Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellites in a Yangtze River fish, brass gudgeon (Coreius heterodon Bleeker)

The brass gudgeon (Coreius heterodon) is a fish of economic importance in the Yangtze River. From a (GATA)(n)-enriched genomic library, 25 microsatellites were developed by employing the fast isolation by AFLP of sequences containing repeats (FIASCO) protocol. Nine loci exhibited polymorphism with two to 12 alleles (mean 3.9 alleles/locus) in a test population, and observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.1111 to 0.9630 (mean 0.4426). Three of the nine loci showed polymorphism in a congeneric species, the largemouth bronze gudgeon Coreius guichenoti. These loci should provide sufficient level of genetic diversity to evaluate the fine-scale population structure of C. heterodon.

福尔马林固定铜鱼基因组DNA的提取与扩增

铜鱼(Coreius heterodon)作为长江中、上游的重要经济鱼类是研究三峡大坝阻隔效应的重要材料之一。然而,过去的铜鱼标本都保存在福尔马林溶液中,有必要探讨从福尔马林固定的铜鱼标本中有效提取基因组DNA的方法以及这些DNA用于微卫星和线粒体分析的可行性。本实验通过改进的酒精梯度浸泡法去除标本中的甲醛,然后用酚-氯仿抽提法成功地提取到了铜鱼标本的基因组DNA;设计引物后进行了线粒体和微卫星的PCR扩增,扩增产物经银染检测。微卫星扩增结果显示只有部分个体可以扩出目的带,而线粒体控制区部分区段在所有个体

葛洲坝水利枢纽兴建后铜鱼繁殖的生态效应

<正> 铜鱼 Coreius heterodon(Bleeker)广泛分布于长江水系,是较典型的河道流水性鱼类。在长江干流中、上游及其主要支流里,它是重要的捕捞对象,在某些地区,其渔捞量终年占总渔获之首位。因其肉味鲜美,含脂量高,被誉为上等食用鱼。1963年易伯鲁等描述了铜鱼卵和胚胎发育特点。60年代初,中国科学院水生生物研究所在长江干流进行家鱼产卵场调查时,曾

Analysis of heavy metals of muscle and intestine tissue in fish - in Banan section of Chongqing from Three Gorges Reservoir, China

The present study was carried out to investigate contamination of heavy metals in 19 fish species from the Banan section of Chongqing in the Three Gorges, Yangtze River. The results showed that the mean concentrations of heavy metals were higher in intestine than muscle, except zinc in upper strata. In the fish inhabiting the upper strata, there were significant differences between mean concentrations of As, Cr, Cu and Hg in muscle and intestine (P <0.05). There were also significant differences between mean concentrations of Cr and Cu in muscle and intestine in the fish inhabiting middle strata. However, significant differences between mean concentrations of As, Cd, Hg, Pb and Zn were measured in fish inhabiting bottom strata in both intestine and muscle tissues (P <0.05). For the fish inhabiting different strata, the concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg and Ph in muscle and intestine of the fish from bottom strata (BS) were higher than those in both upper strata (US) and middle strata (MS); whereas a higher concentration of Zn was measured in muscle and intestine from fish inhabiting upper strata. Mean metal concentrations were found to be higher in age 11 than those in age I in Coreius heterodon (2- and 1-year odl fish respectively). The overall results indicated that fish muscle in the Banan section were slightly contaminated by heavy metals, but did not exceed Chinese food standards.

Phylogenetic relationships of the Chinese cyprinid genus Rhinogobio Bleeker (Teleostei : Cyprinidae) based on sequences of the mitochondrial DNA control region, with comments on character adaptations

Rhinogobio is a cyprinid genus restricted to the river drainages of China. Sequences of the mitochondrial DNA control region were determined for four Rhinogohio species and one outgroup species, Coreius heterodon, to investigate the phylogenetic relationships within the genus. The control region of the Rhinogobio species ranges from 922 to 930 base pairs and comprises 930 base pairs in Coreius. Our phylogenetic analysis indicates two distinct lineages in the genus Rhinogobio. The first includes only R. ventralis. In the second lineage there are three species, two closely related species R. cylindricus and R. hunanensis, and their sister species R. typus. An analysis of character adaptations suggests an evolutionary trend in this genus towards a relatively lower body and caudal peduncle depth, a shorter dorsal fin, and a more anterior anus. In addition, there is a trend towards shorter barbels and relatively larger eyes. Some or all of these traits may be associated with a habitat shift from fast-flowing turbid rivers to slower-flowing clear river habitats.

