Ecologia comportamental do Golfinho-Chileno, Cephalorhynchus eutropia (Gray 1846): seleção de hábitat e interações com atividades antrópicas no sul do Chile

Os mares e oceanos vêm sendo intensamente impactados por diversas atividades antrópicas, as quais vêm provocando a diminuição dos recursos naturais devido a sobrepesca, poluição e o aumento do tráfego de embarcações. A perda de hábitat crítico, decorrente do intenso uso das zonas litorâneas, tem sido uma das maiores ameaças aos cetáceos costeiros. O Chile possui uma grande diversidade de baleias e golfinhos, porém o golfinho-chileno (Cephalorhynchus eutropia) é a única espécie endêmica às águas costeiras deste país. Na porção sul da distribuição de C. eutropia (fiordes e canais) há uma grande sobreposição da indústria de aqüicultura (uma das atividades antrópicas mais importantes no sul do Chile) aos principais locais de ocorrência desta espécie. Observações a partir de terra foram realizadas com o objetivo de estudar a seleção de hábitat dos golfinhos-chilenos em pequena escala espacial e avaliar as reações comportamentais desta espécie em relação ao tráfego de embarcações presente na Baía Yaldad, local onde há intenso cultivo de mexilhão e de salmão. Utilizou-se um teodolito para marcar a posição dos golfinhos e um total de 293,5 horas de esforço foram realizadas entre os meses de janeiro a abril de 2002. O padrão de uso de hábitat, concentrado a uma pequena porção da área de estudo, mostrou que os golfinhos selecionam locais rasos, próximos à costa e próximo aos rios. As atividades dos golfinhos foram influenciadas pelo regime de maré e o forrageio foi a principal atividade realizada na baía. . A aqüicultura representou um impacto negativo, devido à redução de espaço disponível aos animais e ao aumento do tráfego de embarcação, que afetou consideravelmente os padrões comportamentais de C. eutropia. A presença, os padrões de movimento e uso de hábitat dos golfinhos-chilenos devem ser levados em consideração na regulamnetação das atividades de aqüicultura e nas políticas de manejo dos ecossistemas costeiros. Visto que predadores topo de cadeia podem ser considerados indicadores ambientais, a conservação dos ecossistemas marinhos poderia ser abordada pela descrição dos movimentos e seleção de hábitat de cetáceos que atuariam como “espécies guarda-chuva”.

Ecologia comportamental de tropidurus Hispidus e Tropidurus Semitaeniatus (Squamata, Tropiduridae) em Simpatria, em área de caatinga do nordeste do Brasil.

This study evaluated the spatial, time and alimentary niches of Tropidurus hispidus and Tropidurus semitaeniatus in sympatry in a caatinga of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, as well as their foraging and termoregulatory behaviors, the activity body temperature and their reproductive and fat body cycles. Monthly excursions, from October 2006 to May 2008, were conducted at the Ecological Station of the Seridó (ESEC Seridó), Serra Negra do Norte municipality, using specific methodology for investigation of the aforementioned objectives. The two species presented similarities in space niche use, mainly in rocky habitat, however they differed in vertical microhabitat use with T. hispidus using a larger vertical microhabitat range. In the dry season the time of activity of both species was bimodal. In the wet season T. semitaeniatus showed a unimodal activity period, while T. hispidus maintained an bimodal activity period. In terms of importance in the diet, to both species, Hymenoptera/Formicidae and Isoptera predominated during the dry season. In the wet season, although Hymenoptera/Formicidae had larger importance among the prey items, lizards opportunistically predated on Lepidoptera larvae, Coleoptera larvae/adults and Orthoptera nymphs/adults. The foraging intensity revealed differences between the species, mainly in the wet season, when T. semitaeniatus was more active than T. hispidus. The mean activity body temperature of T. semitaeniatus was significantly higher than that of T. hispidus. The thermoregulatory behavior showed that during the dry season T. hispidus and T. semitaeniatus spent more time in shade or under filtered sun. In the wet season, T. hispidus did not show differences in the amount of time spent among the light exposure locations, however T. semitaeniatus spent most of their time exposed to direct sun or filtered sun. The reproductive cicle of T. hispidus and T. semitaeniatus occurred from the middle of the dry season to the beginning of the wet season. In both species, female reproductive activity was influenced by precipitation, whereas males exhibited spermatozoa in their testes throughout the year, and their reproductive activity was not related with any of the climatic variables analysed. In the two species, the fat storage varied inversely with reproductive activity, and there was no difference in fat body mass between females and males. We concluded that the segregation between T. hispidus and T. semitaeniatus in this caatinga area occurs in vertical space use, in the largest vagility of T. hispidus in microhabitat use and larger range size of their alimentary xviii items. Additionally, significant seasonal differences in relation to the activity period, body temperature, and foraging and termoregulatory behaviors between these two Tropidurus species facilitate their coexistence.

