Morfologia, taxonomia e análise cladística da tribo Kingsleyini (Crustacea: Decapoda: Pseudothelphusidae)

Kingsleyini corresponde a uma das cinco tribos de Pseudothelphusidae, grupo exclusivamente americano de caranguejos de água doce. Atualmente a tribo inclui 59 espécies agrupadas em 13 gêneros, com distribuição associada aos rios, riachos e igarapés das bacias do Amazonas e do Orinoco. Desde a criação de Kingsleyini o aumento de novos táxons atribuídos a esta tribo não tem sido acompanhado por estudos cladísticos. No presente trabalho é realizada a análise cladística de Kingsleyini, acompanhada de uma revisão morfológica e taxonômica do grupo. Com este propósito, foram estudados espécimes de 60 espécies representantes das cinco tribos e duas subfamílias inclusas em Pseudothelphusidae. O material estudado se encontra depositado nas coleções carcinológicas de seis instituições e inclui os tipos nominais de 29 espécies. Na revisão morfológica foram descritas e ilustradas estruturas somáticas e sexuais da morfologia externa do grupo de estudo. Os estudos morfológicos foram auxiliados por técnicas de Microscopia Electrônica de Varredura (MEV) e cortes histológicos. A partir destas observações foram propostas modificações na terminologia utilizada para denominar as estruturas do primeiro apêndice sexual masculino (primeiro gonópodo) em Kingsleyini. A parte taxonômica deste trabalho inclui chaves de identificação, mapas de distribuição, listas sinonímicas e a descrição e ilustração do primeiro apêndice sexual masculino para a grande maioria das espécies examinadas, assim como a diagnose dos gêneros considerados monofiléticos. A análise filogenética foi realizada a partir de 92 caracteres obtidos de 57 táxons terminais: 49 terminais do grupo interno (Kingsleyini) e oito do grupo-externo (representantes dos demais Pseudothelphusidae). Como resultado da análise cladística foram obtidas seis hipóteses filogenéticas igualmente parcimoniosas: todas elas apoiam o monofiletismo de Kingsleyini e a exclusão do gênero Spirocarcinus da tribo. O monofiletismo dos gêneros Fredius, Kingsleya, Eudaniela e Rodriguezus também encontra-se sustentado em todas as hipóteses filogenéticas obtidas, enquanto que os gêneros Microthelphusa, Neopseudothelphusa, Orthothelphusa e Brasiliothelphusa revelaram-se parafiléticos.

Enterobacterias productoras de carbapenemasas: tipos, epidemiología molecular y alternativas terapéuticas

Los carbapenémicos son los antibióticos β-lactámicos de más amplio espectro activos frente a microorganismos grampositivos, gramnegativos y anaerobios. Estos agentes mantienen su actividad frente a enterobacterias productoras de β-lactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE) o de cefalosporinasas AmpC. Dentro de las enterobacterias, la resistencia a los carbapenémicos está mediada principalmente por la producción de diferentes tipos de carbapenemasas, aunque esta resistencia también puede ser debida a una combinación pérdida de porinas más enzimas BLEE o una hiperexpresión de AmpC. Las carbapenemasas representan la familia de β-lactamasas más versátil, con un amplio espectro. La mayoría de estas enzimas reconocen e hidrolizan a casi todos los β- lactámicos y son resistentes a la acción de los inhibidores de los β-lactámicos. Dentro de las enterobacterias, las carbapenemasas se aíslan principalmente en K. pneumoniae y en menor medida en E. coli y otras especies, con una prevalencia más alta en el sur de Europa y Asia que en otras partes del mundo. Las carbapenemasas de la clase A, que pertenecen al grupo 2f de Bush-Jacoby, se pueden dividir en 5 grupos en base a su filogenética: GES, KPC, SME, IMI y NMCA. Las enzimas SME, NMC e IMI están codificadas en cromosómas mientras que las enzimas GES y KPC se encuentran codificadas en plásmidos. El gen blaKPC está asociado el transposón Tn4401. Clínicamente, el grupo que más interés tiene es el de las enzimas KPC. Existen 11 tipos descritos...

