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, commonly found in long-term cane-growing fields in northern Queensland, are linked with both negative and positive growth responses by sugarcane (Saccharum spp.), depending on P supply. A glasshouse trial was established to examine whether AM density might also have an important influence on these growth responses. Mycorrhizal spores (Glomus clarum), isolated from a long-term cane block in northern Queensland, were introduced into a pasteurised low-P cane soil at 5 densities (0, 0.06, 0.25, 1, 4 spores/g soil) and with 4 P treatments (0, 8.2, 25, and 47 mg/kg). At 83 days after planting, sugarcane tops responded positively to P fertilizer, although responses attributable to spore density were rarely observed. In one case, addition of 4 spores/g led to a 53% yield response over those without AM at 8 mgP/kg, or a relative benefit of 17 mg P/kg. Root colonisation was reduced for plants with nil or 74 mg P/kg. For those without AM, P concentration in the topmost visible dewlap (TVD) leaf increased significantly with fertiliser P (0.07 v. 0.15%). However, P concentration increased further with the presence of AM spores. Irrespective of AM, the critical P concentration in the TVD leaf was 0.18%. This study confirms earlier reports that sugarcane is poorly responsive to AM. Spore density, up to 4 spores/g soil, appears unable to influence this responsiveness, either positively or negatively. Attempts to gain P benefits by increasing AM density through rotation seem unlikely to lead to yield increases by sugarcane. Conversely, sugarcane grown in fields with high spore densities and high plant-available P, such as long-term cane-growing soils, is unlikely to suffer a yield reduction from mycorrhizal fungi.

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Long-fallow disorder is expressed as exacerbated deficiencies of phosphorus (P) and/or zinc (Zn) in field crops growing after long periods of weed-free fallow. The hypothesis that arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) improve the P and Zn nutrition, and thereby biomass production and seed yield of linseed (Linum usitatissimum) was tested in a field experiment. A factorial combination of treatments consisting of +/- fumigation, +/- AMF inoculation with Glomus spp., +/- P and +/- Zn fertilisers was used on a long-fallowed vertisol. The use of such methods allowed an absolute comparison of plants growing with and without AMF in the field for the first time in a soil disposed to long-fallow disorder. Plant biomass, height, P and Zn concentrations and contents, boll number and final seed yield were (a) least in fumigated soil with negligible AMF colonisation of the roots, (b) low initially in long-fallow soil but increased with time as AMF colonisation of the roots developed, and (c) greatest in soil inoculated with AMF cultures. The results showed for the first time in the field that inflows of both P and Zn into linseed roots were highly dependent on %AMF-colonisation (R-2 = 0.95 for P and 0.85 for Zn, P < 0.001) in a soil disposed to long-fallow disorder. Relative field mycorrhizal dependencies without and with P+Zn fertiliser were 85 % and 86 % for biomass and 68 % and 52 % for seed yield respectively. This research showed in the field that AMF greatly improved the P and Zn nutrition, biomass production and seed yield of linseed growing in a soil disposed to long-fallow disorder. The level of mycorrhizal colonisation of plants suffering from long-fallow disorder can increase during the growing season resulting in improved plant growth and residual AMF inoculum in the soil, and thus it is important for growers to recognise the cause and not terminate a poor crop prematurely in order to sow another. Other positive management options to reduce long fallows and foster AMF include adoption of conservation tillage and opportunity cropping.

