Variabilidade do padrão de esterases e atividade da glutationa S-transferase em linhagens geográficas de Drosophila melanogaster e D. simulans resistentes e suscetíveis ao inseticida DDT

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Drosophila melanogaster lipins are tissue-regulated and developmentally regulated and present specific subcellular distributions

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Selection for Increased Starvation Resistance Using Drosophila melanogaster: Investigating Physiological and Life History Trait Responses to Starvation and Dietary Supplementation in the Context of an Obese Phenotype

Artificial selection for starvation resistance provided insight into the relationships between evolved physiological and life history trait responses following exposure to biologically induced stress. Investigations of alterations to body composition, metabolic rate, movement, and life history traits including development time, female egg production, and longevity in response to brief periods of starvation were conducted on genetically based starvation-resistant and control lines of Drosophila melanogaster. Analysis of the starvation-resistant lines indicated increased energy storage with increased triglyceride deposition and conversion of carbohydrates to lipid, as identified by respiratory quotient values. Correlations between reductions in metabolic rates and movement in the starvation-resistant lines, suggested the presence of an evolved physiological response resulting in energy conservation. Investigations of life history traits in the starvation-resistant lines indicated no significant differences in development time or reproduction between the selected and control lines. Measurements of longevity, however, indicated a significant reduction in starvation-resistant D. melanogaster lifespan. These results suggested that elevated lipid concentrations, similar to that observed with obesity, were correlated with premature mortality. Exposure of the starvation-resistant and control lines to diets supplemented with glucose, palmitic acid, and a 2:1 mixture of casein to albumin were used to investigate alterations in body composition, movement, and life history traits. Results obtained from this study indicated that increased sugar in the diet led to increased carbohydrate, glycogen, total sugar, trehalose, and triglyceride concentrations, while increased fat and protein in the diet resulted in increased soluble protein, carbohydrate, glycogen, total sugar, and trehalose concentrations. Examination of life history trait responses indicated reduced fecundity in females exposed to increased glucose concentrations. Increased supplementations of palmitic acid was consistently correlated with an overall reduction in lifespan in both the starvation-resistant and control Drosophila lines, while measurements of movement indicated increased female activity levels in flies exposed to diets supplemented with fat and protein. Analyses of the physiological and life history trait responses to starvation and dietary supplementation on Drosophila melanogaster used in the present study has implications for investigating the mechanisms underlying the development and persistence of human obesity and associated metabolic disorders.

A molecular linkage map for Drosophila mediopunctata confirms synteny with Drosophila melanogaster and suggests a region that controls the variation in the number of abdominal spots

The classic approach to gene discovery relies on the construction of linkage maps. We report the first molecular-based linkage map for Drosophila mediopunctata, a neotropical species of the tripunctata group. Eight hundred F2 individuals were genotyped at 49 microsatellite loci, resulting in a map that is approximate to 450 centimorgans long. Five linkage groups were detected, and the species' chromosomes were identified through cross-references to BLASTn searches and Muller elements. Strong synteny was observed when compared with the Drosophila melanogaster chromosome arms, but little conservation in the gene order was seen. The incorporation of morphological data corresponding to the number of central abdominal spots on the map was consistent with the expected location of a genomic region responsible for the phenotype on the second chromosome.

Spiroplasma in Drosophila melanogaster Populations: Prevalence, Male-Killing, Molecular Identification, and No Association with Wolbachia

Spiroplasma endosymbionts are maternally transmitted bacteria that may kill infected sons resulting in the production of female-biased broods. The prevalence of male killers varies considerably both between and within species. Here, we evaluate the spatial and temporal status of male-killing and non-male-killing Spiroplasma infection in three Brazilian populations of Drosophila melanogaster, nearly a decade after the first occurrence report for this species. The incidence of the male-killing Spiroplasma ranged from close to 0 to 17.7 % (so far the highest estimate for a Drosophila species) with a suggestion of temporal decline in a population. We also found non-male-killing Spiroplasma coexisting in one population at lower prevalence (3-5 %), and we did not detect it in the other two. This may be taken as a suggestion of a spreading advantage conferred by the male-killing strategy. Sequencing two loci, we identified the phylogenetic position of Spiroplasma strains from the three localities, showing that all strains group closely in the poulsonii clade. Due to intensive sampling effort, we were able to test the association between Spiroplasma infections and another widespread endosymbiont, Wolbachia, whose prevalence ranged from 81.8 to 100 %. The prevalence of Wolbachia did not differ between Spiroplasma-infected and uninfected strains in our largest sample nor were the prevalences of the two endosymbionts associated across localities.

