Modeling the effect of snow on seasonal runoff within the Truckee River drainage basin

EXTRACT (SEE PDF FOR FULL ABSTRACT): We estimate monthly runoff for a 2-dimensional solution domain containing those areas tributary to Pyramid Lake, Nevada (the Truckee River drainage basin) at a 1-kilometer grid cell spacing. ... To calculate the effect of snow on the hydrologic system, we perform two experiments. In the first we assume that all precipitation falls as rain; in the second we assume that some precipitation falls as snow, thus available water is a combination of rain and snowmelt. We find that considering the effect of snow results in a more accurate representation of mean monthly flow rates, in particular the peak flow during the melt season in the Sierra Nevada. These preliminary results indicate that a relatively simple snow model can improve the representation of Truckee River basin hydrology, significantly reducing errors in modeled seasonal runoff.

Balitora nantingensis (Teleostei : Balitoridae), a new hillstream loach from Salween drainage in Yunnan, Southwestern China

A new species of hillstream loach genus Balitora Gray is discovered from Nanting River drainage, which drains to Salween, Yongde County, Yunnan, China. Balitora nantingensis can be distinguished from B. lancangjiangensis by a triangle-like blotch in nape absent vs. present; area from halfway of pelvicfin ray to anus covered by scales vs. no scales in this area; the first pectoral ray thickened vs. not; posterior end of pelvic-fin surpasses middle point from posterior end of pelvic-fin base to anal-fin origin vs. the end from posterior extremity of pelvic-fins to anus; fewer lateral line scales, 59-64 vs. 66-70; slightly longer head, SL 4.2-5.1 (4.6) times of HL vs. 5.0-5.9 (5.4); slightly larger eyes, HL 4.0-6.4 (5. 1) times of eye diameter vs. 5.5-7.5 (6.3). Balitora nantingensis can be distinguished from B. burmanica by body rounded vs. slender in dorsal view; pointed snout vs. blunt in dorsal view; a deeper body, body depth 12.5-16.9% of SL vs. 10-12%; a deeper caudal-peduncle, length of caudal-peduncle 2.0-2.8 times of its depth vs. 3.0-4.2; a shorter caudal-peduncle, 14.3-15.6% of SL vs. 16-21%; the average ratio of body width at pelvic-fin origin and distance between inner pelvic-fin base 2.0 vs. 3.4; body width 1.1-1.5 times of body depth vs. 1.5-1.6; posterior end of pelvic-fin almost one or slight more than one eye diameter from anus vs. closet to anus; outside rays of pelvic-fin extend more posteriorly than inside rays and make posterior outline of fin acclivitous and straight vs. the outside ones almost equal to the inside ones and make the fin slightly convex.

Schistura cryptofasciata, a new loach (Cypriniformes : Balitoridae) from Salween drainage in Yunnan, Southwestern China

Schistura cryptofasciata is distinguished from its congeners by following combination characters: lateral line complete; 8(1)/(2) branched dorsal-fin rays; 9+8 branched caudal-fin rays; no sexual dimorphism; 8-11 indistinct bars, wider than interspaces; caudal-peduncle length 44.1-16.5% standard length, 68.1-90.4% dorsal head length; anterior portion of body scaleless; air bladder entirely embedded in bony capsule; lateral head length 104-122% dorsal head length; lower jaw with a notch at symphysis; lower lip completely interrupted; interorbital width 1.9-2.2 times eye diameter; pelvic-fin origin ventral to dorsal-fin origin; anus 1.0-1.5 eye diameters in front of anal-fin origin; the widest part of black basal caudal bar is the midlateral, and then the upper and lower ends.

A new species of sisorid catfish genus Glyptothorax (Teleostei: Sisoridae) from Salween drainage of Yunnan, China

A new species of the genus Glyptothorax, Glyptothorax obliquimaculatus sp. nov. is described from the Xiaohei River, a tributary of the Nanting River, Salween drainage, in southwestern Yunnan province, China. This new species can be distinguished from its congeners by the following combination of characteristics: unculiferous ridges of the thoracic adhesive apparatus extending anteriorly onto the gular region; body with irregular dark blotches scattered along lateral surface (blotches mostly oblique); skin smooth on head and body; dorsal spine smooth without serrations on its posterior margin; lips smooth; posterior margin of pectoral spine with 7-8 serrations; dorsal-fin base 11.0-13.2% SL; pectoral-fin length 15.6-19.6% SL; depth of caudal peduncle 8.6-9.8% SL; head width 19.1-24.0% SL; nasal barbel length 23.3-33.3% HL.

The role of vibration and drainage in femoral impaction bone grafting.

Vibration is commonly used in civil engineering applications to efficiently compact aggregates. This study examined the effect of vibration and drainage on bone graft compaction and cement penetration in an in vitro femoral impaction bone grafting model with the use of 3-dimensional micro-computed tomographic imaging. Three regions were analyzed. In the middle and proximal femoral regions, there was a significant increase in the proportion of bone grafts with a reciprocal reduction in water and air in the vibration-assisted group (P < .01) as compared with the control group, suggesting tighter graft compaction. Cement volume was also significantly reduced in the middle region in the vibration-assisted group. No difference was observed in the distal region. This study demonstrates the value of vibration and drainage in bone graft compaction, with implications therein for clinical application and outcome.