Distribuição espacial, formação de grupos, uso do hábitat e ecologia comportamental de jovens de tubarão limão, negaprion brevirostris (poey 1868), no arquipélago de fernando de noronha

Lemon sharks, Negaprion brevirostris, are common in the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, but detailed information about the species in this site is lacking. The aim of this study was to describe the spatial distribution, grouping behavior, habitat use and behavioral ecology of juvenile lemon sharks in the archipelago, and their interaction with some environmental and ecological factors. During 2006 and 2007, the presence and spatial distribution of juvenile sharks were quantified through scuba diving and snorkeling at several sites of the archipelago. In 2008 the habitat use of juvenile sharks was quantified through visual census while snorkeling along 300 x 8 m strip transects. During these transects the grouping behavior of lemon sharks was quantified by ad libitum. Results indicate that Fernando de Noronha Archipelago is used as a nursery area for lemon sharks, and the parturition occurs from November to April. Juveniles preferred using shallower areas available by the tide variation and formed groups only in the presence of adult conspecifics. This preference for shallower habitats and the group behavior probably are anti-predatory tactics used by juvenile lemon sharks, in response to the low availability of shelter and high predation risk of the studied areas. Quantifications of prey availability and predation risk of juveniles showed that, in general, lemon sharks are trading-off food by security and investing in sites with higher possibility of energetic return. Behavioral observations enabled to record juvenile carangid fishes following juvenile lemon sharks, remora host-parasite and juvenile sharks foraging on schools of herrings and octopuses. We also recorded the behavior of juvenile sharks following conspecifics of similar size, circling with two or three individuals and smaller individuals giving way to larger juveniles. When adults are present, juvenile lemon sharks are more social than solitary, indicating that predation is one of the factors that contribute to social behaviors of the species. Results also suggest that when grouped the juveniles have a hierarchical organization according to body size. Furthermore, observation of large adult females with several fresh mating bites and scars in the same habitats used by juvenile lemon sharks, indicates that Fernando de Noronha Archipelago is used as nursery and mating grounds by this species

Ecologia comportamental reprodutiva de Diastatops obscura Fabricius (Insecta, Odonata)

In this thesis I discuss the reproductive behaviour and ecology of the libellulid Diastatops obscura Fabricius, 1775, (Insecta: Odonata) in natural conditions. Populations of this species were studied on the middle stretch of the Pitimbu River, Parnamirim municipality, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, during four discontinuous periods between 2002 and 2004. The objectives include the description of strategies and behaviors of both sexes, with especial interest in the intra-male competition for territories and females, the mate selection by females and the importance of male body size and other secondary characters on their reproductive success; from an adaptationist point of view. It was observed that the behavior of males and females in the reproductive areas are interrelated : the males came earlier to compete for the best territories and the females waited the result of that competition to be fertilized by dominants males, which preferably occupied areas near the river margin. The reproductive success of males with territories on the margin, estimated by number of copulations, ovipositions and days acting as territorial, was better than obtained by more separated territorial males and by satellite males. The body size of males is an important factor for the copulation and oviposition taxes and for the number of territorial days, favoring the biggest individuals. I also discuss the apparently importance of wing brilliance and wing integrity on male reproductive success. On inter-sexual relationships, I proved that females of D. obscura participate in mate selection, rejecting non-territorial males or substituting their sperm for other of higher status

Ecologia comportamental de Alouatta belzebul (Linnaeus, 1766) na Amazônia Oriental sob alteração antrópica de hábitat

