Mobilisation of enterocyte fat stores by oral glucose in humans

Background and aims: When a high fat oral load is followed several hours later by further ingestion of nutrients, there is an early postprandial peak in plasma triacylglycerol (TG). The aim of this study was to investigate the location and release of lipid from within the gastrointestinal tract. Methods: Ten healthy patients undergoing oesopho-gastro-duodenoscopy (OGD) were recruited. At t=0, all patients consumed a 50 g fat emulsion and at t=5 hours they consumed either water or a 38 g glucose solution. OGD was performed at t=6 hours and jejunal biopsy samples were evaluated for fat storage. A subgroup of five subjects then underwent a parallel metabolic study in which postprandial lipid and hormone measurements were taken during an identical two meal protocol. Results: Following oral fat at t=0, samples from patients that had subsequently ingested glucose exhibited significantly less staining for lipid within the mucosa and submucosa of the jejunum than was evident in patients that had consumed only water (p=0.028). There was also less lipid storage within the cytoplasm of enterocytes (p=0.005) following oral glucose. During the metabolic study, oral glucose consumed five hours after oral fat resulted in a postprandial peak in plasma TG, chylomicron-TG, and apolipoprotein B48 concentration compared with oral water. Conclusion: After a fat load, fat is retained within the jejunal tissue and released into plasma following glucose ingestion, resulting in a peak in chylomicron-TG which has been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.

Mutation of toxB and a truncated version of the efa-1 gene in Escherichia coli O157 : H7 influences the expression and secretion of locus of enterocyte effacement-encoded proteins but not intestinal colonization in calves or sheep

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) strains comprise a broad group of bacteria, some of which cause attaching and effacing (AE) lesions and enteritis in humans and animals. Non-O157:H7 EHEC strains contain the gene efa-1 (referred to in previous publications as efa1), which influences adherence to cultured epithelial cells. An almost identical gene in enteropathogenic E. coli (lifA) mediates the inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation and proinflammatory cytokine synthesis. We have shown previously that significantly lower numbers of EHEC 05 and 0111 efa-1 mutants are shed in feces following experimental infection in calves and that these mutants exhibit reduced adherence to intestinal epithelia compared with isogenic wild-type strains. E. coli O157:H7 strains lack efa-1 but encode a homolog on the pO157 plasmid (toxB/l7095) and contain a truncated version of the efa-1 gene (efa-1'/z4332 in O island 122 of the EDL933 chromosome). Here we report that E. coli O157:H7 toxB and efa-1' single and double mutants exhibit reduced adherence to cultured epithelial cells and show reduced expression and secretion of proteins encoded by the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE), which plays a key role in the host-cell interactions of EHEC. The activity of LEE1, LEE4, and LEE5 promoters was not significantly altered in E. coli O157:H7 strains harboring toxB or efa-1' mutations, indicating that the effect on the expression of LEE-encoded secreted proteins occurs at a posttranscriptional level. Despite affecting type III secretion, mutation of toxB and efa-1' did not significantly affect the course of fecal shedding of E. coli O157:H7 following experimental inoculation of 10- to 14-day-old calves or 6-week-old sheep. Mutation of tir caused a significant reduction in fecal shedding of E. coli O157:H7 in calves, indicating that the formation of AE lesions is important for colonization of the bovine intestine.

Characterization of two non-locus of enterocyte effacement-encoded type III-translocated effectors, NleC and NleD, in attaching and effacing pathogens

Intestinal colonization by enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli requires the locus of enterocyte effacement-encoded type III secretion system. We report that NleC and NleD are translocated into host cells via this system. Deletion mutants induced attaching and effacing lesions in vitro, while infection of calves or lambs showed that neither gene was required for colonization.