The genus Callistethus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae) in the Neotropics: new data and new species from Costa Rica

The species Callistethus carbo sp.n., C. flavodorsalis sp.n., C. fuscorubens sp.n., C. lativittis sp.n., C. levigatus sp.n., C. macroxantholeus sp.n., C. microxantholeus sp.n., C. multiplicatus sp.n., C. parapulcher sp.n., C. pseudocollaris sp.n. and C. stannibractea sp.n. from Costa Rica are described. Synonymy of Callistethus kolbei (Ohaus, 1897) with Callistethus specularis (Bates, 1888) is proposed. A phylogenetic analysis based on the genes 16S, COI and 28S is carried out for Costa Rican species and diagnostic morphological features for the genus are tested on it for phylogenetic signal. An identification key for Callistethus species of Costa Rica is provided. The distribution patterns of Callistethus species in Costa Rica are discussed.

Biosystematics of the Genus Andryala L. (Asteraceae)

Andryala (Asteraceae: Cichorieae) is a little-known Mediterranean-Macaronesian genus whose taxonomy is much in need of revision. The aim of the present biosystematic study was to elucidate species relationships within this genus based on morphological and molecular data. In this study several taxa are recognised: 17 species, 14 subspecies, and 3 hybrids. Among these, 5 species are Macaronesian endemics (A. glandulosa, A. sparsiflora, A. crithmifolia Aiton, A. pinnatifida, and A. perezii), 4 species are Northwest African endemics (A. mogadorensis, A. maroccana, A. chevallieri, and A. nigricans) and one species is endemic to Romania (A. laevitomentosa). Historical background regarding taxonomic delimitation in the genus is addressed from Linnaean to present day concepts, as well as the origin of the name Andryala. The origin of Asteraceae and the systematic position of Andryala is shortly summarised. The morphological study was based on a bibliographic review and the revision of 1066 specimens of 13 herbaria as well as additional material collected during fieldwork. The variability of the morphological characters of the genus, including both vegetative taxonomic characters (root, stem, leaf and indumentum characters) and reproductive ones (inflorescence, floret, fruit and pappus characters), is assessed. Numerical analysis of the morphological data was performed using different similarity or dissimilarity measures and coefficients, as well as ordination and clustering methods. Results support the segregation of the recognised taxa and the congruence of the several analyses in the separation of the recognised taxa (using quantitative, binary or multi-state characters). The proposed taxonomy for Andryala includes a new infra-generic classification, new taxa and new combinations and ranks, typifications and diagnostic keys (one for the species and several for subspecies). For each taxon a list of synonyms, typification comments and a detailed description are provided, just as comments on taxonomy and nomenclature, and a brief discussion on karyology. Additionally, information on ecology and conservation status as well as on distribution and a list of studied material are also presented. Phylogenetic analyses based on different nuclear and chloroplast DNA markers, using Bayesian and maximum parsimony methods of inference, were performed. Results support three main lineages: separate ones for the relict species A. agardhii and A. laevitomentosa and a third including the majority of the Andryala species that underwent a relatively rapid and recent speciation. They also suggest a single colonization event of Madeira and the Canary Islands from the Mediterranean region, followed by insular speciation. Biogeography and speciation within the genus are briefly discussed, including a proposal for the centre of origin of the genus and possible dispersal routes.

Filogenia molecular das enzimas isocitrato liase e malato sintase e sua evolução em Viridiplanta

The plant metabolism consists of a complex network of physical and chemical events resulting in photosynthesis, respiration, synthesis and degradation of organic compounds. This is only possible due to the different kinds of responses to many environmental variations that a plant could be subject through evolution, leading also to conquering new surroundings. The glyoxylate cycle is a metabolic pathway found in glyoxysomes plant, which has unique role in the seedling establishment. Considered as a variation of the citric acid cycle, it uses an acetyl coenzyme A molecule, derived from lipids beta-oxidation to synthesize compounds which are used in carbohydrate synthesis. The Malate synthase (MLS) and Isocitrate lyase (ICL) enzyme of this cycle are unique and essential in regulating the biosynthesis of carbohydrates. Because of the absence of decarboxylation steps as rate-limiting steps, detailed studies of molecular phylogeny and evolution of these proteins enables the elucidation of the effects of this route presence in the evolutionary processes involved in their distribution across the genome from different plant species. Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish a relationship between the molecular evolution of the characteristics of enzymes from the glyoxylate cycle (isocitrate lyase and malate synthase) and their molecular phylogeny, among green plants (Viridiplantae). For this, amino acid and nucleotide sequences were used, from online repositories as UniProt and Genbank. Sequences were aligned and then subjected to an analysis of the best-fit substitution models. The phylogeny was rebuilt by distance methods (neighbor-joining) and discrete methods (maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and Bayesian analysis). The identification of structural patterns in the evolution of the enzymes was made through homology modeling and structure prediction from protein sequences. Based on comparative analyzes of in silico models and from the results of phylogenetic inferences, both enzymes show significant structure conservation and their topologies in agreement with two processes of selection and specialization of the genes. Thus, confirming the relevance of new studies to elucidate the plant metabolism from an evolutionary perspective