Polymorphic microsatellites in largemouth bronze gudgeon (Coreius guichenoti) developed from repeat-enriched libraries and cross-species amplifications

Largemouth bronze gudgeon (Coreius guichenoti) is a medium-sized fish endemic from the upper Yangtze River of China and its survival is threatened by the construction of the Three Gorges Dam. This study reports 20 new polymorphic microsatellites from a repeat-enriched genomic library with a mean number allele of 5.2, and observed and expected heterozygosities ranging from 0.035 to 1, and from 0.13 to 0.917, respectively. In a cross-species amplification test, nine of the 37 tested loci were found to be also polymorphic in a congeneric species, brass gudgeon (C. heterodon). In addition, other four loci from common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were also polymorphic in C. guichenoti. Out of these 24 polymorphic microsatellites, only three loci significantly deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in the sampled population (P < 0.0025), and all pairwise tests for linkage disequilibrium among loci were nonsignificant after applying sequential Bonferroni correction (P > 0.0026). These novel microsatellites provide sufficient levels of polymorphism for studies on population genetics and conservation in C. guichenoti and its related species.

Population structure, feeding and reproductive aspects of Serrapinnus heterodon (Characidae, Cheirodontinae) in a Mogi Guaçu reservoir (SP), upper Paraná River basin

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

三峡大坝的修建对库区动物的影响

世界上最大的大坝—三峡大坝―于2003年6月正式建成并蓄水，三峡水库的水位由蓄水前的84m上升至蓄水后的139m。三峡大坝的修建与蓄水，已经显著地改变了三峡库区陆地生态系统和水域生态系统的生态环境。三峡大坝的修建将如何影响生活在这一区域（包括陆地和水域）的野生动植物资源，是个亟待解决的问题。 对于陆地生态系统，三峡大坝的修建，使三峡库区的生态环境进一步破碎化（Fragmentation）和岛屿化（Island）。为了了解三峡大坝的修建对三峡库区野生动物所产生的影响，我们选择适应性强且对环境变化敏感的啮齿动物为研究对象，在三峡库区选取两个岛屿（洛碛岛和皇华岛）及其对岸为研究点，在野外调查了啮齿动物的群落组成、种群密度与分布，并用胃容物分析和稳定性同位素分析方法研究了两个研究点优势种啮齿动物的食物来源与组成。结果表明，两个研究点间啮齿动物群落组成有很大差异，这主要是由于啮齿动物分布的地域性差异引起的。在同一个研究点，岛屿上的啮齿动物群落组成与对岸的没有差异，但在岛屿上的啮齿动物种群密度却明显高于其对岸的，这说明随着库区水位的大幅度提升，岛屿的面积急剧减小，使原本栖息在水边的啮齿动物不得不向岛屿的中上部迁移，致使岛屿上的啮齿动物的种群密度迅速增加。啮齿动物的食物来源有四种：C3非豆科植物，C3豆科植物，C4植物及水生生物。不同种啮齿动物的食物种类组成也不同，四川短尾鼩（Anourosorex squamipes）的食物中有水生生物的组成成分，但其它啮齿动物食物中不含水生生物。不同食物来源在啮齿动物的整体食物中所占比例也不同，并呈明显的季节性变化，这种变化与田间的农作物种类密切相关。动物组织的稳定性同位素组成不仅可以示踪动物的食物来源，也反映了动物的生存状况。我们的结果显示：对岸啮齿动物的稳定性同位素组成相对集中，并且不同种啮齿动物间没有重叠。这一方面说明对岸啮齿动物的食物来源相对丰富，啮齿动物可以选择各自喜食食物，在此环境下的啮齿动物种间竞争相对较弱，至少是种间食物竞争较弱。岛屿上啮齿动物的稳定性同位素值分布范围远大于在对岸的，并且种间稳定性同位素组成有明显的重叠部分。稳定性同位素组成的重叠意味着有相似的食物来源，也即栖息生境相似。这说明岛上的啮齿动物种间存在较剧烈的食物竞争关系。在资源限制情况下，多种啮齿动物不得不利用共同的食物来源。换句话说，岛屿化过程将加剧岛屿上啮齿动物的种间竞争。 洛碛岛上的四川短尾鼩因为可以利用水生食物来源，这使得它在岛屿化过程中处于有利地位。随着岛屿化进程的加剧，四川短尾鼩在岛屿上的优势将更加明显。而皇华岛屿上的褐家鼠的食物来源单一，会因岛屿面积的进一步减小，食物来源更加缺乏，它们将不得不改其食物组成或面临消失。而白腹巨鼠的栖息环境靠近江边，将因水位的上升进一步上移，它们的栖息环境与普通田鼠的发生重叠，使得白腹巨鼠与普通田鼠发生栖息地的竞争与食物竞争，并面临更多的人为因素干扰。 对于水域生态系统，长江是我国最大的河流，也是我国淡水鱼类最丰富的区域。三峡大坝的修建已经显著改变了三峡库区的水文特征。为了了解三峡大坝的修建是否会改变三峡库区的有机物组成，并进而影响到三峡库区水生生物的食物来源和组成，我们选择了三个水文特征不同的研究点（洛碛江段、皇华城江段和茅坪江段）调查了三峡库区的常见鱼种类组成，并用稳定性同位素方法研究了三峡库区洪水前后的有机物组成变化与鱼类的食物网模型，用稳定性同位素划分了鱼类食物网结构及鱼类体长与其肌肉δ15N值间的关系。结果表明，三峡大坝的修建，已经显著改变了皇华城和茅坪江段的水文特征，同时也“干扰”了生活在这一区域的鱼类。适应于流水环境的鱼类在库区回水处和大坝附近几乎消失，而喜欢静态环境的其它鱼类却得到极大的发展，例如鲢鱼（H. molitrix）和草鱼（ C. idellus）。 洪水前后，三峡库区的有机物组成成分有明显改变。洪水前，水中有机物主要以河流自身生产力产生的有机物为主（浮游植物、藻类等）;洪水后，水中有机物主要以外来有机物为主（陆地植物、土壤有机物和从上游带来的有机物）。对于三个食物网模型：河流连续体模型（RCC）、脉冲模型（FPC）和河流生产力模型（RPM），河流生产力模型能更好的解释三峡库区的水生生物的食物来源，即三峡库区的水生生物的食物主要来源于河流自身生产力产生的有机物。但外来有机物作为水生生物的一种辅助食物来源，在洪水期间起到不可忽视的作用。 在本研究中，鱼类体长与其δ15N值间的关系与选取鱼的种类有关，比如南方大口鲇（Silurus asotus）的体长与其肌肉的δ15N值呈明显负相关关系（R2≈0.5），而鱖鱼（Siniperca）、铜鱼（Coreius guichenoti）和草鱼（Ctenopharyngodon idellus）的体长与其肌肉的δ15N值却呈正相关关系。 三峡库区常见鱼类主要以杂食性和广普性鱼类为主，食物网结构十分复杂。通过胃容物分析和稳定性同位素分析，三峡库区水生生物营养级间的判别值约为3.1‰。依据鱼类肌肉的δ15N值，三峡库区的常见鱼类可以划分为四个营养级：草食性鱼类（herbivorous fish）、初级杂食性鱼类（1ºomnivorous fish）、次级杂食性鱼类（2ºomnivorous fish）和食鱼性鱼类（piscivorous fish）。营养级间没有明确的分界限，鱼类的营养级从2到4.8，是连续分布的营养级结构，从而更真实的反映了自然界中动物的捕食关系和在食物网中的位置。 自然丰度变化的稳定性同位素(Stable isotope)作为一种天然的示踪物，在动物生态学上已经得到广泛应用。动物的稳定性同位素可以清楚的示踪动物的食物来源、食物组成、栖息地情况和生存状况等多种信息，结合传统的胃容物分析，或其它的粪便分析、储藏物分析等，稳定性同位素技术在动物生态学研究方面必将得到更广泛的应用。