Active genetic elements present in the locus of enterocyte effacement in Escherichia coli O26 and their role in mobility

The locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) is a large multigene chromosomal segment encoding gene products responsible for the generation of attaching and effacing lesions in many diarrheagenic Escherichia coli strains. A recently sequenced LEE harboring a pathogenicity island (PAI) from a Shiga toxin E. coli serotype 026 strain revealed a LEE PAI (designated LEE 026) almost identical to that obtained from a rabbit-specific enteropathogenic 015:H- strain. LEE 026 comprises 59,540 bp and is inserted at 94 min within the mature pheU tRNA locus. The LEE 026 PAI is flanked by two direct repeats of 137 and 136 bp (DR1 and DR2), as well as a gene encoding an integrase belonging to the P4 integrase family. We examined LEE 026 for horizontal gene transfer. By generating mini-LEE plasmids harboring only DR1 or DR2 with or without the integrase-like gene, we devised a simple assay to examine recombination processes between these sequences. Recombination was shown to be integrase dependent in a Delta recA E. coli K-12 strain background. Recombinant plasmids harboring a single direct repeat cloned either with or without the LEE 026 integrase gene were found to insert within the chromosomal pheU locus of E. coli K-12 strains with equal efficiency, suggesting that an endogenous P4-like integrase can substitute for this activity. An integrase with strong homology to the LEE 026 integrase was detected on the K-12 chromosome associated with the leuX tRNA locus at 97 min. Strains deleted for this integrase demonstrated a reduction in the insertion frequency of plasmids harboring only the DR into the pheU locus. These results provide strong evidence that LEE-harboring elements are indeed mobile and suggest that closely related integrases present on the chromosome of E. coli strains contribute to the dynamics of PAI mobility.

Activator Protein-1 and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Interplay : In Vivo & In Vitro Studies

Critical cellular decisions such as should the cell proliferate, migrate or differentiate, are regulated by stimulatory signals from the extracellular environment, like growth factors. These signals are transformed to cellular responses through their binding to specific receptors present at the surface of the recipient cell. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R/ErbB) pathway plays key roles in governing these signals to intracellular events and cell-to-cell communication. The EGF-R forms a signaling network that participates in the specification of cell fate and coordinates cell proliferation. Ligand binding triggers receptor dimerization leading to the recruitment of kinases and adaptor proteins. This step simultaneously initiates multiple signal transduction pathways, which result in activation of transcription factors and other target proteins, leading to cellular alterations. It is known that mutations of EGF-R or in the components of these pathways, such as Ras and Raf, are commonly involved in human cancer. The four best characterized signaling pathways induced by EGF-R are the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades (MAPKs), the lipid kinase phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K), a group of transcription factors called Signal Transducers and Activator of Transcription (STAT), and the phospholipase Cγ; (PLCγ) pathways. The activation of each cascade culminates in kinase translocation to the nucleus to stimulate various transcription factors including activator protein 1 (AP-1). AP-1 family proteins are basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors that are implicated in the regulation of a variety of cellular processes (proliferation and survival, growth, differentiation, apoptosis, cell migration, transformation). Therefore, the regulation of AP-1 activity is critical for the decision of cell fate and their deregulated expression is widely associated with many types of cancers, such as breast and prostate cancers. The aims of this study were to characterize the roles of EGF-R signaling during normal development and malignant growth in vitro and in vivo using different cell lines and tissue samples. We show here that EGF-R regulates cell proliferation but is also required for regulation of AP-1 target gene expression in fibroblasts in a MAP-kinase mediated manner. Furthermore, EGF-R signaling is essential for enterocyte proliferation and migration during intestinal maturation. EGF-R signaling network, especially PI3-K-Akt pathway mediated AP-1 activity is involved in cellular survival in response to ionizing radiation. Taken together, these results elucidate the connection of EGF-R and AP-1 in various cellular contexts and show their importance in the regulation of cellular behaviour presenting new treatment cues for intestinal perforations and cancer therapy.

Non-neutral evolution in non-LEE-encoded type III effectors of attaching and effacing Escherichia coli

Attaching and effacing Escherichia coli (AEEC) employ type III secretion system (T3SS) to secrete effector proteins into host cells and regulate their function. Here we have investigated T3SS genes of AEEC for non-neutral evolution. Our analysis revealed non-neutral evolution in three genes (nleE1, nleB2 and nleD) which encode effector proteins. These genes are located outside the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE). In general, non-LEE effector genes show greater deviation from neutral evolution than LEE effector genes. These results suggest that effector genes located outside LEE are under greater selection pressure than those present in LEE. (C) 2012 Institut Pasteur. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Co-ordination of pathogenicity island expression by the BipA GTPase in enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC).