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Se estudió el efecto de dos enmiendas y tres microorganismos como posibles factores supresívos y antagonistas respectivamente al agente causal de la marchitez bacteriana Pseudomonas solanacearum E.F.Srnlth. Los experimentos fueron conducidos en campo e invernadero en el Centro Agronómíco Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE), Turrialba, Costa Rica. Se establecieron en diseño de parcelas divididas con cuatro repeticiones en el campo y tres en el invernadero. Las parcelas principales se dispusieron en bloques completamente al azar. Se evaluaron tres tratamientos (compost comercial, cal dolomítica y un tratamiento sin enmiendas) en las parcelas principales y ocho tratamientos (Pseudomonas cepacia, Bacillus cereus y Glomus occultum solos y en combínación) en las subparcelas. Los tratamientos con enmiendas se asignaron a las parcelas principales, mientras que los tratamientos con antagonistas se asignaron a las subparcelas. Las variables evaluadas fueron incidencia y severidad de la enfermedad y área bajo la curva de progreso de la enfermedad (ABCPE). Se determinó el efecto de las enmiendas sobre las poblaciones de P. solanacearum en tres momentos. En el campo no hubo diferencias significativas en las varia~ bles evaluadas. Las poblaciones de P. solanocearum fueron reducidas significativamente en el suelo. En invernadero, las enmiendas redujeron significativamente la severidad de la enfermedad y el ABCPE. Los antagonistas no redujeron significativamente la incidencia y la severidad en el campo e invernadero.

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O aumento de doenças cardiovasculares possui como fator primordial e, mais comum, o aumento da pressão arterial (PA). Esta, pode gerar complicações em outros órgãos e acarretar diversas patologias, podendo levar a morte. A hipertensão é uma síndrome multifatorial, cuja maior incidência ocorre em indivíduos obesos, sedentários e consumidores em excesso de bebidas alcoólicas e sal. O corpo carotídeo (CC) é um órgão quimiorreceptor localizado na bifurcação da artéria carótida, formado de estruturas básicas chamadas glomus. Cada glomus carotídeo é constituído de células tipo 1 envoltas por células tipo 2 ou sustentaculares. Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar as alterações morfofuncionais que ocorrem no CC, causada por hipertensão arterial induzida pelo L-NAME, um inibidor da enzima óxido nítrico sintase. Para isso, o estudo utilizou 20 ratos Wistar divididos em dois grupos: controle (C) e L-NAME (LN). Após a administração de 40mg/kg/dia de L-NAME por 45 dias, o CC foi coletado. Observou-se aumento significativo da pressão arterial a partir da segunda semana de administração de L-NAME. Análise quantitativa mostrou uma redução no número de núcleos do glomus carotídeo e o aumento na área total do órgão no grupo LN. Não foi encontrado diferença significativa no número de núcleos totais do corpo carotídeo entre os grupos. Na análise morfológica do grupo LN, observamos a formação de vacúolos nas células tipo 1 do glomus, bem como uma redução do número total de núcleos das células de cada glomus carotídeo. A análise qualitativa sugeriu um aumento no número de fibras colágenas e fibras do sistema elástico na matriz extracelular e grânulos no grupo LN. Imunomarcações com anticorpo anti VEGF e NF-kB e nNOS mostram-se aumentadas e dispersas por todo CC no grupo LN em relação ao grupo C. Além disso, marcações para Substância-P também foram observadas em maior quantidade nas células tipo 1 do grupo LN. Quanto à marcação para PGP 9.5, houve a redução desta marcação caracterizada dentro do glomus carotídeo grupo LN comparado ao grupo C. O estudo sugere que o corpo carotídeo, em resposta à hipertensão induzida pela inibição da enzima óxido nítrico sintase, gera mudanças morfofisiológicas semelhantes as encontradas em hipóxia.

