919 resultados para Communal ownership


Relevância:

70.00% 70.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

In our late twentieth century experience, survival of an economy seems critically dependent on well established rights to private property and a return to labor that rewards greater effort. But that need not be so. History provides examples of micro-socialist economies that internally, at least, allow for little private property for participants and a constant return to labor that is independent of effort. Some such economies may even be termed 'successful,' if success is taken to mean survival over several generations. If these communities survived without conditions that are generally thought to be necessary for success, a question worth asking is how this occurred, for we can then shed some light on what really is necessary for economic survival. Addressing this issue emphasizes the critical role of time, for even if the microsocialist economies that we study here eventually became the merest shadow of their former selves, the fact that they did flourish for so long makes them a valuable counterexample, and hence, a phenomenon in need of explanation. We consider here the dairy industry of the Shakers, which was characterized by intensive efforts to increase productivity, in part through the use of market signals, but efforts that were also limited by the ideological goals of the community. The Shakers were (and are, but since it is the historical Shakers that concern this paper, the past tense will be used) a Christian communal group. Some of their distinctive beliefs included the existence of a male and female Godhead, from which followed sexual equality, and active communication between Believers (a Shaker term for members of the sect) and denizens of the spirit world. Practices of the Society (their official name is the United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing, the second appearing being in the body of their foundress, an illiterate Englishwoman named Ann Lee) included pacifism, celibacy, confession of sins to elders, and joint or communal ownership of the Society's assets. Each Shaker received the same return for his or her labor: room, board, clothing, and the experience of divine proximity in a community of like minded Believers (Stein 1992).

Relevância:

60.00% 60.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

This article evaluates the adoption and implementation of an Indigenous certification trademark system in Australia. Section II considers the use of copyright law, moral rights provisions and consumer protection laws to protect Indigenous cultural property in Australia. It suggests that there needs to be additional protection under trademark law - especially to deal with problems concerning communal ownership, material form and duration of protection. Section III evaluates the efficacy of the scheme for marks of authenticity established by the National Indigenous Arts Advocacy Association in November 1999. It contends that there were practical problems with the implementation of the scheme and symbolic concerns about the definition of authenticity applied under the regime. Section IV engages in a comparative analysis of other jurisdictions - such as New Zealand, Canada and the United States. It demonstrates that an Indigenous certification mark can be successful, given sufficient support and assistance. The article concludes that there needs to be a sui generis system to protect traditional knowledge at an international level.

Relevância:

60.00% 60.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

This article considers the artistic and legal practices of Bangarra Dance Theatre in a case study of copyright law management in relation to Indigenous culture. It is grounded in the particular local experience, knowledge and understanding of copyright law displayed by the performing arts company. The first part considers the special relationship between Bangarra Dance Theatre and the Munyarrun Clan. It examines the contractual arrangements developed to recognise communal ownership. The next section examines the role of the artistic director and choreographer. It looks at the founder, Carole Johnson, and her successor, Stephen Page. The third part of the article focuses on the role of the composer, David Page. It examines his ambition to set up a Indigenous recording company, Nikinali. Part 4 focuses upon the role of the artistic designers. It looks at the contributions of artistic designers such as Fiona Foley. Part 5 deals with broadcasts of performances on television, film, and multi-media. Part 6 considers the collaborations of Bangarra Dance Theatre with the Australian Ballet, and the Sydney Organising Committee for the Olympic Games. The conclusion considers how Bangarra Dance Theatre has played a part ina general campaign to increase protection of Indigenous copyright law.

Relevância:

60.00% 60.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

En el presente trabajo se propone un abordaje del rol de la propiedad comunal en la transición del feudalismo al capitalismo europeo a partir de la dinámica de desestructuración del modo de producción dominante. Partimos de la idea que la transición no implica la eliminación de los elementos que componen el modo de producción anterior, sino su permanencia y aún su fortalecimiento sobre bases modificadas. Este es el caso de la pervivencia de las formas campesinas de producción, dentro de las cuales la propiedad colectiva es una de sus bases de sostenimiento material más importantes. Sin embargo, este proceso es complejo y no está excento de ambigüedades. La corrupción interna de la comunidad aldeana, con la consiguiente proletarización parcial de su mano de obra se halla en estrecha relación con la ofensiva sobre los campos comunes. Sin embargo, en el período estudiado, el fenómeno no es absoluto, ya que al mismo tiempo que se da una progresiva pérdida de tierras por parte de los productores aldeanos, se refuerzan las relaciones feudales dentro de las cuales se ponen en explotación los suelos. Las contradicciones del desarrollo histórico obliga al historiador a una aproximación dialéctica que dé cuenta de esta particularidad. El diálogo crítico con los aportes teóricos de la sociología agraria y de la antropología rural sirven de estímulo para esta contribución.