BipA is a novel member of the ribosome binding GTPase superfamily and is widely distributed in bacteria and plants. We report here that it regulates -multiple cell surface- and virulence-associated -components in the enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) strain E2348/69. The regulated components include bacterial flagella, the espC pathogenicity island and a type III secretion system specified by the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE). BipA positively regulated the espC and LEE gene clusters through transcriptional control of the LEE-encoded regulator, Ler. Additionally, it affected the pattern of proteolysis of intimin, a key LEE-encoded adhesin specified by the LEE. BipA control of the LEE operated independently of the previously characterized regulators Per, integration host factor and H-NS. In contrast, it negatively regulated the flagella-mediated motility of EPEC and in a Ler-independent manner. Our results indicate that the BipA GTPase functions high up in diverse regulatory cascades to co-ordinate the expression of key pathogenicity islands and other virulence-associated factors in E. coli.

Avaliação da interação de Escherichia coli enterohemorrágica (EHEC) pertencente ao sorotipo O157: H7 isoladas de bovinos assintomáticos e de doença humana com células enterocíticas humanas (linhagem Caco-2)

Reconhecida como agente de doença humana em 1982, E.coli enterohemorrágica (EHEC) pode causar diarréia sanguinolenta, colite hemorrágica e síndrome hemolítica urêmica (SHU). EHEC constitui um subgrupo especialmente virulento das E.coli produtoras de toxina de Shiga (Stx). O fator crítico da sua virulência é a toxina Shiga, capaz de interromper a síntese proteica da célula eucariótica. São conhecidos dois subgrupos de Stx, Stx1 e Stx2. Stx1 possui duas variantes Stx1c e Stx1d. Stx2 possui muitas variantes. Estudos epidemiológicos sugerem que cepas com os perfis toxigênicos Stx2 ou Stx2/Stx2c seriam mais frequentemente associadas a pacientes com SHU. Além da expressão de Stx, EHEC do sorotipo O157:H7 colonizam a mucosa intestinal induzindo a formação de lesões denominadas attaching/effacing (A/E). Para a produção da lesão A/E, é necessária a presença de uma ilha de patogenicidade cromossômica denominada LEE, composta por cinco operons, LEE 1 a LEE5. Em LEE 5 são codificadas a adesina intimina e o seu receptor Tir, o qual é translocado por um sistema de secreção tipo III (SSTT) e em LEE 4 são codificadas as proteínas secretadas EspA,B e D. Em EHEC O157:H7 são descritos muitos fatores de virulência, codificados em ilhas de patogenicidade, no cromossomo e no megaplasmídio pO157. Bovinos são o principal reservatório deste patógeno e alimentos de origem bovina e produtos contaminados com fezes de bovinos são causadores de surtos epidêmicos. Em nosso país EHEC O157:H7 é isolada do reservatório animal mas é muito rara a sua ocorrência em doença humana. Notamos que nas cepas bovinas predomina Stx2c, enquanto nas cepas humanas predomina o perfil toxigenico Stx2/Stx2c. Quanto a interação com enterocitos humanos cultivados in vitro (linhagem Caco-2), verificamos que tanto cepas bovinas quanto humanas mostram idêntica capacidade de invadir e persistir no compartimento intracelular das células Caco-2. No entanto, em comparação com as cepas humanas, as cepas bovinas mostram uma reduzida capacidade de produzir lesões A/E. Empregamos qPCR para aferir a transcrição de três diferentes locus (eae, espA e tir) situados nos operons LEE4 e LEE5 de cepas bovinas e humanas, durante a infecção de células Caco-2. Verificamos diferenças na expressão dos genes, especialmente espA, entre cepas bovinas e humanas com maior expressão para estas ultimas, em linha com os achados dos testes FAS. Através de clonagem e expressão de proteínas recombinantes, purificamos as proteínas Eae, EspA e Tir e obtivemos anticorpos específicos, empregados para acompanhar a sua expressão ao longo da infecção de células Caco-2, por imunofluorescencia. Verificamos que as três proteínas são detectadas tanto em cepas bovinas quanto humanas, mas nestas ultimas, a marcação é precoce e torna-se mais intensa com o avanço da infecção. Nossos resultados indicam que cepas EHEC O157:H7 isoladas do reservatório bovino em nosso país apresentam diferenças importantes em relação ao perfil toxigenico e a capacidade de indução de lesões A/E, características apontadas na literatura como relevantes para a virulência do micro-organismo. Por outro lado, nossos achados quanto a capacidade de invadir e multiplicar-se no interior de enterócitos pode explicar a persistência do patógeno no reservatório animal e a sua capacidade de transmissão horizontal.