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克隆植物同一基株的相连克隆分株或克隆片段常常生长在资源条件不同的斑块中,分株间形成克隆整合和克隆可塑性以及克隆分工等有效地获取必需资源的生态适应对策,提高在异质性斑块生境中的适合度,适应环境的异质性变化。但在以往的克隆植物生态学的理论研究中,为了研究的简化和方便,往往忽略了土壤中微生物的作用。丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhiza, AM)真菌是自然界中广泛存在的土壤微生物之一,可与大多数的高等植物形成共生菌根,影响植物的生长、发育及其在生态系统中的作用。 本文应用实验生态学方法,以蛇莓、狗牙根和白三叶为研究对象,在温室受控条件下,对异质养分斑块中的分株对接种AM真菌,探讨AM真菌对资源斑块中克隆植物的影响。 第一个实验设计单一磷养分斑块,以蛇莓(Duchesnea indica)和摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)为研究对象,探讨丛枝AM真菌对克隆整合的影响。将蛇莓相连的两个分株,即分株对,分别种植在两个隔离的花盆中,各施以高磷和低磷营养液,保持或切断分株间匍匐茎连接,即间隔子,再将菌剂接种到低磷斑块中分株。结果发现间隔子状态和接菌处理都显著影响低磷斑块中蛇莓分株的根系生物量分配。对照处理中保持间隔子连接显著减少低磷斑块中分株生物量向根系的分配,接菌后这一差异显著减小。保持间隔子连接或接菌对高磷斑块中分株的根系生物量分配不显著。保持间隔子连接和接菌都显著增加低磷斑块分株的生物量在分株对生物量中所占比例,二者无显著交互作用。 第二个实验设计光照和养分斑块,以狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)和摩西球囊霉为研究对象,探讨AM真菌对克隆植物非局域反应的影响。将狗牙根分株对的两个分株分别种植在两个花盆中,各施以光照强度与土壤养分交互斑块性环境条件,形成高养低光和高光低养斑块,保持或切断间隔子,再将菌剂接种到目标分株。结果发现对照处理中,间隔子状态显著影响分株的局域反应。高养斑块中保持间隔子连接的分株的根长显著大于间隔子断裂的分株的根长,高光斑块中保持间隔子连接的分株的根长显著小于间隔子断裂的分株的根长。高光斑块中保持间隔子连接的分株的叶面积显著大于间隔子断裂的分株的叶面积,间隔子状态对低光高养斑块分株的叶面积无显著影响。在低光高养斑块中,相对于间隔子断裂的分株,间隔子连接的分株将更多的生物量分配到根系,而在高光斑块中的分株则相反。这些都说明,无AM真菌侵染的情况下,狗牙根分株对的两个分株在实验中各自形成的克隆部分的分株形态反应都受到了克隆整合的作用,表现为非局域反应。接种AM真菌后,高光斑块中分株的根长和高养斑块中分株的叶面积在间隔子连接和断裂处理之间的差异显著减小。生物量分配的差异不受接菌的影响。对照处理中,高养斑块中间隔子连接的分株生物量和分株数显著高于间隔子断裂的分株,但高光斑块中分株之间无显著差异。接种AM真菌显著降低高养斑块中分株的生物量和分株数,对高光斑块中分株无显著影响。 第三个实验设计光照和养分交互斑块,以白三叶(Trifolium repens)和多种AM真菌为研究对象,探讨AM真菌及其多样性对克隆分工的影响。将间隔子连接(整合)或断裂(无整合)的白三叶分株对种植于光照强度和土壤养分交互斑块性资源条件下(即,高光低养和低光高养),向分株对接种灭菌处理、单种或五种AM真菌的菌剂。结果发现,对照处理中,间隔子连接的分株对在光养交互斑块中与间隔子断裂的分株对相比较表现出克隆分工,即高光低养斑块中的分株的根系生物量分配增加,低光高养斑块中的分株的根系生物量分配减少。单菌处理没有影响对照处理中间隔子状态对分株对生物量分配的改变;多菌处理显著减小对照中生物量分配的改变;与单菌处理比较,多菌处理能显著减小生物量分配的改变。