Predicting the impacts of climate change on the distribution and conservation of endemic forest land snails of Madeira Island

Climate change is emerging as one of the major threats to natural communities of the world’s ecosystems; and biodiversity hotspots, such as Madeira Island, might face a challenging future in the conservation of endangered land snails’ species. With this thesis, progresses have been made in order to properly understand the impact of climate on these vulnerable taxa; and species distribution models coupled with GIS and climate change scenarios have become crucial to understand the relations between species distribution and environmental conditions, identifying threats and determining biodiversity vulnerability. With the use of MaxEnt, important changes in the species suitable areas were obtained. Laurel forest species, highly dependent on precipitation and relative humidity, may face major losses on their future suitable areas, leading to the possible extinction of several endangered species, such as Leiostyla heterodon. Despite the complexity of the biological systems, the intrinsic uncertainty of species distribution models and the lack of information about land snails’ functional traits, this analysis contributed to a pioneer study on the impacts of climate change on endemic species of Madeira Island. The future inclusion of predictions of the effect of climate change on species distribution as part of IUCN assessments could contribute to species prioritizing, promoting specific management actions and maximizing conservation investment.

The condition factor of fishes from two river basins in São Paulo state, Southeast of Brazil

This work describes the relative condition factor of the Hypostomus strigaticeps, Astyanax altiparanae, Astyanax scabripinnis, Astyanax fasciatus, Astyanax sp1., Characidium aff. zebra, Piabina argentea, Hypostomus ancistroides, Hypostomus sp1., Parodon tortuosus, Serrapinus heterodon, and Bryconamericus sp., of the APA of São Pedro and Analândia (22°-23°S and 47°30'-48°30'W). The condition factor provides information about the physical state of the animal in the environment. In order to compare different species, the relative condition factor was used. Variations in this factor were correlated with variations through the year and with subsequent alterations in the physiological state of the fishes. The relative condition factor was shown to be efficient in indicating changes in fish condition throughout the year.

Ictiofauna de lagoas marginais sazonalmente isoladas, rio Turvo, bacia do rio Grande, Alto Paraná, SP

Pós-graduação em Aquicultura - FCAV