Relevância:

60.00% 60.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Este artículo analiza la población indígena del Bolívar Grande (Colombia) en el tercer cuarto del siglo XIX, en el contexto de formación de la nación y la expansión de la ganadería. Mostramos cómo los elementos discursivos sobre la nación mestiza y la identidad política ciudadana, más el fraccionamiento interno de las comunidades indígenas, facilitaron las acciones de ganaderos y poblaciones mestizas para intentar disolver la propiedad comunal de las tierras de los resguardos. También analizamos las formas de resistencia desplegadas por los indígenas, en especial la instrumentalización que realizaron del discurso liberal, y las negociaciones que establecieron con otros sectores sociales y políticos para defender sus intereses

Relevância:

60.00% 60.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

En el presente trabajo se propone un abordaje del rol de la propiedad comunal en la transición del feudalismo al capitalismo europeo a partir de la dinámica de desestructuración del modo de producción dominante. Partimos de la idea que la transición no implica la eliminación de los elementos que componen el modo de producción anterior, sino su permanencia y aún su fortalecimiento sobre bases modificadas. Este es el caso de la pervivencia de las formas campesinas de producción, dentro de las cuales la propiedad colectiva es una de sus bases de sostenimiento material más importantes. Sin embargo, este proceso es complejo y no está excento de ambigüedades. La corrupción interna de la comunidad aldeana, con la consiguiente proletarización parcial de su mano de obra se halla en estrecha relación con la ofensiva sobre los campos comunes. Sin embargo, en el período estudiado, el fenómeno no es absoluto, ya que al mismo tiempo que se da una progresiva pérdida de tierras por parte de los productores aldeanos, se refuerzan las relaciones feudales dentro de las cuales se ponen en explotación los suelos. Las contradicciones del desarrollo histórico obliga al historiador a una aproximación dialéctica que dé cuenta de esta particularidad. El diálogo crítico con los aportes teóricos de la sociología agraria y de la antropología rural sirven de estímulo para esta contribución.

Relevância:

60.00% 60.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Este artículo analiza la población indígena del Bolívar Grande (Colombia) en el tercer cuarto del siglo XIX, en el contexto de formación de la nación y la expansión de la ganadería. Mostramos cómo los elementos discursivos sobre la nación mestiza y la identidad política ciudadana, más el fraccionamiento interno de las comunidades indígenas, facilitaron las acciones de ganaderos y poblaciones mestizas para intentar disolver la propiedad comunal de las tierras de los resguardos. También analizamos las formas de resistencia desplegadas por los indígenas, en especial la instrumentalización que realizaron del discurso liberal, y las negociaciones que establecieron con otros sectores sociales y políticos para defender sus intereses

Relevância:

60.00% 60.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

En el presente trabajo se propone un abordaje del rol de la propiedad comunal en la transición del feudalismo al capitalismo europeo a partir de la dinámica de desestructuración del modo de producción dominante. Partimos de la idea que la transición no implica la eliminación de los elementos que componen el modo de producción anterior, sino su permanencia y aún su fortalecimiento sobre bases modificadas. Este es el caso de la pervivencia de las formas campesinas de producción, dentro de las cuales la propiedad colectiva es una de sus bases de sostenimiento material más importantes. Sin embargo, este proceso es complejo y no está excento de ambigüedades. La corrupción interna de la comunidad aldeana, con la consiguiente proletarización parcial de su mano de obra se halla en estrecha relación con la ofensiva sobre los campos comunes. Sin embargo, en el período estudiado, el fenómeno no es absoluto, ya que al mismo tiempo que se da una progresiva pérdida de tierras por parte de los productores aldeanos, se refuerzan las relaciones feudales dentro de las cuales se ponen en explotación los suelos. Las contradicciones del desarrollo histórico obliga al historiador a una aproximación dialéctica que dé cuenta de esta particularidad. El diálogo crítico con los aportes teóricos de la sociología agraria y de la antropología rural sirven de estímulo para esta contribución.