Properties and secretory mechanism of Musca domestica digestive chymotrypsin and its relation with Drosophila melanogaster homologs

Musca domestica larvae present two different digestive chymotryptic activities found in the posterior midgut (PMG): one major soluble activity in the lumen and another minor present in cell membrane fractions. Both soluble and membrane-bound chymotryptic activities have different half lives of thermal inactivation (46 degrees C) in the presence and absence of 10 mM Triton X-100, indicating that they are two different molecular species. Purified soluble chymotryptic activity has pH optimum 7.4 and a molecular mass of 28 kDa in SDS-PAGE. It does not cleave short substrates, such as Suc-F-MCA, preferring longer substrates, such as Suc-AAPF-MCA, with a primary specificity (kcat/Km) for Phe rather than Tyr and Leu residues. In-gel activity revealed a unique band against S-AAPF-MCA with the same migration as purified chymotrypsin. One chymotrypsinogen-like sequence (MdChy1) was sequenced, cloned and recombinantly expressed in Escherichia coli (DE3) Star. MdChy1 is expressed in the proximal posterior midgut (PMG1), as seen by RT-PCR. Expression analysis of other chymotrypsin genes revealed genes expressed at the anterior midgut (AMG) and PMG. Western blot of M. domestica midgut tissues using anti-MdChy1 antiserum showed a single band in samples from AMG and PMG, co-migrating with recombinant and purified enzymes. Immunogold labeling corresponding to Mdchy1 was found in small vesicles (thus indicating exocytosis) and in the lumen of AMG and PMG, corroborating the existence of two similar groups of chymotrypsins. Transcriptomes of M. domestica AMG and whole midgut prepared by pyrosequencing disclosed 41 unique sequences of chymotrypsin-like enzymes (19 probably functional), from which MdChy1 is highly expressed. Phylogenetic reconstruction of Drosophila melanogaster and M. domestica chymotrypsin-like sequences revealed that the chymotrypsin genes expanded before the evolutionary separation of Musca and Drosophila. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Identification of unannotated exons of low abundance transcripts in Drosophila melanogaster and cloning of a new serine protease gene upregulated upon injury

Abstract Background The sequencing of the D.melanogaster genome revealed an unexpected small number of genes (~ 14,000) indicating that mechanisms acting on generation of transcript diversity must have played a major role in the evolution of complex metazoans. Among the most extensively used mechanisms that accounts for this diversity is alternative splicing. It is estimated that over 40% of Drosophila protein-coding genes contain one or more alternative exons. A recent transcription map of the Drosophila embryogenesis indicates that 30% of the transcribed regions are unannotated, and that 1/3 of this is estimated as missed or alternative exons of previously characterized protein-coding genes. Therefore, the identification of the variety of expressed transcripts depends on experimental data for its final validation and is continuously being performed using different approaches. We applied the Open Reading Frame Expressed Sequence Tags (ORESTES) methodology, which is capable of generating cDNA data from the central portion of rare transcripts, in order to investigate the presence of hitherto unnanotated regions of Drosophila transcriptome. Results Bioinformatic analysis of 1,303 Drosophila ORESTES clusters identified 68 sequences derived from unannotated regions in the current Drosophila genome version (4.3). Of these, a set of 38 was analysed by polyA+ northern blot hybridization, validating 17 (50%) new exons of low abundance transcripts. For one of these ESTs, we obtained the cDNA encompassing the complete coding sequence of a new serine protease, named SP212. The SP212 gene is part of a serine protease gene cluster located in the chromosome region 88A12-B1. This cluster includes the predicted genes CG9631, CG9649 and CG31326, which were previously identified as up-regulated after immune challenges in genomic-scale microarray analysis. In agreement with the proposal that this locus is co-regulated in response to microorganisms infection, we show here that SP212 is also up-regulated upon injury. Conclusion Using the ORESTES methodology we identified 17 novel exons from low abundance Drosophila transcripts, and through a PCR approach the complete CDS of one of these transcripts was defined. Our results show that the computational identification and manual inspection are not sufficient to annotate a genome in the absence of experimentally derived data.