Dois grupos de guaribas-de-mãos-ruivas (Alouatta belzebul) foram monitorados na Ilha de Germoplasma (Tucuruí, Pará), entre abril e setembro de 2004, enfatizando a ecologia comportamental destes. Os dois grupos de estudo apresentavam tamanho e composição social semelhantes, mas habitavam diferentes tipos de floresta: floresta nativa (grupo P) e plantação de espécies arbóreas nativas (grupo Q). Dados comportamentais quantitativos foram obtidos através da amostragem de varredura instantânea com duração de três minutos e intervalos de dez minutos. O método "todas as ocorrências" foi empregado para registro de atividades raras, como interações sociais e interespecíficas. O repouso foi a atividade predominante em ambos os grupos (P: 67,3%, e Q: 61,9%), seguido de alimentação (P: 15,7%, e Q: 21,4%) e deslocamento (P: 15,8%, e Q: 15,5%). A diferença entre os grupos foi significativa apenas para repouso e alimentação. A dieta foi folívora-frugívora, complementada basicamente por flores. Não foi observado uma variação sazonal na composição da dieta de ambos os grupos de estudo. O grupo da mata nativa (P) ocupou uma área de vida de 5,25 ha, e o grupo da plantação (Q), 5,50 ha. Entretanto, o percurso diário médio percorrido pelo grupo P foi maior (612 m, contra 541 m pelo grupo Q). Ambos os grupos utilizaram preferencialmente seus habitats originais, e preferiram o estrato superior da floresta. As interações interespecificas foram pacíficas, e as interações sociais foram pouco observadas. Os resultados do presente estudo apresentam maiores similaridades com os estudos de A. belzebul realizados em fragmentos de Mata Atlântica do que aqueles realizados na Amazônia (floresta contínua). Isto pode sugerir que a fragmentação de habitat pode ser mais determinante no padrão de atividades dos animais do que as características do bioma. De uma maneira geral, os resultados aqui obtidos concordam com o padrão típico de Alouatta, descrito na literatura.

Biologia e ecologia comportamental da vespa eussocial primitiva Mischocyttarus (Megacanthopus) parallelogrammus (Hymenoptera, Vespidae)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Análise do esforço amostral para ecologia comportamental: onças pardas como exemplo

Pós-graduação em Biociências - FCLAS

Herpetofauna associada à bromélia rupícola, encholirium spectabile, no semiárido brasileiro: revisão da literatura, ecologia das espécies e comportamento de psychosaura agmosticha (squamata: mabuyidae)

Bromeliads are an important microhabitat for the herpetofauna, for being widely used as refuge from predators and their leaf architecture allows humidity maintenance and relatively constant temperature inside, setting a favorable environment for amphibians and reptiles, especially in areas under hydric stress. However, studies addressing this relationship are still incipient and more concentrated in fitotelmatas bromeliad. For non-fitotelmatas rupicolous bromeliads of the gender Encholirium, which develops into rocky outcrops and contains species of semi-arid regions such as the Caatinga, animal-plant relationships are almost unknown. In this context, this study aimed to know the herpetological fauna inhabitant of macambiras bromeliads, Encholirium spectabile, analyzing occupation and use of these bromeliads by different taxa, and the behavioral ecology of the lizard Psychosaura agmosticha, seeking to identify factors associated with this strict relationship in Caatinga. An extensive review of the world literature on the subject “lizards in bromeliads” subsidized this study from the ecological perspective of this association. The field work was carried out at Fazenda Tanques, municipality of Santa Maria / RN, mesoregion of Agreste Potiguar. The observations and/or data collection in daytime and in the evening was conducted monthly during three consecutive days, from January 2011 to August 2012, totaling 450 hour.man of sampling effort. Sixteen species were registered: six lizards (Mabuyidae, Tropiduridae, Gekkonidae and Phyllodactylidae Families), six snakes (Boidae and Dipsadidae Families) and four of amphibians of Hylidae Family. The effect of the forest edge on the distribution of species along the outcrop was significant, with most species found in outcrop edges. Significant difference was found between some pairs of species concerning use of bromeliads, and almost total niche overlap in the use of microhabitat. 62.5% of the species are nocturnal and use these plants for sheltering, breeding and feeding. Regarding the relations between 4 the lizard Psychosaura agmosticha and macambiras bromeliads, behaviors of thermoregulation and foraging in the dry and wet seasons were recorded. Activity periods were concentrated between 7 and 10 am and between 3 and 5 pm in both seasons, showing a clear bimodal pattern. The species basically used the green leaves and there were no significant differences between males and females in the use of bromeliads. Positive associations were found between body temperature and temperatures of bromeliads and air. This species spent 1.95% ± 3.8 of the time moving (PTM) and moved on average 0:36 ± 2.1 seconds per minute (MPM), with significant differences between the wet and dry to PTM, and between the average time of stop and average duration of movements, being considered a sedentary forager. Psychosaura agmosticha, in the study area, is bromelicolous and uses macambiras primarily for thermoregulation and foraging. The results of this study elevate the rupicolous bromeliads Encholirium spectabile as key elements for the maintenance of amphibians and reptiles associated with it, and a clear advantageous association for the conservation of the groups involved.