Ligand binding and signalling pathways of PTH receptors in sea bream (Sparus auratus) enterocytes

Whole animal studies have indicated that Ca2+ uptake by the gastrointestinal tract is regulated by the action of parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) in teleost fish. We have characterised PTH receptors (PTHR) in piscine enterocytes and established, by using aminoterminal PTHrP peptides, the amino acid residues important for receptor activation and for stabilising the ligand/receptor complex. Ligand binding of 125I-(1–35tyr) PTHrP to the membrane fraction of isolated sea bream enterocytes revealed the existence of a single saturable high-affinity receptor (KD=2.59 nM; Bmax=71 fmol/mg protein). Reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction with specific primers for sea bream PTH1R and PTH3R confirmed the mRNA expression of only the later receptor. Fugu (1–34) PTHrP increased cAMP levels in enterocytes but had no effect on total inositol phosphate accumulation. The aminoterminal peptides (2–34)PTHrP, (3–34)PTHrP and (7–34) PTHrP bound efficiently to the receptor but were severely defective in stimulating cAMP in enterocyte cells indicating that the first six residues of piscine (1–34)PTHrP, although not important for receptor binding, are essential for activation of the adenylate cyclase/phosphokinase A (AC-PKA)-receptor-coupled intracellular signalling pathway. Therefore, PTHrP in teleosts acts on the gastrointestinal tract through PTH3R and the AC-PKA intracellular signalling pathway and might regulate Ca2+ uptake at this site. Ligand-receptor binding and activity throughout the vertebrates appears to be allocated to the same amino acid residues of the amino-terminal domain of the PTHrP molecule.

Régulation de la proprotéine convertase subtilisine / kexine type 9 (PCSK9) dans les cellules intestinales Caco-2/15

La proprotéine convertase subtilisine/kexine type 9 (PCSK9) favorise la dégradation post-transcriptionnelle du récepteur des lipoprotéines de faible densité (LDLr) dans les hépatocytes et augmente le LDL-cholestérol dans le plasma. Cependant, il n’est pas clair si la PCSK9 joue un rôle dans l’intestin. Dans cette étude, nous caractérisons les variations de la PCSK9 et du LDLr dans les cellules Caco-2/15 différentiées en fonction d’une variété d’effecteurs potentiels. Le cholestérol (100 µM) lié à l’albumine ou présenté en micelles a réduit de façon significative l’expression génique (30%, p<0,05) et l’expression protéique (50%, p<0,05) de la PCSK9. Étonnamment, une diminution similaire dans le LDLr protéique a été enregistrée (45%, p<0,05). Les cellules traitées avec le 25-hydroxycholestérol (50 µM) présentent également des réductions significatives dans l’ARNm (37%, p<0,01) et la protéine (75%, p<0,001) de la PCSK9. Une baisse des expressions génique (30%, p<0,05) et protéique (57%, p<0,01) a également été constatée dans le LDLr. Des diminutions ont aussi été observées pour la HMG CoA réductase et la protéine liant l’élément de réponse aux stérols SREBP-2. Il a été démontré que le SREBP-2 peut activer transcriptionnellement la PCSK9 par le biais de la liaison de SREBP-2 à son élément de réponse aux stérols situé dans la région proximale du promoteur de la PCSK9. Inversement, la déplétion du contenu cellulaire en cholestérol par l’hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrine a augmenté l’expression génique de la PCSK9 (20%, p<0,05) et son contenu protéique (540%, p<0,001), en parallèle avec les niveaux protéiques de SREBP-2. L’ajout des acides biliaires taurocholate et déoxycholate dans le milieu apical des cellules intestinales Caco-2/15 a provoqué une baisse d’expression génique (30%, p<0,01) et une hausse d’expression protéique (43%, p<0,01) de la PCSK9 respectivement, probablement via la modulation du FXR (farnesoid X receptor). Ces données combinées semblent donc indiquer que la PCSK9 fonctionne comme un senseur de stérols dans le petit intestin.

