Piecing together evolution of the vertebrate endocrine system

One of the great challenges in biology is to understand how particular complex morphological and physiological characters originated in specific evolutionary lineages. In this article, we address the origin of the vertebrate hypothalamic-pituitary-peripheral gland (H-P-PG) endocrine system, a complex network of specialized tissues, ligands and receptors. Analysis of metazoan nucleotide and protein sequences reveals a patchwork pattern of H-P-PG gene conservation between vertebrates and closely related invertebrates (ascidians). This is consistent with a model of how the vertebrate H-P-PG endocrine system could have emerged in relatively few steps by gene family expansion and by regulatory and structural modifications to genes that are present in a chordate ancestor. Some of these changes might have resulted in new connections between metabolic or signaling pathways, such as the bridging of 'synthesis islands' to form an efficient system for steroid hormone synthesis.

Gene expression during early ascidian metamorphosis requires signaling by Hemps, an EGF-like protein

Hemps, a novel epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like protein, is expressed during larval development and early metamorphosis in the ascidian Herdmania curvata and plays a direct role in triggering metamorphosis. In order to identify downstream genes in the Hemps pathway we used a gene expression profiling approach, in which we compared post-larvae undergoing normal metamorphosis with larval metamorphosis blocked with an anti-Hemps antibody. Molecular profiling revealed that there are dynamic changes in gene expression within the first 30 minutes of normal metamorphosis with a significant portion of the genome (approximately 49%) being activated or repressed. A more detailed analysis of the expression of 15 of these differentially expressed genes through embryogenesis, larval development and metamorphosis revealed that while there is a diversity of temporal expression patterns, a number of genes are transiently expressed during larval development and metamorphosis. These and other differentially expressed genes were localised to a range of specific cell and tissue types in Herdmania larvae and post-larvae. The expression of approximately 24% of the genes that were differentially expressed during early metamorphosis was affected in larvae treated with the anti-Hemps antibody. Knockdown of Hemps activity affected the expression of a range of genes within 30 minutes of induction, suggesting that the Hemps pathway directly regulates early response genes at metamorphosis. In most cases, it appears that the Hemps pathway contributes to the modulation of gene expression, rather than initial gene activation or repression. A total of 151 genes that displayed the greatest alterations in expression in response to anti-Hemps antibody were sequenced. These genes were implicated in a range of developmental and physiological roles, including innate immunity, signal transduction and in the regulation of gene transcription. These results suggest that there is significant gene activity during the very early stages of H. curvata metamorphosis and that the Hemps pathway plays a key role in regulating the expression of many of these genes.

Measurement of action spectra of light-activated processes

We report on a new experimental technique suitable for measurement of light-activated processes, such as fluorophore transport. The usefulness of this technique is derived from its capacity to decouple the imaging and activation processes, allowing fluorescent imaging of fluorophore transport at a convenient activation wavelength. We demonstrate the efficiency of this new technique in determination of the action spectrum of the light mediated transport of rhodamine 123 into the parasitic protozoan Giardia duodenalis. (c) 2006 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.

The effect of larval age on morphology and gene expression during ascidian metamorphosis

Metamorphosis is both an ecological and a developmental genetic transition that an organism undergoes as a normal part of ontogeny. Many organisms have the ability to delay metamorphosis when conditions are unsuitable. This strategy carries obvious benefits, but may also result in severe consequences for older larvae that run low on energy. In the marine environment, some lecithotrophic larvae that have prolonged periods in the plankton may begin forming postlarval and juvenile structures that normally do not appear until after settlement and the initiation of metamorphosis. This precocious activation of the postlarval developmental program may reflect an adaptation to increase the survival of older, energy-depleted larvae by allowing them to metamorphose more quickly. In the present study, we investigate morphological and genetic consequences of delay of metamorphosis in larvae of Herdmania momus (a solitary stolidobranch ascidian). We observe significant morphological and genetic changes during prolonged larval life, with older larvae displaying significant changes in RNA levels, precocious migration of mesenchyme cells, and changes in larval shape including shortening of the tail. While these observations suggest that the older H. momus larvae are functionally different from younger larvae and possibly becoming more predisposed to undergo metamorphosis, we did not find any significant differences in gene expression levels between postlarvae arising from larvae that metamorphosed as soon as they were competent and postlarvae developing from larvae that postponed metamorphosis. This recalibration, or convergence, of transcript levels in the early postlarva suggests that changes that occur during prolonged larval life of H. momus are not necessarily associated with early activation of adult organ differentiation. Instead, it suggests that an autonomous developmental program is activated in H. momus upon the induction of metamorphosis regardless of the history of the larva.