在高光低养斑块中,多菌处理显著抑制间隔子断裂分株的根生物量分配的增加。在低光高养斑块中,多菌处理完全抑制在对照处理中间隔子连接的分株的根生物量分配的增加。在对照处理中,间隔子连接分株的单叶面积、总叶面积、叶柄长、根长都与生物量分配趋势一致,表现出对丰富资源的特化。接菌处理能显著抑制这些形态指标的改变。多菌处理显著抑制这些指标的特化,并且抑制效果显著强于单菌处理。间隔子状态和AM真菌处理显著增加高光低养、低光高养斑块中分株及整个克隆片段的生物量和分株数。多菌处理抑制间隔子连接的克隆片段生物量和分株数增加。克隆片段的生物量和分株数在对照和单菌处理间无显著差异,在多菌处理中显著高于在单菌处理中。 以上三个实验说明,(1)AM真菌对克隆植物生长的影响与非克隆植物一样,受到植物种类和环境资源水平的影响;(2)AM真菌对异质性资源环境中克隆植物的影响由于植物不同而产生不同的效应;(3)提高AM真菌的多样性可能增强菌根对克隆植物的作用。 这些研究结果揭示出AM真菌与异质性环境中克隆植物整合作用、非局域反应和克隆分工作用的交互影响,表明克隆生长在生态系统中的重要性可由生物和非生物因素共同决定。

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丛枝菌根是自然生态系统中分布最广的内生菌根,在促进植物生存与生长、植被恢复以及生物多样性保护等方面有着非常重要的作用。 随着现代分子生物学技术的不断发展,丛枝菌根真菌研究得到空前发展。大量DNA分析新技术在丛枝菌根真菌的分子遗传、分类鉴定、种间及种内亲缘关系、菌株持久性等方面得到应用,与传统菌根研究方法相比,表现出巨大的优越性。 本项研究利用分子生物学技术和研究方法对中国吉林长白山地区非豆科固氮植物以及东北地区固氮树木的丛枝菌根真菌DNA分子多态性及其与宿主植物之间的相互关系等进行初步研究,旨在利用分子生态学理论和研究方法揭示丛枝菌根真菌多样性及其与宿主植物之间相互适应和协同进化的一般规律,为更好地保护和利用这一重要的微生物资源提供理论依据。 通过比较与筛选,建立起丛枝菌根真菌痕量DNA快速、简便、高效的提取纯化方法——改良CTAB法。经PCR检测,所得DNA满足进一步研究的要求。 根据丛枝菌根真菌18s rRNA 小亚基核基因片段的特点,利用“科”特异性引物进行半巢式标记PCR (Labelled Primers-PCR,LP-PCR) 及单链构象多态性(Single-Stranded Conformation Polymorphism,SSCP)分析技术研究了长白山赤杨在属水平上表现出的多样性。另外,利用巢式PCR-RFLP技术,分别对来源于长白山不同海拔的四种赤杨菌根样品的AMF侵染情况及其系统进化进行了研究。利用AMF特异性PCR技术对我国东北地区四种非豆科树木和5种豆科树木菌根侵染情况和系统发育规律进行了研究 研究结果显示:赤杨根内AMF存在丰富的基因多样性。AMF的侵染有从宿主混乱性向宿主专一性发展的趋势。 长白山地区赤杨属植物至少有东北赤杨、西伯利亚赤杨和色赤杨三个树种在其“属”的水平上与共生的球囊霉科(Glomaceae)至少一个“种” 的丛枝菌根真菌,即根内球囊霉(Glomus intraradix),在“种”的水平上表现出不相关于宿主海拔高度的某种相互选择性。 东北赤杨AMF菌的宿主专一性水平最强,球囊霉属已成为东北赤杨的优势侵染类群;对于其余三种赤杨,AMF则出现宿主混乱现象。宿主因素比海拔因素对AMF侵染特异性的影响更为重要。 豆科与非豆科样本的混乱性都比较强,在特定植物和AMF属之间无特异侵染规律,相对来说,非豆科树木比豆科树木对于AMF的选择性要更强一些,更倾向于和球囊霉属与无梗孢囊霉属的AMF构建共生体。