Statut des transporteurs du cholestérol au niveau de l'intestin et du foie dans le diabète de type 2

La résistance à l’insuline et le diabète de type 2 (DT2) sont caractérisés par une hyperlipidémie. Le but de cette étude est de déterminer si le DT2 contribue au dérèglement du métabolisme du cholestérol au niveau du petit intestin et du foie du Psammomys obesus, un modèle animal nutritionnel d’induction de la résistance à l’insuline et du DT2. L’absorption intestinale du cholestérol est diminuée chez les animaux diabétiques. Cette diminution est associée à une baisse (i) de l’expression génique et protéique de NPC1-L1 qui joue un rôle primordial dans l’absorption du cholestérol au niveau des entérocytes; et (ii) de l’ARNm de l’ABCA1 responsable de l’efflux de cholestérol des cellules intestinales à l’apolipoprotéine A-I et aux HDLs. En ce qui a trait aux transporteurs SR-B1 et Annexin II, aucune différence n’a été observée au niveau intestinal. Toutefois, une diminution significative de l’expression génique de l’ABCG5, un intervenant majeur dans la sécrétion du cholestérol des entérocytes vers la lumière intestinale, est mesurée chez les animaux diabétiques. De plus, l’expression protéique est diminuée pour le PCSK9 et augmentée pour le LDLr au niveau du jéjunum, tandis que la quantité de protéine de l’enzyme HMG-CoA réductase est régulée à la baisse chez les Psammomys obesus diabétiques. Finalement, de tous les facteurs de transcription testés seule une augmentation de LXR et une diminution de PPAR/δ sont détectées au niveau de l’intestin. Au niveau hépatique, il y a (i) une augmentation de la masse protéique de NPC1-L1, SR-BI et Annexin II; (ii) une élévation l’ARNm de SR-BI; (iii) une diminution du contenu protéique de ABCG8 et de l’expression génique de l’ABCG5 et de l’ABCA1; et (iv) une élévation de l’ARNm de LXR et de PPAR/δ, tout comme une baisse de l’expression protéique de SREBP-2. Somme toute, nos résultats montrent que le développement du diabète de type 2 chez le Psammomys obesus entraîne un changement dans la machinerie intra-entérocytaire et hépatocytaire, qui mène à un dérèglement de l’homéostasie du cholestérol.

Validation et conditionnement d'un test PAMPA amélioré pour l'évaluation de la perméabilité membranaire de médicaments.