Haematological and biochemical blood study in baby alpaca with diarrhoea

The aim of this study was to determine the haematological value and biochemical blood in baby alpacas with enteric disorder. A total of 30 blood and serum samples were collected from alpacas of 1 month old with diarrhoea and 5 blood samples of clinically healthy baby alpacas (controls). The animals were from communities in the central Andes from Peru. About haematology were determined haematocrit, haemoglobin concentration, red blood count and white blood count that were not significantly different between control animals and animals with diarrhoea. Moreover, biochemical blood parameters as total protein, albumin and calcium decrease significantly (p<0.05). We conclude that our results could be considered as factors in the mortality of baby alpaca by infectious diarrhoea.

Contrasting global genetic patterns in two biologically similar, widespread and invasive Ciona species (Tunicata, Ascidiacea)

Human-mediated dispersal interplays with natural processes and complicates understanding of the biogeographical history of species. This is exemplified by two invasive tunicates, Ciona robusta (formerly Ciona intestinalis type A) and C. intestinalis (formerly Ciona intestinalis type B), globally distributed and sympatric in Europe. By gathering new mitochondrial sequences that were merged with published datasets, we analysed genetic patterns in different regions, with a focus on 1) their sympatric range and 2) allopatric populations in N and S America and southern Europe. In the sympatric range, the two species display contrasting genetic diversity patterns, with low polymorphism in C. robusta supporting the prevalent view of its recent introduction. In the E Pacific, several genetic traits support the non-native status of C. robusta. However, in the NE Pacific, this appraisal requires a complex scenario of introduction and should be further examined supported by extensive sampling efforts in the NW Pacific (putative native range). For C. intestinalis, Bayesian analysis suggested a natural amphi-North Atlantic distribution, casting doubt on its non-native status in the NW Atlantic. This study shows that both natural and human-mediated dispersal have influenced genetic patterns at broad scales; this interaction lessens our ability to confidently ascertain native vs. non-native status of populations, particularly of those species that are globally distributed.

Contrasting global genetic patterns in two biologically similar, widespread and invasive Ciona species (Tunicata, Ascidiacea)

Human-mediated dispersal interplays with natural processes and complicates understanding of the biogeographical history of species. This is exemplified by two invasive tunicates, Ciona robusta (formerly Ciona intestinalis type A) and C. intestinalis (formerly Ciona intestinalis type B), globally distributed and sympatric in Europe. By gathering new mitochondrial sequences that were merged with published datasets, we analysed genetic patterns in different regions, with a focus on 1) their sympatric range and 2) allopatric populations in N and S America and southern Europe. In the sympatric range, the two species display contrasting genetic diversity patterns, with low polymorphism in C. robusta supporting the prevalent view of its recent introduction. In the E Pacific, several genetic traits support the non-native status of C. robusta. However, in the NE Pacific, this appraisal requires a complex scenario of introduction and should be further examined supported by extensive sampling efforts in the NW Pacific (putative native range). For C. intestinalis, Bayesian analysis suggested a natural amphi-North Atlantic distribution, casting doubt on its non-native status in the NW Atlantic. This study shows that both natural and human-mediated dispersal have influenced genetic patterns at broad scales; this interaction lessens our ability to confidently ascertain native vs. non-native status of populations, particularly of those species that are globally distributed.