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丛枝菌根是自然生态系统中分布最广的内生菌根,在促进植物生存与生长、植被恢复以及生物多样性保护等方面有着非常重要的作用。 随着现代分子生物学技术的不断发展,丛枝菌根真菌研究得到空前发展。大量DNA分析新技术在丛枝菌根真菌的分子遗传、分类鉴定、种间及种内亲缘关系、菌株持久性等方面得到应用,与传统菌根研究方法相比,表现出巨大的优越性。 本项研究利用分子生物学技术和研究方法对中国吉林长白山地区非豆科固氮植物以及东北地区固氮树木的丛枝菌根真菌DNA分子多态性及其与宿主植物之间的相互关系等进行初步研究,旨在利用分子生态学理论和研究方法揭示丛枝菌根真菌多样性及其与宿主植物之间相互适应和协同进化的一般规律,为更好地保护和利用这一重要的微生物资源提供理论依据。 通过比较与筛选,建立起丛枝菌根真菌痕量DNA快速、简便、高效的提取纯化方法——改良CTAB法。经PCR检测,所得DNA满足进一步研究的要求。 根据丛枝菌根真菌18s rRNA 小亚基核基因片段的特点,利用“科”特异性引物进行半巢式标记PCR (Labelled Primers-PCR,LP-PCR) 及单链构象多态性(Single-Stranded Conformation Polymorphism,SSCP)分析技术研究了长白山赤杨在属水平上表现出的多样性。另外,利用巢式PCR-RFLP技术,分别对来源于长白山不同海拔的四种赤杨菌根样品的AMF侵染情况及其系统进化进行了研究。利用AMF特异性PCR技术对我国东北地区四种非豆科树木和5种豆科树木菌根侵染情况和系统发育规律进行了研究 研究结果显示:赤杨根内AMF存在丰富的基因多样性。AMF的侵染有从宿主混乱性向宿主专一性发展的趋势。 长白山地区赤杨属植物至少有东北赤杨、西伯利亚赤杨和色赤杨三个树种在其“属”的水平上与共生的球囊霉科(Glomaceae)至少一个“种” 的丛枝菌根真菌,即根内球囊霉(Glomus intraradix),在“种”的水平上表现出不相关于宿主海拔高度的某种相互选择性。 东北赤杨AMF菌的宿主专一性水平最强,球囊霉属已成为东北赤杨的优势侵染类群;对于其余三种赤杨,AMF则出现宿主混乱现象。宿主因素比海拔因素对AMF侵染特异性的影响更为重要。 豆科与非豆科样本的混乱性都比较强,在特定植物和AMF属之间无特异侵染规律,相对来说,非豆科树木比豆科树木对于AMF的选择性要更强一些,更倾向于和球囊霉属与无梗孢囊霉属的AMF构建共生体.

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豆科和非豆科固氮植物不仅能够固定大气中氮素,增加土壤中的氮素营养,而且由于具有较强的抗逆性,是恢复和重建退化农林生态系统的优良先锋树种。但在逆境条件下对固氮植物的固氮能力最经常的限制因子就是磷素供应,而菌根的形成保证了固氮作用对磷素的需求。目前国内外针对固N植物菌根这样联合共生的研究多停留在现象的描述上,对其机理缺乏深入研究。本文针对典型的固氮树种进行联合共生体人工纯培养研究,试图探讨联合共生体之间相互关系及作用机理,为更好地利用固氮植物资源及菌根技术提供理论依据。通过对共生资源的收集、培养及刺槐联合共生体的纯培养研究,得出如下结论:(1)固N植物同时受菌根侵染不仅具有普遍性,更有其生态学意义。在半干旱地区刺槐林下的VA菌主要有摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)、聚丛球囊霉(G. aggregatum)、细凹无梗囊霉(Acaulospora scrobiculata)三种,外生菌根真菌有尖顶地星(Geastrum triplex)、笼头菌(Clathrus sp.)两种,初步证实了刺槐除具根瘤外以同时受VA菌和外生菌根真菌的侵染;在沙棘林下优势种较明显只有一种,即聚丛球囊霉(G. aggregatum)。(2)对外生菌根菌进行了营养条件的选择实验,供试菌种对碳源的利用较为广泛,葡萄糖、果糖为其最适碳源,平均生长量比对照高出4.4倍;供试菌种对有机氮的利用利用机氮,平均生长量比无机氮源高出1.6倍。(3)在人工纯增减条件下,接种的VA菌、外生菌根菌和根瘤菌均成功侵染了刺槐无菌苗,并形成了内生、外生菌根和根瘤,更充分地证实了刺槐与VA菌、外生菌和固N菌之间的联合共生关系。