Les tests PAMPA et les tests Caco-2 sont des essais in vitro de l’évaluation de la perméabilité intestinale des médicaments. Ils sont réalisés lors de la phase de découverte du médicament. Les tests PAMPA ne sont pas biologiquement représentatifs de la paroi intestinale, mais ils sont rapides et peu coûteux. Les tests Caco-2 nécessitent plus de 21 jours pour la culture cellulaire et des installations spécifiques sont requises. Ils sont constitués d’une monocouche d’entérocytes à confluence et donc plus biologiquement représentatifs. Il y a un besoin pour le développement d’un essai qui est biologiquement représentatif de la membrane intestinale humaine, rapide et peu coûteux. Le premier but de ce projet était de développer une méthode analytique qui permettrait l’évaluation simultanée de huit médicaments témoins utilisés pour la validation de l’essai de perméabilité. Le deuxième but de ce projet était donc d’améliorer la membrane des tests PAMPA pour proposer un nouveau test : le néoPAMPA. Contrairement au test PAMPA traditionnel, cette membrane est constituée de trois composantes : (1) un filtre poreux qui agit à titre de support, (2) un coussin polydopamine chargé négativement qui sert d’ancrage et qui assure la fluidité de la bicouche et (3) une bicouche lipidique formée par fusion de vésicules. Une méthode analytique HPLC-MS/MS a été validée selon les spécifications de la FDA et de la EMA. Cette méthode a permis de quantifier simultanément les huit médicaments standards utilisés pour le test néoPAMPA. Le test PAMPA traditionnel a été mis en place à titre d’essai control. Les coefficients de perméabilité mesurés pour les huit médicaments au travers de la membrane PAMPA comparaient favorablement aux résultats de la littérature. Les composantes de la membrane néoPAMPA ont été optimisées. Les conditions optimales retenues étaient les filtres de polycarbonate hydrophile ayant des pores de 15 nm, les plaques Costar 12 puits comme dispositif des tests de perméabilité, une bicouche lipidique composée de 70 % DOPC et de 30 % cholestérol cationique ainsi qu’une déposition des liposomes en présence de 150 mM NaCl suivi d’un équilibre d’1 h en présence d’une solution saturée en DOPC. Les stabilités de la cassette de médicaments et des liposomes sont insuffisantes pour le conditionnement commercial des membranes néoPAMPA. Les différentes optimisations réalisées ont permis d’améliorer la membrane néoPAMPA sans toutefois la rendre fonctionnelle. La membrane néoPAMPA n’est toujours pas en mesure de discriminer des molécules en fonction de leur perméabilité attendue.

Influence du microbiote intestinal sur le métabolisme et la virulence des Escherichia coli entérohémorragiques

Les Escherichia coli entérohémorragiques (EHEC) représentent un problème majeur de santé publique dans les pays développés. Les EHEC sont régulièrement responsables de toxi-infections alimentaires graves chez l’humain et causent des colites hémorragiques et le symptôme hémolytique et urémique, mortel chez les enfants en bas âge. Les EHEC les plus virulents appartiennent au sérotype O157:H7 et le bovin constitue leur réservoir naturel. À ce jour il n’existe aucun traitement pour éviter l’apparition des symptômes liés à une infection à EHEC. Par conséquent, il est important d’augmenter nos connaissances sur les mécanismes employés par le pathogène pour réguler sa virulence et coloniser efficacement la niche intestinale. Dans un premier temps, l’adaptation de la souche EHEC O157:H7 EDL933 à l’activité métabolique du microbiote intestinal a été étudiée au niveau transcriptionnel. Pour se faire, EDL933 a été cultivée dans les contenus caecaux de rats axéniques (milieu GFC) et dans ceux provenant de rats colonisés par le microbiote intestinal humain (milieu HMC). Le HMC est un milieu cécal conditionné in vivo par le microbiote. Dans le HMC par rapport au GFC, EDL933 change drastiquement de profile métabolique en réponse à l’activité du microbiote et cela se traduit par une diminution de l’expression des voies de la glycolyse et une activation des voies de l’anaplérose (voies métaboliques dont le rôle est d’approvisionner le cycle TCA en intermédiaires métaboliques). Ces résultats, couplés avec une analyse métabolomique ciblée sur plusieurs composés, ont révélé la carence en nutriments rencontrée par le pathogène dans le HMC et les stratégies métaboliques utilisées pour s’adapter au microbiote intestinal. De plus, l’expression des gènes de virulence incluant les gènes du locus d’effacement des entérocytes (LEE) codant pour le système de sécrétion de type III sont réprimés dans le HMC par rapport au GFC indiquant la capacité du microbiote intestinal à réprimer la virulence des EHEC. L’influence de plusieurs composés intestinaux présents dans les contenus caecaux de rats sur l’expression des gènes de virulence d’EDL933 a ensuite été étudiée. Ces résultats ont démontré que deux composés, l’acide N-acétylneuraminique (Neu5Ac) et le N-acétylglucosamine (GlcNAc) répriment l’expression des gènes du LEE. La répression induite par ces composés s’effectue via NagC, le senseur du GlcNAc-6-P intracellulaire et le régulateur du catabolisme du GlcNAc et du galactose chez E. coli. NagC est un régulateur transcriptionnel inactivé en présence de GlcNAc-6-P qui dérive du catabolisme du Neu5Ac et du transport GlcNAc. Ce travail nous a permis d’identifier NagC comme un activateur des gènes du LEE et de mettre à jour un nouveau mécanisme qui permet la synchronisation de la virulence avec le métabolisme chez les EHEC O157:H7. La concentration du Neu5Ac et du GlcNAc est augmentée in vivo chez le rat par le symbiote humain Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, indiquant la capacité de certaines espèces du microbiote intestinal à relâcher les composés répresseurs de la virulence des pathogènes. Ce travail a permis l’identification des adaptations métaboliques des EHEC O157:H7 en réponse au microbiote intestinal ainsi que la découverte d’un nouveau mécanisme de régulation de la virulence en réponse au métabolisme. Ces données peuvent contribuer à l’élaboration de nouvelles approches visant à limiter les infections à EHEC.