Population genetic structure and geographical differentiation of the Chinese catfish Hemibagrus macropterus (Siluriformes, Bagridae): Evidence for altered drainage patterns

National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) [2007CB411600, 30530120]

Pseudobagrus fui Miao, a valid bagrid species from the Yangtze River drainage, South China (Teleostei: Bagridae)

Pseudobagrus fui Miao is a valid bagrid species that can be separated from all its congeners in having 27-33 anal-fin rays. Among the species of Pseudobagrus, it forms part of a group of approximately 20 species putatively characterized by having a smooth anterior margin of the pectoral-fin spine and short maxillary barbels not extending to the base of the pectoral-fin spine. Pseudobagrus fui, together with P. nitidus and P. vachelli, can be differentiated from all other fork-tailed species of this group by having no fewer than 20 branched anal-fin rays, the posterior end of the anal-fin base posterior to the vertical through the posterior end of the adipose-fin base, and anal-fin base longer than the adipose-fin base. It further differs from P. nitidus in having a gas bladder without beaded lateral and posterior margins, and from P. vachelli in having short maxillary barbels not extending to the base of the pectoral-fin spine. Pseudobagrus fui is currently known from the main stream of the upper Yangtze River and its tributaries, the Min River, Jialing River, Tuo River, Wu River and Chishui River in Sichuan Province, Guizhou Province, and the Chongqing City. The identity and nomenclature of Pseudobagrus nitidus is also discussed.

Metzia longinasus, a new cyprinid species (Teleostei: Cypriniformes) from the Pearl River drainage in Guangxi Province, South China

Metzia longinasus, a new cultrine cyprinid species from the Hongshui-He River of the Pearl River drainage in Guangxi Province, southern China, is described here. It can be distinguished from all other congeners by having a combination of the following characters: a superior mouth, 43 or 44 lateral-line scales, a long head (length 27.2-30.8% of standard length), a long snout (length 31.7-37.0% of head length), 10 or 11 branched anal-fin rays, and no longitudinal black band extending along each side of body from the extremity of the gill opening to caudal-fin base.

Pseudobagrus brachyrhabdion, a new catfish (Teleostei : Bagridae) from the middle Yangtze River drainage, South China

Pseudobagrus brachyrhabdion sp. nov., from the Yuan Jiang and Xiang Jiang of the middle Yangtze River drainage in Hunan and Guizhou Provinces, South China, is described herein. It is distinguished from all other Pseudobagrus species with a truncate or slightly emarginated caudal fin by an unique combination of the following characters: supraoccipital plate and nuchal plate broadly interspaced and covered with skin; nasal barbels only at most reaching anterior margin of eye; maxillary barbels reaching slightly beyond posterior margin of eye; outer mandibular barbels extending to posterior margin of eye; dorsal fin with a somewhat convex distal margin, origin nearer to pectoral-fin insertion than to pelvic-fin insertion; dorsal-fin spine shorter than pectoral spine, with a somewhat serrated posterior margin; pectoral-fin spine with a smooth anterior margin; anal fin with 20-23 rays, base length 23.8-32.0% of standard length, posterior end of anal-fin base anterior to posterior end of adipose fin base; no longitudinal black band extending along flank; eyes large, diameter 16.3-23.7% of head length; and number of vertebrae 5 + 43-46.

Triplophysa lixianensis, a new nemacheiline loach species (Pisces : Balitoridae) from the upper Yangtze River drainage in Sichuan Province, South China

Triplophysa lixianensis, a new nemacheiline loach species, is described from the Min Jiang of the upper Yangtze River drainage in Sichuan Province, South China. It can be separated from all other species of Triplophysa by having a unique combination of the following characters: posterior chamber of gas bladder greatly reduced or absent; caudal peduncle columnar with a roughly round cross- section at its beginning; anterior edge of lower jaw completely exposed or uncovered by lower lip; intestine short, forming a zigzag loop below stomach; dorsal- fin origin closer to caudal- fin base than to snout tip; pelvic fin inserted anterior to dorsal- fin origin; snout length 50.6 - 57.5 % of head length; eye diameter 12.3 15.4 % of head length; caudal peduncle length 25.1 - 27.1 % of standard length; anal fin with five branched rays; lower lip greatly furrowed with two thick lateral lobes; and body smooth or scaleless.

Use of microbial community to evaluate performance of a wetland system in treating Pb/Zn mine drainage

The performance of a wetland system in treating lead (Pb)/zinc (Zn) mine drainage was evaluated by using the polyurethane foam unit (PFU) microbial community (method), which has been adopted by China as a standardized procedure for monitoring water quality. The wetland system consisted of four cells with three dominant plants: Typha latifolia, Phragmites australis and Paspalum distichum. Physicochemical characteristics [pH, EC, content of total suspended solid (TSS) and metals (Pb, Zn, Cd, and Cu)] and PFU microbial community in water samples had been investigated from seven sampling sites. The results indicated that the concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, and TSS in the mine drainage were gradually reduced from the inlet to the outlet of the wetland system and 99%, 98%, 75%, 83%, and 68% of these metals and TSS respectively, had been reduced in concentration after the drainage passed through the wetland system. A total of 105 protozoan species were identified, the number of protozoa species and the diversity index (DI) gradually increased, while the heterotrophic index (HI) gradually decreased from the inlet to the outlet of the wetland system. The results indicated that DI, HI, and total number species of protozoa could be used as biological indicators indicating the improvement of water quality.