(4)联合共生对刺槐生长、菌根侵染、根瘤菌的结瘤固N能力均有不同程度的促进作用。VA菌根菌中的苏格兰球囊霉(G. caledonium)和外生菌根菌中的毛边华狙伞(H. mesophaseum)是刺槐比较适合的菌根菌;VA菌和外生菌双接种对宿主植物生长有明显的促进作用,混合接种苏格兰球囊霉(G. caledonium) + 毛边华锈伞(H. mesophaseum) + 劣味乳菇(L. insulsus)及混合接种摩西球囊霉(G. mosseae) + 苏格兰球囊霉(G. caledonium) + 毛边华锈伞(H. mesophaseum)的组合效果最好;接种固N菌对菌根菌的影响不明显,而接种菌根菌对刺槐固N能力有明显的促进作用,尤以两种VA菌混接和两种外生菌混接对刺槐根际结瘤量和固N活性的促进作用最为明显;同时接种VA菌、外生菌和固N菌无论是对刺槐生长、结瘤固N还是菌根侵染都有显著的促进作用。其中最佳接种组合是苏格兰球囊霉(G. caledonium) + 毛边华锈伞(H. mesophaseum) + 劣味乳菇(L. insulsus) + 根瘤菌,宿主植物株高、地径、生物量、侧根数分别比对照增加46%、102%、213%、82%,结瘤量、固N活性分别比单接种固N菌增加500%、451%,菌根侵染率高达100%。(5)接种Frankia菌同时配合适度的P肥施用对沙棘的结瘤固N有明显的促进作用。由于沙棘的固N和供N作用,杨树-沙棘混交林中土壤有效态N、P的含量比杨树纯林分别增加36.7%、17.1%。综上所述,本文在刺槐联合共生体人工纯培养实验中得出具有重要意交的结论:从形态解剖上观测到了VA菌、外生菌根菌的侵染特征;定量研究了不同接种方式对刺槐生长、菌根菌的发育状况及结瘤固N能力的影响,选择出了最佳的接种组合。对宿主植物、菌根菌、固N菌之间相互作用及机理进行了初步的探讨。为固N植物联合共生体接种技术提供了理论依据。

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AM真菌的形成,对共生植物有许多有益的作用。近年来,科学家又将菌根用于修复污染的土壤。对辽河油田和沈抚污水灌区进行了AM菌的调查,结论如下:I)辽河油田和沈抚污水灌区的主要的AM真菌是Glomus mosseae, G. geospora, G. constrictum, Paraglomus occultum,其中优势属为Glomus。因北方冬季的严寒,经过一个冬季,土壤中的抱子密度减少80%以上。在资源调查的基础上,以三叶草、万寿菊和大豆作为供试植物,做盆栽模拟实验,结果为:I )当柴油浓度高达30 000 mg·kg~(-1)时,AM菌仍能侵染菊花,和菊花形成共生体;2)随着油浓度的增加,侵染率先增加,而后降低。3)随着油浓度的增加,叶绿素总量先略微增加,当油浓度高达30 000 mg·kg~(-1)时,叶绿素含量下降;4)随着油浓度的增加和灭菌,植物的营养生长和生殖生长受到抑制,而接AM菌、细菌和固氮菌能缓和这种抑制;5)随着油浓度的增加和AM菌的生育进程,AM菌的接种效应在增强。6)对接菌和不接菌的处理来说,随着油浓度的增加,降解率先增加,5000 mg·kg~(-1)时达到最大,分别为94.280la和93. 16%;然后降解率降低。低浓度时接入AM菌,能促进柴油的降解;而当油浓度高达30000mg·kg~(-1)时,不接AM菌反而降解效果会好些。