Dietary fatty acids and chylomicron synthesis and secretion

There is currently considerable interest in potential atherogenic and thrombogenic consequences of elevated concentrations of triacylglycerols, especially in the post-prandial state. Despite this, there is limited information on the effects of dietary fatty acids on the synthesis, secretion and metabolism of chylomicrons, the large triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins synthesized in the enterocyte following the digestion and absorption of dietary fat. This brief review considers current approaches to the investigation of chylomicron synthesis and summarizes some of the human, cell and animal studies that have investigated effects of different fatty acids on these pathways. Potential sites for modulatory effects of dietary fatty acids on the molecular events of chylomicron synthesis are proposed in the light of the recent model that has been developed from cell and animal studies and observations based on abnormalities in chylomicron formation in human inherited autosomal recessive diseases.

Chylomicron particle size and number, factor VII activation and dietary monounsaturated fatty acids

This study evaluated the effects of substituting dietary saturated fatty acids (SFAs) with monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) on postprandial chylomicron (triacylglycerol (TAG), apolipoprotein B-48 (apo B-48) and retinyl ester (RE)), chylomicron particle size and factor VII (FVII) response when subjects were given a standard meal. In a controlled sequential design, 51 healthy young subjects followed an SFA-rich diet (Reference diet) for 8 weeks after which half of the subjects followed a moderate MUFA diet (n = 25) and half followed a high MUFA diet (n = 26) for 16 weeks. Fasting lipoprotein and lipid measurements were evaluated at baseline and at 8-week intervals during the Reference and MUFA diets. In 25 of the subjects (n = 12 moderate MUFA, n = 13 high MUFA), postprandial responses to a standard test meal containing RE and 13 C-tripalmitin were investigated at the end of the Reference and the MUFA diet periods. Although there were no differences in the postprandial lipid markers (TAG, RE, C-13-TAG) on the two diets, the postprandial apo B-48 response (incremental area under the curve (IAUC) was reduced by 21% on the moderate MUFA diet (NS) and by 54% on the high MUFA diet (P < 0.01). The postprandial peak concentrations of apo B-48 were reduced by 33% on the moderate MUFA diet (P < 0.01) and 48% on the high MUFA diet (P < 0.001). Fasting values for factor VII activity (FVIIc), activated factor VII (FVIIa) or factor VII antigen (FVIIag) did not differ significantly when subjects were transferred from Reference to MUFA diets. However, the postprandial increases in coagulation FVII activity (FVIIc) were 18% lower and of activated FVII (FVIIa) were 17% lower on the moderate MUFA diet (NS). Postprandial increases in FVIIc and FVIIa were 50% (P < 0.05) and 29% (P < 0.07) lower on the high MUFA diet and the area under the postprandial FVIIc response curve (AUC) was also lower on the high MUFA diet (P < 0.05). Significantly higher ratios of RE:apo B-48 (P < 0.001) and 13 C-palmitic acid:apo B-48 (P < 0.01) during both MUFA diets suggest that the CMs formed carry larger amounts of dietary lipids per particle, reflecting an adaptation to form larger lipid droplets in the enterocyte when increased amounts of dietary MUFAs are fed. Smaller numbers of larger chylomicrons may explain attenuated activation of factor VII during the postprandial state when the background diet is rich in MUFA. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.