Caracterização de um homólogo de HINT1 em cana-de-açúcar encontrado em bibliotecas subtrativas de CDNA para floração

The sugarcane is a monocot plant grown in tropical and subtropical regions, with Brazil being the largest producer. Despite its economic importance, little is known about the molecular flowering process in sugarcane. This physiological process can promote a loss up to 60% in sugar or bioethanol. Thus, this work had as objective characterize a HINT1 homologous gene previously identified in subtractive libraries of flowering. Genomic analysis of gene and promoter region structure allowed the observation that there are at least two distinct genes homologous to HINT on sugarcane. Bioinformatics analyses showed the conservation of the characteristic protein domain of HIT superfamily and indicate a phylogenetic relationship associated to cell location. Moreover, a possible relation with the SBTILISIN-like protein family through the information available in interatomas was observed. This suggests that the HINT gene of sugarcane can be related to plant development, there are several possibilities of interactions in the regulation of floral induction process, because the sequences present in regulatory regions indicate that differential expression of HINT was related to with climatic factors in the Northeast region of Brazil as well as to biotic stress and phytohormones. Furthermore, the sugarcane phenotypes indicate that the influence of HINT may happen due to product accumulation of its enzymatic activity. For these characteristics this gene can be used as a marker in the selection of new varieties.

Epidemiologia e caracterização molecular dos vírus Dengue circulantes no Rio Grande do Norte, 2013-2014

Dengue is an acute infectious disease, usually transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. The etiologic agents belong to the family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus, and occur as four antigenically related but distinct serotypes designated DENV-1, 2, 3, and 4. In Brazil, the disease represents a national public health problem. The purpose of the present study was to describe epidemiological aspects of dengue in the State of Rio Grande do Norte, from 2013 to 2014. A total of 483 blood or serum samples, collected from January 2013 to December 2014, were studied by RT-PCR for viral detection and typing. The infection was confirmed in 36.44% (176/483) of the cases studied. This study detected the circulation of three serotypes of dengue virus in Rio Grande do Norte, DENV-1, 2, and 4. The predominant serotype in 2013-2014 was the DENV-4, representing 83.51% (81/97) and 68.35% (54/79) of the positive cases, respectively. Regarding the spatial distribution, most of the cases occurred in Natal and Caicó, with 9.28% (9/97) and 18.99% (15/79), respectively. The months with the biggest viral circulation in RN were March 2013 and May 2014. The female gender was the most affected, representing 69.07% (67/97) in 2013 and 54.43% (43/79) in 2014. The most affected age groups were 21-30 years (2013) and 11-20 years (2014) with 25.77% (25/97) and 20.25% (16/79) positive cases, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that genotype V (DENV-1) and genotype II (DENV-4) circulated in the State. Our results provide information about the dynamics of DENV in the Rio Grande do Norte, important for the development of disease control strategies.

Descrição de novas espécies de Entomobryoidea, Womersley, 1934 (Collembola, Hexapoda) em remanescentes urbanos de mata atlântica no Estado do Rio Grande do Norte