Etograma e orçamento temporal de um grupo de machos não pareados de Phyllostomus hastatus (Pallas 1767) (Phyllostomidae: Phyllostominae)

Embora exista uma enorme variação de histórias de vida e ecologia, a maioria das espécies de morcegos mostra-se, em algum nível, social. Os aspectos de ecologia comportamental de quirópteros tem sido estudados, embora a maior parte refira-se a colônias de maternidades em regiões de clima temperado. Repertórios comportamentais completos e orçamentos temporais são raros, especialmente para a região Neotropical. Para compreender melhor a sociabilidade neste grupo, mostra-se importante focar também em grupos neutros com relação a fatores associados à atividade reprodutiva. Neste sentido, o estudo de grupos de machos neotropicais pode apresentar respostas importantes. O comportamento de um grupo machos não pareados de Phyllostomus hastatus foi estudado dentro do seu abrigo por aproximadamente 100 horas entre os meses de janeiro e agosto de 2012. O grupo estava abrigado no forro de um telhado de uma casa em desuso da Vila Dois Rios, na Ilha Grande. Os comportamentos foram registrados com uma câmera sensível a infra-infravermelho Sony DCR-HC28 em modo night-vision. Quando necessário, utilizei uma luz de auxílio infravermelha. A partir dos vídeos eu elaborei primeiramente um etograma. Os comportamentos classificados como estados foram usados para fazer um orçamento temporal, usando metodologia de amostragem por varredura e amostragem instantânea. Adicionalmente, fiz algumas observações a respeito de horário de entrada e saída dos morcegos e do tamanho do grupo. Organizei os comportamentos em seis categorias, com um total de 24 comportamentos distintos. Os comportamentos descritos são consistentes com os publicados em outros etogramas de morcegos, inclusive de alguns megaquirópteros. Um comportamento mais notável foi ventilando, que parece raro entre os microquirópteros, mas provavelmente importante na termorregulação. Nos meses analisados os morcegos alocaram aproximadamente 50% do tempo ao estado dormindo; 14,6% ao estado parado; 15,3% ao estado ativo; 0,9% ao estado andando; 0,1% ao estado voando; 14,1% ao estado higiene; e 3,5% ao estado ventilando. O orçamento temporal foi semelhante aos descritos para outros microquirópteros no interior de abrigos, com uma maior prevalência do estado dormindo, e com picos de atividade (principalmente do estado higiene) antes e depois das saídas noturnas. A higiene parece ter um papel importante no controle de ectoparasitas, e talvez algum papel social, mas como a higiene de outros indivíduos só foi observada uma única vez, não pude concluir nada a respeito. O presente trabalho é o primeiro etograma para Phyllostomus hastatus e o primeiro etograma e orçamento temporal para um grupo de machos em Chiroptera. Observei algumas diferenças importantes do grupo estudado com trabalhos já publicados sobre essa espécie, e sugiro que essas diferenças sejam estudadas mais a fundo. Apesar desta dissertação trazer contribuições importantes, fica claro que ainda falta muito a ser examinado nesse campo.

Estimativa populacional e uso do hábitat do boto-cinza (Sotalia guianensis) no litoral sul do Rio Grande do Norte