Morphogenesis of follicular epithelium in Drosophila melanogaster: function of von Hippel-Lindau tumour suppressor gene

During my PhD I have been involved in several projects regarding the morphogenesis of the follicular epithelium, such as the analysis of the pathways that correlate follicular epithelium patterning and eggshell genes expression. Moreover, I used the follicular epithelium as a model system to analyze the function of the Drosophila homolog of the human von Hippel-Lindau (d-VHL) during oogenesis, in order to gain insight into the role of h-VHL for the pathogenesis of VHL disease. h-VHL is implicated in a variety of processes and there is now a greater appreciation of HIF-independent h-VHL functions that are relevant to tumour development, including maintenance and organization of the primary cilium, maintenance of the differentiated phenotype in renal cells and regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. However, the function of h-VHL gene during development has not been fully understood. It was previously shown that d-VHL down-regulates the motility of tubular epithelial cells (tracheal cells) during embryogenesis. Epithelial morphogenesis is important for organogenesis and pivotal for carcinogenesis, but mechanisms that control it are poorly understood. The Drosophila follicular epithelium is a genetically tractable model to understand these mechanisms in vivo. Therefore, to examine whether d-VHL has a role in epithelial morphogenesis and maintenance, I performed genetic and molecular analyses by using in vivo and in vitro approaches. From my analysis, I determined that d-VHL binds to and stabilizes microtubules. Loss of d-VHL depolymerizes the microtubule network during oogenesis, leading to a possible deregulation in the subcellular trafficking transport of polarity markers from Golgi apparatus to the different domains in which follicle cells are divided. The analysis carried out has allowed to establish a significant role of d-VHL in the maintenance of the follicular epithelium integrity.

Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur embryonalen Entwicklung identifizierter Vorläuferzellen des zentralen Nervensystems von Drosophila melanogaster