Springtails are commonly recognized microarthropods edaphic environments. Among the most common (and most visible) forms of these animals are the Entomobryoidea, one of the most diverse groups of springtails. Although more than 8,300 species of Collembola are registered on the globe, in Brazil a little over 310 species are recorded, mostly in the Southeast. In the Northeast, particularly in Rio Grande do Norte, these records are still reduced, even in the Atlantic Forest domain for this admittedly diverse fauna and specifically, for Entomobryoidea. This study aimed to describe new species of Entomobryoidea in urban remnants of Atlantic Forest in Rio Grande do Norte, specifically in Parque das Dunas, Natal in the Environmental Protection Area Genipabu, Extremoz. The collections were made in the months July and August 2012 and January and February 2013, using entomological vacuums and plastic trays. The specimens were identified in the laboratory and described in detail by looking at the literature. In this paper four new species were described Entomobryidae family: Entomobrya sp. nov. 1, Seira sp. nov. 1, Seira sp. nov. 2 and Trogolaphysa sp. nov. 1. Seira sp. nov. 1 has clear similarities to S. paraibensis, however the chaetotaxy of the mesothorax and abdomen IV distinguishes both species. The number of phylogenetic proximity suggests similarities between species. Seira sp. nov. 2 is characterized by its chaetotaxy, mainly in the 'M' head and his mesothorax. There is possibility of a phylogenetic relationship with S. praiana and S. Potiguara due to some similarities. Entomobrya sp. nov. 1 has little resemblance to Brazilian species, from the point of view of color, however there is for the latter detailing the dorsal chaetotaxy, which might obscure evolutionary relationships of proximity. Even so, the main diagnostic feature Entomobrya sp. nov. 1 compared to other species of the genus is the complexity of the chaetotaxy of the fifth abdominal segment. Descriptions of new species of Collembola, potentially endemic to their habitats of occurrence may help to understand the morphological and evolutionary patterns in the sampled taxa, as well as the preservation of the environments in which they were found.

Organização nuclear do sistema serotonérgico no encéfalo de morcegos Artibeus planirostris

Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a substance found in many tissues of the body, including the nervous system acting as a neurotransmitter. Within the neuro-axis, the location of the majority of the 5-HT neurons is superimposed with raphe nuclei of the brain stem, in the median line or its vicinity, so that neuronal 5-HT can be considered a marker of the raphe nuclei. Serotonergic neurons are projected to almost all areas of the brain. Studies show the participation of serotonin in regulating the temperature, feeding behavior, sexual behavior, biological rhythms, sleep, locomotor function, learning, among others. The anatomy of these groups has been revised in many species, including mouse, rabbit, cat and primates, but never before in a bat species from South America. This study aimed to characterize the serotonergic clusters in the brain of the bat Artibeus planirostris through immunohistochemistry for serotonin. Seven adult bat males of Artibeus planirostris species (Microchiroptera, Mammalia) were used in this study. The animals were anesthetized, transcardially perfused and their brains were removed. Coronal sections of the frozen brain of bats were obtained in sliding microtome and subjected to immunohistochemistry for 5-HT. Delimit the caudal linear (CLi), dorsal (DR), median (MnR), paramedian (PMnR), pontine (PNR), magnus (MgR), pallidus (RPA) and obscurus (ROb) raphe nucleus, in addition to the groups B9 and rostral and caudal ventrolateral (RVL/CVL). The serotonergic groups of this kind of cheiroptera present morphology and cytoarchitecture relatively similar to that described in rodents and primates, confirming the phylogenetic stability of these cell clusters.

Caracterização de genes de reparo de DNA em cana-de-açúcar

Sugarcane is an important culture for Brazil that holds almost half of all worldwide productivity. Plants face many challenges, because of biotic and abiotic stresses presents in the production field, which could prevent plants from reaching their genetic potential. As consequence, those stresses can generate Reactive Oxygen Species – ROS – that can cause damages on DNA. Another consequence of stress is the early-flowering process, which contributes for a reduction on yield. In this context, the aim of this work is to characterize ScMUTM1 and ScMUTM2, two DNA glycosylases belonging to base excision repair pathway; and identify genes potentially related to stress and DNA repair in two sugarcane cultivars with contrasting flowering phenotypes. The characterization of the DNA glycosylases included the construction of vector to over express the recombinant proteins ScMUTM1 and ScMUTM2; they will be used in a near future to purification of these proteins and use in enzymatic assays. It was also made a phylogenetic reconstruction of this gene in plants and analysis of its promoter. With the phylogenetic analysis, it is possible to observe the presence of these genes grouped inside a branch with monocots and another one with dicots. This suggests that the duplication of this gene probably occurred after the separation of these two groups. The analysis of the promotor of MUTM shows of the presence of stress-related regulatory motifs at ScMUTM2 promoter, when compared with ScMUTM1. This may suggests that ScMUTM1 might be suffering sub functionalization process. After the analysis of microarrays data, it is observed an up-regulation from some stress-related genes in one of the conditions analyzed, related to early flowering process.