Four areas are known as of frequent usage by Guiana dolphins (Sotalia guianensis) in the south coast of Rio Grande do Norte state, northeast Brazil: Tabatinga, Pipa, Lagoa de Guaraíras and Baia Formosa. This extension of 40 km of shoreline is under increasing anthropogenic impacts due to continuous development of the coastal areas and vessel traffic. The objective of this study was to investigate aspects of population biology and habitat use of the population of Sotalia guianensis in the south coast of Rio Grande do Norte. It was applied the photo-identification technique and posterior methods of capture-recapture for population estimation (POPAN extension in MARK). The distribution, movement and site fidelity of the dolphins were analyzed trough the geographic information system (GIS) and group characteristics and behavior trough non-parametric statistics. Field work was conducted on board a 10m motor vessel from March 2008 to March 2009. Photo-identification effort was 329h with 113h of direct observation of the dolphins. The population estimatives for each area: Tabatinga: 75 (63-92); Pipa 105 (88-129); Lagoa de Guaraíras: 27 (18-54) e Baia Formosa: 112 (89-129) individuals. Total population estimative was: 223 (192 a 297). High site fidelity was detected for only part of the population (<15%) as low site fidelity and transients individuals were also detected (>20%). It was observed frequent movements between Tabatinga, Lagoa de Guaraíras and Pipa, but not Baía Formosa. This suggests a division in two communities along this shore extension: one in Pipa and other in Baía Formosa. Group size was small, most groups with up to 10 dolphins. The areas were use intensively, only in Lagoa de Guaraíras dolphins were not seen in all field trips. Lagoa de Guaraíras is an area used by small groups exclusively for foraging. In Tabatinga and Pipa dolphins concentrated close to the shore, in the inner sector of the area and the main activity is also foraging. Significant larger groups were seen in socializing behavior but there was no difference in group size between the inner and external sectors of the area. The presence of calves and juveniles were significant greater in the inner areas of Tabatinga and Pipa, confirming the hypothesis that these beaches are also used for parental care. In Baia Formosa dolphins concentrated in the outer sector and foraging was also predominant. Significant larger groups were seen in the outer sector, mainly engaged in mixed behaviors of travel/foraging, possibly in some kind of group foraging. Calves and juveniles were significant more present in the outer sector where group size was also larger. In general there was no difference in area usage and period of the day. Sotalia guianensis has characteristics that make the species vulnerable to human activities such as small population concentrated in patches of suitable habitats restrict to coastal areas. We hope that this study bring new information for the species and help for the adequate management of the area in order to assure the presence of the dolphins as well as its behavior pattern and gene flow betweencommunities.

Padrão de atividades do sagüi callithrix jacchus numa área de caatinga

Callithrix jacchus, as the other species in the family Callitrichidae, lives in social groups. The groups cam be found in different habitats, whose distinct floristic physiognomies and communities are intrinsically related to their behavioral ecology and social relations. Our objective was to describe the social relations and feeding behavior of Callithrix jacchus in the Bioma Caatinga. We observed a group at the FLONA (National Forest IBAMA), in Açu-RN, in northeastern Brazil, compose of five adults (2 females and 3 males) at the beginning of the study. The birth of five animals was registered along the study. The following behavioral categories were registered along eleven months, once a week, through instantaneous focal animal sampling: social grooming, contact, proximity, foraging, feeding, locomotion and rest. Foraging presented the highest levels comparing to other activities, and was more frequent in the dry season. Social grooming was the second more frequent activity, with higher levels in the rainy season, and between the reproductive couple. We found similar results for proximity. The most explored feeding item was the gum, specially in the rainy season. The most explored species for exudates feeding were Cirus limon (limão) and Pitecolobiun foliolosum (jurema branca). The comparision of fruit and insect ingestion between the seasons showed higher percentage for both in the dry season. The general activity pattern was similar to what is registeded in groups the inhabit the Atlantic Forest. These results indicate the flexibility of the species which survives and reproduces in such physically and biologically different environments

Estudo sobre orçamento de atividade do Boto Cinza (Sotalia guianensis) no litoral sul do Rio Grande do Norte

A fundamental analysis on Behavioral Ecology is the construction of Activities Budget, which can be defined as the quantification of the time that each animal uses in activities that are important for its survival and reproduction. Initially developed for theoretical studies about Optimal Foraging, the construction of Activities Budgets has recently being used for analyses in Conservation Biology. However, the measurement of behavior through an adequate methodology that allows the comparison between different samples is a challenge for researchers in the area of Ethology. This problem is even bigger for the students of cetaceans behavior due to the difficulty of visualization of these animals. The present work deals with two aspects of the specialized literature on cetaceans: i) it explores possible variations of results in quantification of behavioral states decurrent of the application of different methods of data collection, and ii) it describes the activity budget of a population of Sotalia guianensis that inhabits coastal waters, south Rio Grande do Norte. The results showed that the use different methods of data collection result in significant differences, but of small scale, in the quantification of the behavioral frequency. The activity budget of Sotalia in the area here analyzed was similar to that described for other populations of this species inhabiting typically estuarine habitats. Tide and day-hour did not influence the dolphin s behavior, however, significant differences were found related to the position of the animals within the area. These results are discussed considering the dietary and behavioral flexibility of the species, contributing to the scientific knowledge and offering information that will be useful in comparative studies and for analyses on the determination of areas for species conservation

Ecological modeling and pest population management: a possible and necessary connection in a changing world

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Interações interespecíficas e comportamentais de moscas-varejeiras: abordagens ecológicas e médico-legais envolvendo populações naturais

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

O competidor interespecífico pode alterar a agressividade intraespecífica? um estudo com caranguejos do gênero Uca

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)