Zusammenfassung Das ventrale Nervensystem (vNS) von Drosophila melanogaster entsteht aus zwei verschiedenen Populationen von Vorläufern, den mesektodermalen oder Mittellinien (ML)-Vorläufern und den neuroektodermalen Vorläufern oder Neuroblasten (NBs). Beide Populationen unterscheiden sich in vielen Aspekten, wie z.B. Genexpression, Teilungsverhalten und Zellstammbaum. Die ca. 30 NBs pro Hemisegment delaminieren als Einzelzellen aus dem Neuroektoderm und bilden ein invariantes subepidermales Muster in der neu entstandenen neuralen Zellschicht aus. Sie sind dort aufgrund ihrer Lage und der Expression spezifischer molekularer Marker individuell identifizierbar. Um die Mechanismen zu verstehen, die zur Determination und Differenzierung von ZNS Zellen führen, ist es eine Grundvoraussetzung, die Zellstammbäume aller Vorläufer zu kennen. Unter Verwendung des lipophilen in vivo Fluoreszenzfarbstoffs DiI wurden in früheren Arbeiten die Zellstammbäume der ML-Vorläufer und von 17 NBs, die aus der ventralen Hälfte des Neuroektoderms stammten, beschrieben. In der hier vorgelegten Arbeit wurden die Zellstammbäume von 13 NBs, die aus dem dorsalen Teil des Neuroektoderms delaminierten, beschrieben und 12 davon identifizierten Vorläufern zugeordnet. Darüber hinaus wurde ein bisher nicht beschriebener NB (NB 1-3) identifiziert und anhand morphologischer und molekularer Kriterien charakterisiert. Insgesamt produzierten die NBs ca. 120 Neurone und 22 bis 27 Gliazellen pro Hemineuromer, die in eine systematische Terminologie eingefügt wurden. Insgesamt besteht damit ein Neuromer des embryonalen vNS von Drosophila aus ca. 700 Neuronen (350 pro Hemineuromer) und 60 Gliazellen (30 pro Hemineuromer), die von NBs abstammen. Hinzu kommen ca. 12 ML-Neurone und 2 bis 4 ML-Glia pro Neuromer. Damit stammten die meisten Gliazellen im embryonalen vNS von Drosophila von NBs ab, die aus dem dorsalen Neuroektoderm hervorgingen. Zwei dieser NBs hatten ausschließlich gliale Nachkommen (NB 6-4A, GP) und fünf generierten sowohl Glia als auch Neurone (NBs 1-3, 2-5, 5-6, 6-4T, 7-4). Die übrigen sieben Zellstammbäume (NBs 2-4, 3-3, 3-5, 4-3, 4-4, 5-4, Klon y) waren rein neuronal. Es war ferner möglich, das bereits bekannte laterale Cluster von even-skipped exprimierenden Zellen (EL) dem Stammbaum von NB 3-3 zuzuordnen. Zusammen mit den zuvor beschriebenen Klonen sind damit mehr als 90% der thorakalen und abdominalen Zellstammbäume im embryonalen vNS von Drosophila bekannt. Darüber hinaus sind zuvor identifizierte Neurone und die meisten Gliazellen einem bestimmten Stammbaum zugeordnet und damit mit einer ontogenetischen Geschichte versehen. Dieser komplette Datensatz liefert eine Grundlage für die Interpretation mutanter Phänotypen und für zukünftige Untersuchungen über die Festlegung von Zellschicksalen und die Differenzierung von Zellen. Dies könnte dazu beitragen, das Verhältnis zwischen Herkunft der Zelle, Genexpression und Zellfunktion besser zu verstehen. Die wesentliche Funktion neuronaler Zellen ist die Integration und Weiterleitung von elektrischen Signalen. Mithin ist die Ausbildung elektrischer Eigenschaften (Elektrogenese) ein wesentlicher Aspekt der neuronalen Entwicklung. Um dabei zelltypspezifische Unterschiede zu finden, ist die Arbeit an definierten Zellpopulationen eine zwingende Voraussetzung. Es wurde daher hier ein in vitro System verwendet, das die selektive Kultivierung identifizierter embryonaler Vorläufer unter verschiedenen Bedingungen erlaubt. Da die Zellstammbäume der ML-Vorläufer besonders einfach sind und die ML-Zellen zudem in vielen Aspekten von den neuroektodermalen Zellen verschieden sind (s.o.), wurden die ML-Neurone als erstes Modellsystem ausgewählt. Unter Verwendung der Patch-clamp Technik wurden die in dieser definierten Zellpopulation auftretenden Ionenströme detailliert beschrieben. ML-Neurone exprimierten zumindest zwei verschiedene Typen von spannungsgesteuerten K+-Strömen (IA und IK), einen spannungsabhängigen Na+-Strom und zwei spannungsgesteuerte Ca(Ba)2+-Ströme. Darüber hinaus reagierten sie auf die Neurotransmitter ACh und GABA. Die meisten Ionenströme in den ML-Neuronen waren, trotz ihrer ontogenetischen Besonderheit, annähernd identisch mit denen, die in anderen Drosophila-Neuronen gefunden wurden. Ihnen fehlte allerdings eine anhaltende Komponente des Na+-Stroms, und sie waren homogen in ihrer Aktivität. Selbst bei anhaltender elektrischer Stimulation generierten sie immer nur ein Aktionspotential. Sie sind daher möglicherweise spezifisch hinsichtlich ihrer Signalleitungseigenschaften. Interessanterweise zeigte sich durch Verwendung verschiedener Kulturbedingungen, daß die Expression der spannungsgesteuerten K+-Kanäle weitgehend zellautonom erfolgte, während die Expression der anderen Ströme stark durch das Vohandensein von Neuritenkontakten beeinflußt wurde. Vorläufige Untersuchungen lassen darauf schließen, daß der involvierte molekulare Mechanismus unabhängig von synaptischer Transmission ist. In einer Art 'Ausblick' wurde schließlich die Validität von in vitro Ableitungen durch Analyse spannungsgesteuerter K+-Ströme in einer neuen in situ Präparation geprüft, die verschiedene Bereiche des Drosophila-ZNS für elektrophysiologische Untersuchungen zugänglich macht. Damit ist ein experimentelles System etabliert, daß den direkten Vergleich von in vitro und in situ Daten an definierten Zellpopulationen ermöglichen sollte.