Caracterização de genes de reparo de DNA em cana-de-açúcar

Sugarcane is an important culture for Brazil that holds almost half of all worldwide productivity. Plants face many challenges, because of biotic and abiotic stresses presents in the production field, which could prevent plants from reaching their genetic potential. As consequence, those stresses can generate Reactive Oxygen Species – ROS – that can cause damages on DNA. Another consequence of stress is the early-flowering process, which contributes for a reduction on yield. In this context, the aim of this work is to characterize ScMUTM1 and ScMUTM2, two DNA glycosylases belonging to base excision repair pathway; and identify genes potentially related to stress and DNA repair in two sugarcane cultivars with contrasting flowering phenotypes. The characterization of the DNA glycosylases included the construction of vector to over express the recombinant proteins ScMUTM1 and ScMUTM2; they will be used in a near future to purification of these proteins and use in enzymatic assays. It was also made a phylogenetic reconstruction of this gene in plants and analysis of its promoter. With the phylogenetic analysis, it is possible to observe the presence of these genes grouped inside a branch with monocots and another one with dicots. This suggests that the duplication of this gene probably occurred after the separation of these two groups. The analysis of the promotor of MUTM shows of the presence of stress-related regulatory motifs at ScMUTM2 promoter, when compared with ScMUTM1. This may suggests that ScMUTM1 might be suffering sub functionalization process. After the analysis of microarrays data, it is observed an up-regulation from some stress-related genes in one of the conditions analyzed, related to early flowering process.

Características de virulência, resistência e diversidade genética de sorovares de Salmonella com impacto na saúde pública, isolados de frangos de corte no Brasil /

Salmonella Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium and S. Infantis are often associated with cases of human infections worldwide and is transmitted through consumption of contaminated food, particularly those of animal origin, especially chicken meat. This thesis was fractionated into three chapters, the first one relating to general considerations about the topics discussed in the following chapters. The second chapter aimed to evaluate virulence characteristics, antimicrobial resistance and the genetic similarity of 51 strains of S. Infantis isolated in samples of poultry origin from an industry located in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, during the 2009 to 2010 period. The third chapter aimed to analyze 111 strains of S. Enteritidis, 45 of Salmonella Typhimurium and 31 of Salmonella Typhimurium monophasic variant I 4, [5], 12:i:- isolated from chicken carcasses in different brazilian slaughterhouses from 2009 to 2011, and to estimate the risk to human health, based on the presence of virulence genes and antimicrobial resistance, correlating to the pathogenicity profiles (antimicrobial resistance and presence of virulence and resistance genes) with the genetic profile (ribogroup) of the isolates. To evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility was performed the disk diffusion test for all serotypes of Salmonella, and exclusively to S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium, was also verified the minimum inhibitory concentration for ciprofloxacin and ceftazidime antibiotics. The presence of virulence genes invA (invasion), lpfA (fimbriae-adhesion), agfA (fimbriae-biofilm) and sefA (fimbriae-adhesion) were evaluated by PCR. The strains that showed resistance to antibiotics of β-lactams class were evaluated for the presence of resistance genes blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX-M and blaAmpC. For resistant strains to quinolones and fluoroquinolones antibiotics classes were searched the qnrA and qnrS genes. The phylogenetic relationship among the isolates was determined by RAPD method for S. Infantis strains, and by ribotyping technique to S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium.