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丛枝菌根是自然生态系统中分布最广的内生菌根,在促进植物生存与生长、植被恢复以及生物多样性保护等方面有着非常重要的作用。随着现代分子生物学技术的发展,丛枝菌根真菌的研究得到空前发展。大量DNA分析新技术在丛枝菌根真菌的分子遗传、分类鉴定、种间及种内亲缘关系、菌株持久性等方面得到应用,与传统菌根研究方法相比,表现出巨大的优越性。但相比国际而言,国内针对菌根真菌分子水平上的研究发展较为缓慢。本项研究对中国吉林长白山东北赤杨、西伯利亚赤杨、色赤杨丛枝菌根真菌DNA分子多态性进行初步研究,试图揭示其一般规律,为更好地利用这一资源提供理论依据。通过比较与筛选,得到丛枝菌根真菌痕量DNA快速、简便的提取纯化方法—改良CTAB法。经PCR检测,所得DNA满足进一步研究的要求。根据丛枝菌根真菌185 rRNA小亚基核基因片段的特点,利用“科”特异性引物进行半巢式标记PCR(Labelled Primers-PCR,LP-PCR)扩增,再经单链构象多态性(Single-Stranded Conformation Polymorphism,SSCP)分析来检测其DNA分子在“种”水平上表现出的多态性。研究结果显示:丛枝菌根真菌在“种”的水平上并未随各宿主的变化表现出丰富的多样性;长白山地区赤杨属植物至少有东北赤杨、西伯利亚赤杨和色赤杨三个树种在自身“属”的水平上与共生的球囊霉科(Glomaceae)至少一个“种”的丛枝菌根真菌,即根内球囊霉(Glomus intradix),在“种”的水平上表现出不相关于宿主海拔高度的某种相互选择性。

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大气CO_2浓度升高对整个陆地生态系统产生巨大影响。微生物是土壤中重要而又活跃的组成部分,是自然界物质循环不可缺少的成员,行使着许多对陆地生命至关重要的功能。因此,了解土壤中微生物的变化,是了解整个陆地生态系统对大气CO_2浓度升高响应的关键。木文利用在江苏省无锡市建立的稻一麦轮作FACE系统研究平台,研究了CO_2浓度升高对农田土壤微生物及VA菌根的影响。结果发现在FACE条件下,土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌的数量都随着小麦和水稻的生长而发生变化,分别在小麦返青期和水稻拔节期偏大,随后均有所下降,与对照相比,CO_2浓度升高增加土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌的数量;小麦根区土壤中议菌根真菌的抱子以球囊霉属(Glomus)为优势属,以摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)为优势种;在小麦拔节期和孕穗期观察到VA菌根真菌侵染,侵染率在拔节期偏高,后逐渐降低,CO_2浓度升高使小麦VA菌根侵染率增加,而在水稻根系没有观察到VA菌根真菌侵染;根系活力分别在小麦拔节期和水稻抽穗期偏高,到成熟期均降低,CO_2浓度升高使根系活力增强;小麦VA菌根侵染率与根系活力存在正相关关系。总之,大气CO_2浓度升高对农田土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌的数量、VA菌根侵染率及根系活力都表现出一定的促进作用。

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在盆栽条件下,用沈抚污灌区非灭菌水稻土,研究了柴油浓度为5 000 mg·kg-1时接种3种AM真菌(Glomus mosseae,G.geospora,G.constrictum)和细菌对万寿菊(Tagetes erecta)耐油性的影响.结果表明,在此浓度下,AM菌仍能和万寿菊形成共生体,白色万寿菊比黄色万寿菊耐油能力强,总生物量增加63.1%;接种AM真菌的处理,其侵染率比对照高3.5%~29.9%.G.mosseae和G.geospora是较好的菌种,总生物量分别比对照增加9.0%和42.7%;混接AM真菌效果一般.施入细菌菌剂虽然抑制了AM菌对万寿菊的侵染,但促进了菌根化植物的营养生长和生殖生长.5种接菌处理中,以接种G.geospora和混接AM菌和细菌的处理最好,对柴油的降解率分别比对照增加16.51%和14.05%.