Funktionale Analyse des CpY/DmX Gens aus Chironomus und Drosophila melanogaster

Zusammenfassung: Funktionale Analyse des CpY/DmX Gens aus Chironomus und Drosophila melanogaster Bei CpY und DmX handelt es sich um homologe neuartige Gene aus den Dipteren Chironomus piger und Drosophila melanogaster. CpY und DmX bestehen aus 15 Exons, die für eine mRNA von ca. 11,5 kb kodieren.Das Gen hat eine genomische Länge von ca. 15 kb. Die abgeleiteten Genprodukte sind durch eine hohe Anzahl von WD-Repeats gekennzeichnet.WD-Proteine besitzen in der Regel regulatorische Funktionen in allen möglichen Bereichen. Ein Strukturvergleich mit homologen Genen legt die Vermutung nahe, daß sich sowohl am N- als auch am C-Terminus eine WD-Propellerstruktur befindet. CpY aus Chironomus piger ist in einem hromosomalen Abschnitt lokalisiert, der den Kern eines evolvierendenGeschlechtschromosoms darstellt. Dieses Gen besitzt im Gegensatz zu DmX geschlechtsspezifisch in Introns integrierte Transposons und wird quantitativ geschlechtsspezifisch gespleißt. DmX ist auf dem X-Chromosom im Bereich 5D6-5E1 lokalisiert, es konnte jedoch kein geschlechtsspezifisches Expressionsmuster diagnostiziert werden. Die Transkriptionsanalyse ergab,daß DmX während der Oogenese und der gesamten Embryonalentwicklung transkribiert wird. Dabei wird neben einer ubiquitären Grundexpression DmX in einer gewebespezifischen Weise exprimiert. Die DmX-Transkriptewandern offensichtlich - wie die CpY-Transkripte - in großer Menge in die reifende Oozyte. Bei DmX/CpY könnte es sich also um ein maternales Effektgen handeln. Während der Embryogenese können zunächst DmX-Transkripte am posterioren Pol nachgewiesen werden. Danach färben die vorderen und hinteren Mitteldarmvorläufer, dann spezifische Zellen im ZNS und in reifen Embryonen das gesamte ZNS, Sinnesorgan-Anlagen im Kopf, sowie der Enddarm. Das dem DmX benachbarte Gen DmSPX, welchen mit diesem einen gemeinsamen 174 bp großen bidirektionalen Promoter besitzt, zeigt ein von DmX unterschiedliches Transkriptionsmuster. Mit einer Reihe von Keimbahntransformationen konnten die für eine ordnungsgemäße Expression hinreichenden regulatorischen Bereiche identifiziert werden. In Versuchen, mittels verschiedener 'Antisense'-Strategien einen Phänotyp zu generieren, konnte kein spezifischer Phänotyp nachgewiesen werden. Durch die erfolgreiche Keimbahntranformationeines Rettungsvektors, welcher ein intaktes DmX-Gen enthält, konnte der Phänotyp von EMS-DmX-Mutanten identifiziert werden: Nach anfänglich normaler Embryonalentwicklung werden die Larven im Laufe des L1-Stadiums schlaff und inaktiv, jedoch nicht paralytisch und stellen Bewegung und Nahrungsaufnahme ein. Kurz nachdem wildtypische Larven das L2-Stadium erreichen, sterben die Mutanten ab. Der Phänotyp wei'st starke Ähnlichkeit zu Synaptotagmin I-Mutanten und zu alpha-Adaptin-Mutanten auf. Das Transkriptionsmuster ähnelt dem von alpha-Adaptin und AP50. Alle diese Gene spielen in der Endozytose eine Rolle