Molecular basis of canalization in an ascidian species complex adapted to different thermal conditions

Canalization is a result of intrinsic developmental buffering that ensures phenotypic robustness under genetic variation and environmental perturbation. As a consequence, animal phenotypes are remarkably consistent within a species under a wide range of conditions, a property that seems contradictory to evolutionary change. Study of laboratory model species has uncovered several possible canalization mechanisms, however, we still do not understand how the level of buffering is controlled in natural populations. We exploit wild populations of the marine chordate Ciona intestinalis to show that levels of buffering are maternally inherited. Comparative transcriptomics show expression levels of genes encoding canonical chaperones such as Hsp70 and Hsp90 do not correlate with buffering. However the expression of genes encoding endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperones does correlate. We also show that ER chaperone genes are widely conserved amongst animals. Contrary to previous beliefs that expression level of Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs) can be used as a measurement of buffering levels, we propose that ER associated chaperones comprise a cellular basis for canalization. ER chaperones have been neglected by the fields of development, evolution and ecology, but their study will enhance understanding of both our evolutionary past and the impact of global environmental change.

Molecular basis of canalization in an ascidian species complex adapted to different thermal conditions

Canalization is a result of intrinsic developmental buffering that ensures phenotypic robustness under genetic variation and environmental perturbation. As a consequence, animal phenotypes are remarkably consistent within a species under a wide range of conditions, a property that seems contradictory to evolutionary change. Study of laboratory model species has uncovered several possible canalization mechanisms, however, we still do not understand how the level of buffering is controlled in natural populations. We exploit wild populations of the marine chordate Ciona intestinalis to show that levels of buffering are maternally inherited. Comparative transcriptomics show expression levels of genes encoding canonical chaperones such as Hsp70 and Hsp90 do not correlate with buffering. However the expression of genes encoding endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperones does correlate. We also show that ER chaperone genes are widely conserved amongst animals. Contrary to previous beliefs that expression level of Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs) can be used as a measurement of buffering levels, we propose that ER associated chaperones comprise a cellular basis for canalization. ER chaperones have been neglected by the fields of development, evolution and ecology, but their study will enhance understanding of both our evolutionary past and the impact of global environmental change.

Utilización del extracto Arrabidaea chica (Mashashte) para el diagnóstico de laboratorio clínico de estructuras morfológicas de microorganismos en Microbiología Médica.

Objetivos del estudio: Encontrar propiedades de la Planta Natural Arrabidae chica para el diagnóstico de laboratorio de estructuras morfológicas de microorganismos en Microbiología Médica. Se procedió en varias fases, la primera fase: preparación de microorganismos, como: Parásitos, Hongos y Bacterias, entre ellos: 1. Protozoos Intestinales: Quistes y Trofozoitos de Amebas, Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba coli, Trichuris trichiura; Strongyloides stercoralis, 2. Micosis: M. canis, M. gypseum, 3. Bacterias: Eschericihia coli, S. aureus, S. Epidermidis.

Lake Nabugabo: a potential reservoir for mukene (Rastrineobola argentea)

"Mukene"Rastrineobola argentea occurs in lakes Victoria, Kyoga, Nabugabo and the Victoria Nile. On lakes Victoria and Kyoga the commercial fishery is well developed. While some fishing occurs at isolated places on the Victoria Nile, the species is yet to be exploited on lake Nabugabo although the potential exists. Experimental fishing (light fishing and beach seining) was conducted on Lake Nabugabo based at the Lake Nabugabo Holiday and Conference Center. Specimens obtained were analyzed for biological and fisheries parameters. Mukene on Lake Nabugabo still grows to a large adult size compared to the Lake Victoria populations. Size at first maturity at 42mmSL is close to that observed on Lake Victoria. Peak breeding occurred between August and January. Unlike on Lake Victoria, R.argentea in Lake Nabugabo is not infested by the cestode Ligula intestinalis that is common in these fishes. Catch rates of 9.8 kg/lamp/hr by the lampara net on this lake compare favorably with many parts of Lake Victoria and on Lake Kyoga where a commercial fishery exists. The amount of by-catch species in the catches however is high and does not therefore favour the establishment of the fishery on this lake. Human exploitation of mukene on Lake Nabugabo would also affect the Nile perch fishery which depends on the species as a source of food.