Sources of antibiotic resistance in the environment

The discovery of antibiotics was a major breakthrough in medicine. However, short after their introduction in clinical practice resistant bacteria were detected. Nowadays, antibiotic resistance constitutes a serious public health problem. In hospital settings, with high resistance levels, reducing drastically the therapeutic options. Carbapenems are last-resort antibiotics used in Portugal, only in hospitals, to treat serious infections. Bacterial resistance towards this class of antibiotics has increased during last years. In Gram-negative bacteria the production of carbapenemases is a common resistance mechanism. OXA-48 is a carbapenemase of Ambler class D and represents a major concern for human health. It is frequently detected in clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae. There are few studies suggesting that genes encoding for OXA-48 variants originated from genes present in the chromosome of members of genus Shewanella, and have disseminated to Enterobacteriaceae members, associated with mobile genetic elements. The aim of this study was to characterize strains from different sources of Shewanella to confirm its role as OXA-48 progenitor. For this, the phylogenetic affiliation of 33 strains of Shewanella was performed by 16SrDNA and gyrB sequencing. The most common species were S. hafniensis and S. xiamenensis, but also S. aestuarii, S. baltica, S. indica, S. haliotis, S. putrefaciens, S. algidipiscicola, S. irciniae, S. algae and S. fodinae were identified. blaOXA-48-like genes were detected in 21 isolates: S. hafniensis (8/8), S. xiamenensis (5/5), S. baltica (4/4), S. algae (1/1), S. fodinae (1/1), S. putrefaciens (1/2) and S. algidipiscicola (1/2). Sequence analysis revealed that genes encoded enzymes identical to OXA-48, OXA-181 and OXA-204 but also new variants differing from OXA-48 from 2 to 81 aminoacids. Genetic context analysis revealed the C15 gene upstream and lysR gene downstream, identical to what has been identified so far flanking blaOXA-48-like genes in Shewanella spp. The assessment of antibiotic susceptibility was performed for all isolates using the disk diffusion method. In general, it was observed a great sensitivity for all antibiotics except to amoxicillin and aztreonam. Multidrug resistance was detected in only 1 isolate. Other resistance genes and the presence of integrons were not identified. Plasmids were detected in 30.3% isolates (10/ 33). These results reinforce the role of Shewanella spp. as origin of blaOXA-48-like genes.

Bioinformatics analysis of the Pedobacter sp. NL19 genome

The last decades of the 20th century defined the genetic engineering advent, climaxing in the development of techniques, such as PCR and Sanger sequencing. This, permitted the appearance of new techniques to sequencing whole genomes, identified as next-generation sequencing. One of the many applications of these techniques is the in silico search for new secondary metabolites, synthesized by microorganisms exhibiting antimicrobial properties. The peptide antibiotics compounds can be classified in two classes, according to their biosynthesis, in ribosomal or nonribosomal peptides. Lanthipeptides are the most studied ribosomal peptides and are characterized by the presence of lanthionine and methylanthionine that result from posttranslational modifications. Lanthipeptides are divided in four classes, depending on their biosynthetic machinery. In class I, a LanB enzyme dehydrate serine and threonine residues in the C-terminus precursor peptide. Then, these residues undergo a cyclization step performed by a LanC enzyme, forming the lanthionine rings. The cleavage and the transport of the peptide is achieved by the LanP and LanT enzymes, respectively. Although, in class II only one enzyme, LanM, is responsible for the dehydration and cyclization steps and also only one enzyme performs the cleavage and transport, LanT. Pedobacter sp. NL19 is a Gram-negative bacterium, isolated from sludge of an abandon uranium mine, in Viseu (Portugal). Antibacterial activity in vitro was detected against several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Sequencing and in silico analysis of NL19 genome revealed the presence of 21 biosynthetic clusters for secondary metabolites, including nonribosomal and ribosomal peptides biosynthetic clusters. Four lanthipeptides clusters were predicted, comprising the precursor peptides, the modifying enzymes (LanB and LanC), and also a bifunctional LanT. This result revealed the hybrid nature of the clusters, comprising characteristics from two distinct classes, which are poorly described in literature. The phylogenetic analysis of their enzymes showed that they clustered within the bacteroidetes clade. Furthermore, hybrid gene clusters were also found in other species of this phylum, revealing that it is a common characteristic in this group. Finally, the analysis of NL19 colonies by MALDI-TOF MS allowed the identification of a 3180 Da mass that corresponds to the predicted mass of a lanthipeptide encoded in one of the clusters. However, this result is not fully conclusive and further experiments are needed to understand the full potential of the compounds encoded in this type of clusters. In conclusion, it was determined that NL19 strain has the potential to produce diverse secondary metabolites, including lanthipeptides that were not functionally characterized so far.

Sistematic, population genetics, propagation and conservation of Prunus azorica (Rosaceae)

Tese de Doutoramento, Biologia (Ecologia Vegetal), 25 de Junho de 2013, Universidade dos Açores.