Investigations on formation and specification of neural precursor cells in the central nervous system of the Drosophila melanogaster embryo

Investigations on formation and specification of neural precursor cells in the central nervous system of the Drosophila melanogaster embryoSpecification of a unique cell fate during development of a multicellular organism often is a function of its position. The Drosophila central nervous system (CNS) provides an ideal system to dissect signalling events during development that lead to cell specific patterns. Different cell types in the CNS are formed from a relatively few precursor cells, the neuroblasts (NBs), which delaminate from the neurogenic region of the ectoderm. The delamination occurs in five waves, S1-S5, finally leading to a subepidermal layer consisting of about 30 NBs, each with a unique identity, arranged in a stereotyped spatial pattern in each hemisegment. This information depends on several factors such as the concentrations of various morphogens, cell-cell interactions and long range signals present at the position and time of its birth. The early NBs, delaminating during S1 and S2, form an orthogonal array of four rows (2/3,4,5,6/7) and three columns (medial, intermediate, and lateral) . However, the three column and four row-arrangement pattern is only transitory during early stages of neurogenesis which is obscured by late emerging (S3-S5) neuroblasts (Doe and Goodman, 1985; Goodman and Doe, 1993). Therefore the aim of my study has been to identify novel genes which play a role in the formation or specification of late delaminating NBs.In this study the gene anterior open or yan was picked up in a genetic screen to identity novel and yet unidentified genes in the process of late neuroblast formation and specification. I have shown that the gene yan is responsible for maintaining the cells of the neuroectoderm in an undifferentiated state by interfering with the Notch signalling mechanism. Secondly, I have studied the function and interactions of segment polarity genes within a certain neuroectodermal region, namely the engrailed (en) expressing domain, with regard to the fate specification of a set of late neuroblasts, namely NB 6-4 and NB 7-3. I have dissected the regulatory interaction of the segment polarity genes wingless (wg), hedgehog (hh) and engrailed (en) as they maintain each other’s expression to show that En is a prerequisite for neurogenesis and show that the interplay of the segmentation genes naked (nkd) and gooseberry (gsb), both of which are targets of wingless (wg) activity, leads to differential commitment of NB 7-3 and NB 6-4 cell fate. I have shown that in the absence of either nkd or gsb one NB fate is replaced by the other. However, the temporal sequence of delamination is maintained, suggesting that formation and specification of these two NBs are under independent control.

The study of a novel zinc finger gene cluster TZF and a genomic region flanking the histone H 4 replacement gene H 4 r of Drosophila melanogaster

Part I : A zinc finger gene Tzf1 was cloned in the earlier work of the lab by screening a ë-DASH2 cDNA expression library with an anti-Rat SC antibody. A ë-DASH2 genomic DNA library and cosmid lawrist 4 genomic DNA library were screened with the cDNA fragment of Tzf1 to determine the genomic organization of Tzf1. Another putative zinc finger gene Tzf2 was found about 700 bp upstream of Tzf1.RACE experiment was carried out for both genes to establish the whole length cDNA. The cDNA sequences of Tzf and Tzf2 were used to search the Flybase (Version Nov, 2000). They correspond to two genes found in the Flybase, CG4413 and CG4936. The CG4413 transcript seems to be a splicing variant of Tzf transcripts. Another two zinc finger genes Tzf3 and Tzf4 were discovered in silico. They are located 300 bp away from Tzf and Tzf2, and a non-tandem cluster was formed by the four genes. All four genes encode proteins with a very similar modular structure, since they all have five C2H2 type zinc fingers at their c-terminal ends. This is the most compact zinc finger protein gene cluster found in Drosophila melanogaster.Part II: 34,056 bp insert of the cosmid 19G11