Relevância:

60.00% 60.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Este artículo analiza la población indígena del Bolívar Grande (Colombia) en el tercer cuarto del siglo XIX, en el contexto de formación de la nación y la expansión de la ganadería. Mostramos cómo los elementos discursivos sobre la nación mestiza y la identidad política ciudadana, más el fraccionamiento interno de las comunidades indígenas, facilitaron las acciones de ganaderos y poblaciones mestizas para intentar disolver la propiedad comunal de las tierras de los resguardos. También analizamos las formas de resistencia desplegadas por los indígenas, en especial la instrumentalización que realizaron del discurso liberal, y las negociaciones que establecieron con otros sectores sociales y políticos para defender sus intereses

Relevância:

30.00% 30.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Environmentalists have called for a new property paradigm premised on the idea of land ownership as a delegated responsibility to manage land and resources for the public benefit. An examination of Crown freehold grants from the beginnings of settlement until the 1890s in Queensland shows that fee simple titles were granted subject to express conditions and reservations designed to reserve useful natural resources to the Crown, and to promote public purposes. Over time, legislative regulation of landowner’s rights rendered obsolete the use of express conditions and reservations in grants. One result of this change was that the inherently limited nature of fee simple ownership, and the communal obligations to which it is subject, are less transparent than in colonial times.

Relevância:

30.00% 30.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

This paper takes as its starting point the assertion that current rangeland management in the central Eastern Cape Province (former Ciskei) of South Africa, is characterised primarily by an ‘open access’ approach. Empirical material drawn from three case-study communities in the region is used to examine the main barriers to management of rangeland as a ‘commons’. The general inability to define and enforce rights to particular grazing resourses in the face of competing claims from ‘outsiders’, as well as inadequate local institutions responsible for rangeland management are highlighted as being of key importance. These are often exacerbated by lack of available grazing land, diffuse user groups and local political and ethnic divisions. Many of these problems have a strong legacy in historical apartheid policies such as forced resettlement and betterment planning. On this basis it is argued that policy should focus on facilitating the emergence of effective, local institutions for rangeland management. Given the limited grazing available to many communities in the region, a critical aspect of this will be finding ways to legitimise current patterns of extensive resource use, which traverse existing ‘community’ boundaries. However, this runs counter to recent legislation, which strongly links community management with legal ownership of land within strict boundaries often defined through fencing. Finding ways to overcome this apparent disjuncture between theory and policy will be vital for the effective management of common pool grazing resources in the region.

Relevância:

30.00% 30.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

The Gay Games is firmly established on the contemporary global sports calendar, but is seldom canvassed in mainstream sports media, or considered a model for sports administrators. This is regrettable, as the Games’ ethos offers many clues into the relationships between individual and communal empowerment for homosexual and heterosexual participants alike, while providing a site of resistance against entrenched norms of elitism, nationalism, victory and record-breaking indicative of the modern Olympic movement. Credit for this inclusive ethos rests with the vision of inaugural Gay Games organiser Dr. Tom Waddell. Drawing on Games archives, this paper outlines Waddell’s vision, then discusses the impact of a protracted legal dispute instigated by the United States Olympic Committee in 1982 over the use of the term ‘Olympics’ in association with Gay Games I and II. Four United States Federal court rulings are examined, with particular reference to the contrasting hierarchy of private intellectual property and public civil rights considered under United States law of the time. Domestic and international legacies of the dispute are also briefly examined, focusing on the inherent tensions between the state-sanctioned protection of Olympic terminology, the ideals of free speech, the ownership of common sporting terms, and the potential discriminatory effects of selective trademark enforcement. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of how Waddell’s vision superseded each of these legal technicalities to ensure the Games continues to provide a viable model for inclusive and engaged participation for all people.


Relevância:

30.00% 30.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

The lack of public-mindedness can cause problems in the social order of people’s daily lives, such as the tragedy of the commons and the problem of free riders. Some scholars such as Habermas assert that communicative rationality is the solution, expecting that individuals will communicate with each other to reach a consensus without being bounded by aspects of social background. Other scholars advocate the revitalization of traditional community culture. These arguments, however, are not based on reality. By using the case of communal land formation in rural Thailand, the author shows that collective action is neither a revival of tradition nor a result of communication free from social constraints. Rather, cooperation emerges because the people rationally respond to their present needs and have built, through daily social interactions, taken-for-granted knowledge about how they should behave for cooperation.