840 resultados para Funções cognitivas


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Os primeiros estudos onde se tentava avaliar os melhores horários para se lecionar de forma a se poderem otimizar os horários escolares são já muito antigos. O primeiro a estabelecer uma relação sistemática entre performance cognitiva, Cronobiologia e sono foi Kleitman, evidenciando uma paralelismo entre o ritmo circadiano da temperatura central e a altura do dia em que eram realizadas tarefas simples de repetição. Após este primeiro estudo, muitos outros se seguiram, contudo a maioria apenas encontrou ritmos em protocolos de rotina constante e dessincronização forçada desprovidos de validade ecológica. Acresce ainda o facto de neste tipo de estudos não haver uma manipulação sistemática do efeito do padrão individual de distribuição dos parâmetros circadianos no nictómero, designado na literatura como Cronotipo. Perante isto, o presente estudo pretende avaliar a influência do Cronotipo nos ritmos cognitivos, utilizando um protocolo de rotina normal (Ecológico), onde também se manipula o efeito fim-de-semana. Para testar as premissas supramencionadas, utilizou-se uma amostra de 16 alunos universitários, que numa primeira fase responderam ao questionário de Matutinidade e Vespertinidade de Horne&Östberg, para caracterização do Cronotipo, e posteriormente andaram 15-17 dias consecutivos com tempatilumis (actímetros) para análise de ritmos de temperatura e atividade, com iPads onde realizavam ao longo do dia várias tarefas cognitivas e com o Manual de Registo Diário, onde respondiam ao diário de sono e de atividade. A análise de dados denotou a inexistência de expressão de ritmos na maioria dos parâmetros cognitivos inviabilizando a verificação de diferenças significativas entre indivíduos matutinos e vespertinos nestes parâmetros. Esta ausência de visualização da expressão rítmica pode ser explicada pelo facto de os participantes não terem aderido da forma desejada e exigida, à realização das tarefas cognitivas, ou pelo facto de termos usado um protocolo de rotina normal, em detrimento dos protocolos de rotina constate e dessincronização forçada, não controlando assim algumas variáveis que influenciam o desempenho cognitivo, podendo estas mascarar ou mesmo eliminar o ritmo. Ainda assim e apesar destas contingências observaram-se ritmos circadianos nas variáveis de autoavaliação, mesmo com o paradigma ecológico. Verificou-se ainda um efeito da hora do dia em vários parâmetros de tarefas cognitivas e motoras medidas objetivamente, assim como uma diminuição da performance cognitiva nos vespertinos, comparativamente aos matutinos, na janela temporal das 6h às 12 horas, que coincide com a maior concentração de horas de aulas por dia na Universidade onde o estudo foi realizado. Outros estudos serão necessários para consolidar a influência do Cronotipo nos ritmos cognitivos, utilizando o protocolo de rotina normal para garantir a validade ecológica, salvaguardando uma participação mais ativa na execução das tarefas cognitivas por parte dos sujeitos em estudo.

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The use and the demand for substances that enhance masculinity, strength and sexual power are not novel. Over the years, this search has assisted the research directions in this area, leading to the discovery of the primary male sex hormone testosterone in 1935. Since then, numerous testosterone analogue compounds were synthesized, which are generically called Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS). The AAS were produced for therapeutic purposes, but an increase in the use of these compounds for other purposes occurred over time. Initially they were used mainly to improve performance in athletes. However, recent studies have shown that the use of AAS by non-athletes with aesthetical purposes have been increasing as well. The abuse of AAS with non-clinical purposes can promote a number of physiological alterations, such as heart, liver, respiratory and psychological problems such as changes in mood, levels of anxiety and aggression. Exposure to supraphysiological doses of AAS is associated with behavioral changes, however, little is known about the effects of AAS on cognitive functions. In this work, we aimed to mimic the AAS abuse in humans with intramuscular administration of a supraphysiological dose of testosterone propionate (TP) in rats. We investigated the effects of this treatment on different aspects of cognitive function, specifically learning, memory and anxiety. Adult male Wistar rats were tested in the spontaneous alternation, novel object recognition and plus-maze discriminative avoidance tasks. The control group received intramuscular injections of vegetable oil (vehicle), and the TP group received injections of TP (10 mg/kg, i.m.). The injections were administered for 40 days, with intervals of 48 hours (chronic treatment) or in a single injection (acute treatment). In addition to the behavioral assessments, we performed biochemical analyzes as indicators of the endocrine effects of the treatment. Our results show that chronic treatment with a supraphysiological dose of TP caused memory impairments in the novel object recognition and the discriminative avoidance tasks. The spatial working memory (evaluated by spontaneous alternation task) was not affected. Also, we did not observe changes in anxiety levels. Regarding the biochemical parameters, chronic treatment increased serum levels of glutamicpyruvic transaminase, an indicator of hepatic and pancreatic lesions (as those observed after chronic use of these substances in humans). On the other hand, acute treatment with PT did not promote significant changes in any of these parameters when compared to the control group. In summary, we conclude that chronic treatment with a supraphysiological dose of testosterone propionate produces memory deficits in novel object recognition and retrieval of the discriminative avoidance task in adult male rats

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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The aims of this study were to characterize the presence of apathy in patients with AD, determine the relationship between apathy, motor function and cognitive function, and to verify differences among patients stratified by level of apathy in relation to cognitive and motor abilities. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted of 37 patients with AD. The following tests were used: MoCA, the Frontal Assessment Battery, Verbal Fluency, Clock Drawing Test, Andreotti & Okuma Battery Tests, Sit and Reach, Resistance of Upper Limbs - AAHPERD Battery Test, Sit and Lift Chair and the Apathy domain of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory. After verifying the normality of the data distribution, comparisons were made using Student's t-test and the U Mann Whitney test; relationships were also assessed using Pearson's and Spearman's correlation coefficients. All analyses were considered to be statistically significant at a p-value of 0.05. Results: 46% of participants in this study showed mild symptoms of apathy. Significant and weak associations were found (p=0.04) between apathy and the attention domain on the MoCA and between apathy and the Walk Test. Analysis of differences in cognitive and motor functions according to participants' level of apathy revealed no significant differences for any of the variables. Conclusion: Apathy was reflected in attention and the Walk Test, suggesting these variables may be related to cognitive and functional decline in AD patients.

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Deterioration in cognitive functions is characteristic in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and may be associated with decline in daily living activities with consequent reduced quality of life. Objective: To analyze weight training effects on cognitive functions in elderly with AD. Subjects: 34 elderly with AD were allocated into two groups: Training Group (TG) and Social Gathering Group (SGG). Methods: Global cognitive status was determined using the Mini-Mental State Exam. Specific cognitive functions were measured using the Brief Cognitive Battery, Clock Drawing Test and Verbal Fluency Test. The protocols were performed three times a week, one hour per session. The weight training protocol consisted of three sets of 20 repetitions, with two minutes of rest between sets and exercises. The activities proposed for the SGG were not systematized and aimed at promoting social interaction among patients. The statistical analyses were performed with the U Mann Whitney and Wilcoxon tests for group comparisons. All analyses were considered statistically significant at a p-value of 0.05. Results: There were no significant differences associated to the effects of the practice of weight training on cognition in AD patients. Conclusion: In this study, no improvement in cognitive functions was evident in elderly with AD who followed a low intensity resistance exercise protocol. Thus, future studies could evaluate the effect of more intense exercise programs.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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Pós-graduação em Ciências da Motricidade - IBRC