Réseau national d’observation de la moule bleue Mytilus edulis, MYTILOBS / Campagne 2015

Le réseau national Mytilobs est implanté dans les principales régions mytilicoles du littoral atlantique : Normandie, Bretagne Nord, Bretagne Sud, Pays de Loire et Poitou-Charentes. Les sites d’Agon (Ouest Cotentin), du Vivier (baie du Mont Saint-Michel), de Pont Mahé (baie de Vilaine), de l’Aiguillon et des Roulières (pertuis Breton), d’Yves et de Boyard (pertuis d’Antioche) représentent l'élevage sur bouchot du Nord au Sud. Le site Filière (pertuis Breton) représente l’élevage sur corde, en pleine eau. La mise à l’eau des cheptels sur l’ensemble des sites du réseau, en septembre 2014, s’est faite à partir d’un même lot de moules calibrées (25,54 +/- 0,7mm), captées sur corde dans la baie d’Yves. Les prélèvements trimestriels de la campagne 2015 (septembre 2014 - décembre 2015) sont renforcés par un suivi mensuel entre octobre et juillet. Les mesures de biométrie et les comptages de mortalité sont effectués à chaque sortie. Les points Roulières et Boyard renforcent l’expertise du « phénomène mortalité » apparu en 2014. Des prélèvements histologiques (n=1300) et en cryologie (n=1200) ont renforcé un travail de collaboration établi avec le projet Morbleu. La campagne Mytilobs 2015 est marquée par la forte croissance en longueur des moules durant l’automne 2014. Par contre, la croissance des moules sur Filière est exceptionnellement faible au cours des printemps et automne 2015 avec respectivement -60% et -53% (références réseau REMOULA 2000-2010). Ces faibles performances sur Filière peuvent être reliées aux deux pics de mortalité des printemps et automne 2015 sur ce site. L’évolution du poids sec au travers l’indice scientifique de Walne et Mann révèle une ponte importante sur le site Filière en juin 2015, mais également sur Pont Mahé et le Vivier. Les indices de qualité requis pour la commercialisation des moules sont atteints en juin (STG) dans les principales régions de France suivi par Mytilobs et en juillet sur le Vivier (Label Rouge baie du Mont Saint Michel). Le suivi environnemental indique que les apports des fleuves n’ont pas le caractère exceptionnel de l’hiver 2014, mais la salinité confirme la typologie des sites : euryhalins (Baie de Vilaine, pertuis charentais) et océaniques (Agon et Vivier). En fin d’hiver, la température enregistre un retard de 3 semaines pour atteindre 10°C, température référence au-dessous de laquelle les mortalités (2014 et 2015) ne sont pas apparues. Comme au cours de la campagne Mytilobs 2014, deux familles d’algues phytoplanctoniques : les Diatomophyceae et les Dinophyceae représentent près de 99% de l’effectif dénombré. Parmi les 5 saisons étudiées, les automnes 2014 et 2015 sont les périodes de l’année où les concentrations algales disponibles sont environ 10 fois plus faibles que durant les autres périodes. Un référentiel sur les mortalités de la moule bleue a été établi à partir des données de mortalité du réseau REMOULA (2000-2010). Entre 0% et 22%, les mortalités sont classées comme « habituelles » ; entre 22% et 34% elles deviennent « inhabituelles » ; supérieures à 34%, elles sont dites « exceptionnelles ». Seules les mortalités de moules sur les sites Filière (51%) et Roulières (38%) du pertuis Breton sont classées comme « exceptionnelles » en 2015. En 2014 les mortalités de la plupart des sites mytilicoles des pertuis charentais étaient « exceptionnelles ». Les mortalités sont « inhabituelles » sur les sites de Boyard (23%) et d’Aiguillon (22%) et « habituelles » sur Agon (corrigé de la prédation par les perceurs) (20%), Pont Mahé (18%), Yves (14%), Le Vivier (9%). En 2015, des analyses histologiques ont été réalisées entre février et juillet pour : l’étude de maturation sexuelle, la recherche de parasites et l’identification de granulomes inflammatoires sur des sites contrastés en mortalités (Filière, Roulières, Yves, Pont Mahé et Vivier). Outre l’absence de Marteilia refringens, la présence de Mytilicola intestinalis est confirmée sur tous les sites notamment Yves (50%) et Le Vivier (70%). L’étude des stades de maturation des moules sur les différents sites du réseau montre que la maturation sexuelle a bien lieu entre mars et juin 2015. En 2015 les mortalités les plus fortes apparaissent sur Filière et Roulières en avril et en mai alors que les moules sont en gamétogénèse active, avant la période de ponte principale. Une observation centrée sur la période février-juillet a mis en évidence la présence de granulomes inflammatoires. Dans le cas des pertuis charentais (Filière et Roulières) cette présence concorde avec le phénomène de mortalités « exceptionnelles » de moules pour lequel des bactéries pathogènes du groupe Splendidus semblent bien impliquées.

Diarrea crónica por Salmonella typhimurium en paciente inmunocompentente

La diarrea crónica de origen infeccioso en pacientes inmunocompetentes es un cuadro poco frecuente en países desarrollados, aunque ciertos patógenos, generalmente parásitos (Giardia lamblia, Isospora belli, Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, Strongyloides, Ameba, Trichuris y Schistosoma) y algunas bacterias (Aeromonas, Plesiomonas, Campylobacter, Clostridium difficile, Salmonella o Mycobacterium tuberculosis) pueden ser causantes de diarrea persistente. Se presenta un caso de un paciente que presentó Salmonella typhimunium en el coprocultivo y se recuperó tras tratamiento con levofloxacino durante 7 días.

Eléments de connaissance sur la mortalité et la reproduction de la moule bleue (Mytilus edulis) sur la façade atlantique

Ce document s’inscrit dans le cadre de la problématique des mortalités de moules bleues sur les côtes françaises depuis l’hiver 2014. Il a été conçu comme une contribution aux projets Morbleu (projet de recherche) et Mytilobs (observatoire national sur les traits de vie de la moule). D’un point de vu historique, depuis le début du 20ème siècle, le principale « ennemi » de la moule reste la météo et en particulier, les tempêtes. Une seule crise de mortalité, majeure, est survenue en 1960-61 dans le pertuis Breton. Elle résulte d’une interaction entre le parasite mytilicola intestinalis et des conditions drastiques d’élevage sur bouchots dans la baie de l’Aiguillon. L’évaluation des mortalités de moules est difficile du fait des pratiques d’élevage et des pertes qui en résultent. Lorsque la crise survient en 2014, l’investigation scientifique s’appuie à la fois sur des déclarations (professionnels), des constats (DDTMs), des saisines (Repamo) et des mesures (réseau Mytilobs). L’intensité des mortalités, variable selon les sites et les années (2014 et 2015) est comparée à un référentiel de mortalités issu d’un réseau régional de suivi des mortalités de moules en paniers (Remoula, 2000-2010). En février 2014, les mortalités surviennent dans le pertuis Breton et s’étendent en quelques mois vers le sud (pertuis d’Antioche) et vers le Nord (Côte de Noirmoutier et Baie de Bourgneuf). Les simulations hydrodynamiques montrent la connectivité spatio-temporelle entre le site d’émergence des mortalités et les sites touchés quelques semaines plus tard. Alors qu’il existe plusieurs génomes de Mytililus edulis et des populations hybrides (entre Mytililus edulis et Mytilus galloprovincialis) sur les cotes de la France, seul le génome Mytililus edulis de la cote atlantique semble au départ concerné par ces mortalités. La quasi simultanéité d’occurrence d’épisodes de mortalités de moules en Rade de Brest (en hiver 2014), et sur les gisements profonds de la cote Est du Cotentin (dès le printemps 2014) reste aujourd’hui une énigme scientifique. Lorsque les mortalités surviennent en 2014 et lors de leur reprise en 2015, les moules sont en période de reproduction. Ce rapport synthétise également des résultats acquis sur la reproduction de Mytilus edulis sur la cote atlantique (Arcachon et Pertuis Charentais).

Rastreio parasitológico de Tritrichomonas foetus em gatos

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária