Quantitative functional MRI of the Cerebrovascular Reactivity to CO2

Le dioxyde de carbone (CO2) est un résidu naturel du métabolisme cellulaire, la troisième substance la plus abondante du sang, et un important agent vasoactif. À la moindre variation de la teneur en CO2 du sang, la résistance du système vasculaire cérébral et la perfusion tissulaire cérébrale subissent des changements globaux. Bien que les mécanismes exacts qui sous-tendent cet effet restent à être élucidés, le phénomène a été largement exploité dans les études de réactivité vasculaire cérébrale (RVC). Une voie prometteuse pour l’évaluation de la fonction vasculaire cérébrale est la cartographie de la RVC de manière non-invasive grâce à l’utilisation de l’Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique fonctionnelle (IRMf). Des mesures quantitatives et non-invasives de de la RVC peuvent être obtenus avec l’utilisation de différentes techniques telles que la manipu- lation du contenu artériel en CO2 (PaCO2) combinée à la technique de marquage de spin artériel (Arterial Spin Labeling, ASL), qui permet de mesurer les changements de la perfusion cérébrale provoqués par les stimuli vasculaires. Toutefois, les préoccupations liées à la sensibilité et la fiabilité des mesures de la RVC limitent de nos jours l’adoption plus large de ces méthodes modernes de IRMf. J’ai considéré qu’une analyse approfondie ainsi que l’amélioration des méthodes disponibles pourraient apporter une contribution précieuse dans le domaine du génie biomédical, de même qu’aider à faire progresser le développement de nouveaux outils d’imagerie de diagnostique. Dans cette thèse je présente une série d’études où j’examine l’impact des méthodes alternatives de stimulation/imagerie vasculaire sur les mesures de la RVC et les moyens d’améliorer la sensibilité et la fiabilité de telles méthodes. J’ai aussi inclus dans cette thèse un manuscrit théorique où j’examine la possible contribution d’un facteur méconnu dans le phénomène de la RVC : les variations de la pression osmotique du sang induites par les produits de la dissolution du CO2. Outre l’introduction générale (Chapitre 1) et les conclusions (Chapitre 6), cette thèse comporte 4 autres chapitres, au long des quels cinq différentes études sont présentées sous forme d’articles scientifiques qui ont été acceptés à des fins de publication dans différentes revues scientifiques. Chaque chapitre débute par sa propre introduction, qui consiste en une description plus détaillée du contexte motivant le(s) manuscrit(s) associé(s) et un bref résumé des résultats transmis. Un compte rendu détaillé des méthodes et des résultats peut être trouvé dans le(s) dit(s) manuscrit(s). Dans l’étude qui compose le Chapitre 2, je compare la sensibilité des deux techniques ASL de pointe et je démontre que la dernière implémentation de l’ASL continue, la pCASL, offre des mesures plus robustes de la RVC en comparaison à d’autres méthodes pulsés plus âgées. Dans le Chapitre 3, je compare les mesures de la RVC obtenues par pCASL avec l’utilisation de quatre méthodes respiratoires différentes pour manipuler le CO2 artérielle (PaCO2) et je démontre que les résultats peuvent varier de manière significative lorsque les manipulations ne sont pas conçues pour fonctionner dans l’intervalle linéaire de la courbe dose-réponse du CO2. Le Chapitre 4 comprend deux études complémentaires visant à déterminer le niveau de reproductibilité qui peut être obtenu en utilisant des méthodes plus récentes pour la mesure de la RVC. La première étude a abouti à la mise au point technique d’un appareil qui permet des manipulations respiratoires du CO2 de manière simple, sécuritaire et robuste. La méthode respiratoire améliorée a été utilisée dans la seconde étude – de neuro-imagerie – où la sensibilité et la reproductibilité de la RVC, mesurée par pCASL, ont été examinées. La technique d’imagerie pCASL a pu détecter des réponses de perfusion induites par la variation du CO2 dans environ 90% du cortex cérébral humain et la reproductibilité de ces mesures était comparable à celle d’autres mesures hémodynamiques déjà adoptées dans la pratique clinique. Enfin, dans le Chapitre 5, je présente un modèle mathématique qui décrit la RVC en termes de changements du PaCO2 liés à l’osmolarité du sang. Les réponses prédites par ce modèle correspondent étroitement aux changements hémodynamiques mesurés avec pCASL ; suggérant une contribution supplémentaire à la réactivité du système vasculaire cérébral en lien avec le CO2.

Intolérence à l'effort en hypertension artérielle pulmonaire : Implication des déterminants périphériques

L’hypertension artérielle pulmonaire (HTAP) est une maladie caractérisée par l’augmentation progressive des résistances vasculaires pulmonaires causant une augmentation de la pression artérielle pulmonaire qui mène au décès prématuré des patients. Malgré une amélioration rapide ces dernières années des traitements spécifiques, les patients souffrant d’HTAP demeurent dyspnéiques et intolérants à l’effort. L’atteinte vasculaire pulmonaire est actuellement irréversible. Elle est également la source de plusieurs anomalies au niveau des systèmes cardiovasculaires, ventilatoires et musculaires constituant les principaux déterminants physiologiques de la capacité à l’effort des patients. Cette thèse a investigué différentes facettes de la tolérance à l’effort en HTAP : les différents mécanismes ayant un impact sur l’apport musculaire en oxygène, l’altération des voies de signalisation cellulaire impliquées dans l’angiogenèse musculaire et les mécanismes ayant un impact sur la régulation du débit sanguin et l’oxygénation cérébrale en HTAP. Nous avons premièrement documenté une diminution de l’apport en oxygène aux muscles squelettiques à l’effort des patients en relation avec une diminution de la densité capillaire musculaire. Ce défaut d’angiogenèse corrélait d’ailleurs avec la capacité à l’effort des sujets. Par la suite, nous avons étudié les voies de signalisations cellulaires de l’angiogenèse musculaire. Ces résultats ont permis de démontrer une diminution de l’expression de miR-126, unique aux patients HTAP, qui était responsable de la diminution de la densité capillaire et qui contribuait à leur intolérance à l’effort. De plus, il était possible de moduler in vivo l’expression de miR-126. L’expérimentation in vivo, à l’aide d’un modèle murin d’HTAP, a permis de rétablir l’expression de miR-126, d’augmenter la microcirculation musculaire et d’améliorer la tolérance à l’effort des animaux, ce qui met en lumière le potentiel thérapeutique de l’angiogenèse musculaire pour améliorer la capacité à l’effort en HTAP. Notre dernier projet a démontré que les patients HTAP présentaient une diminution de débit sanguin cérébral. Ce projet a également démontré que les changements de pression artérielle sont moins bien amortis par les vaisseaux cérébraux des patients et que leurs vaisseaux cérébraux étaient moins réactifs aux changements de CO2. Les patients présentaient aussi une augmentation de la sensibilité des chémorécepteurs centraux qui contribuait à augmenter leur ventilation au repos, mais aussi à l’exercice. Finalement, à l’effort, nous avons démontré que le débit sanguin cérébral des patients HTAP était principalement influencé par la pression artérielle alors que chez les sujets sains, le débit sanguin cérébral était influencé principalement par la PETCO2. Nous avons également démontré que les patients HTAP présentaient une diminution progressive de leur oxygénation cérébrale, qui corrélait avec leur capacité à l’effort. Les résultats obtenus au cours de ce doctorat démontrent bien que la capacité à l’effort en HTAP est aussi déterminée par plusieurs anomalies physiopathologiques périphériques.

The pathophysiology of CADASIL: studies in a Scottish cohort

Since identification that mutations in NOTCH3 are responsible for cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leucoencephalopathy (CADASIL) in the early 1990s, there has been extensive characterisation of the clinical and radiological features of the disease. However therapeutic interventions remain elusive, partly due to a limited understanding of the vascular pathophysiology and how it leads to the development of strokes, cognitive decline and disability. The apparent rarity and heterogenous natural history of CADASIL potentially make conducting any longitudinal or therapeutic trials difficult. The role of disease biomarkers is therefore of some interest. This thesis focuses on vascular function in CADASIL and how it may relate to clinical and radiological markers of disease. Establishing the prevalence of CADASIL in the West of Scotland was important to assess the impact of the disease, and how feasible a trial would be. A mutation prevalence of 10.7 per 100,000 was demonstrated, suggesting significant under diagnosis of the disease across much of Scotland. Cerebral hypoperfusion is thought to be important in CADASIL, and it has been shown that vascular abnormalities precede the development of brain pathology in mouse models. Investigation of vascular function in patients, both in the brain and systemically, requires less invasive measures. Arterial spin labelling magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD) can both be used to obtain non-invasive and quantifiable indices of vascular function. Monitoring patients with MRI whilst they receive different concentrations of inspired oxygen and carbon dioxide can provide information on brain function, and I reviewed the practicalities of this technique in order to guide the design of the studies in this thesis. 22 CADASIL patients were recruited to a longitudinal study. Testing included peripheral vascular assessment, assessment of disability, neurological dysfunction, mood and cognition. A CO2 reactivity challenge during both TCD and arterial spin labelling MRI, and detailed MRI sequences were obtained. I was able to demonstrate that vasoreactivity was associated with the number of lacunes and brain atrophy, as were carotid intima-media thickness, vessel stiffness, and age. Patients with greater disability, higher depressive symptoms and poorer processing speed showed a tendency to worse cerebral vasoreactivity but numbers were small. This observation suggests vasoreactivity may have potential as a therapeutic target, or a biomarker. I then wished to establish if arterial spin labelling MRI was useful for assessing change in cerebral blood flow in CADASIL patients. Cortical grey matter showed the highest blood flow, mean (SD), 55 (10) ml/100g/min and blood flow was significantly lower within hyperintensities (19 (4) ml/100g/min; p <0.001). Over one year, blood flow in both grey matter (mean -7 (10) %; p = 0.028) and deep white matter (-8 (13) %; p = 0.036) declined significantly. Cerebrovascular reactivity did not change over one year. I then investigated whether baseline vascular markers were able to predict change in radiological or neuropsychological measures of disease. Changes in brain volume, lacunes, microbleeds and normalised subcortical hyperintensity volume (increase of 0.8%) were shown over one year. Baseline vascular parameters were not able to predict these changes, or those in neuropsychological testing. NOTCH3 is found throughout the body and a systemic vasculopathy has been seen particularly affecting resistance vessels. Gluteal biopsies were obtained from 20 CADASIL patients, and ex vivo myography investigated the response to vasoactive agents. Evidence of impairment in both vasodilation and vasoconstriction was shown. The addition of antioxidants improved endothelium-dependent relaxation, indicating a role for oxidative stress in CADASIL pathology. Myography measures were not related to in vivo measures in the sub-group of patients who had taken part in both studies. The small vessels affected in CADASIL are unable to be imaged by conventional MR imaging so I aimed to establish which vessels might be responsible for lacunes with use of a microangiographic template overlaid onto brain images registered to a standard brain template. This showed most lacunes are small and associated with tertiary arterioles. On the basis of this thesis, it is concluded that vascular dysfunction plays an important role in the pathophysiology of CADASIL, and further assessment of vascular measures in longitudinal studies is needed. Arterial spin labelling MRI should be used as it is a reliable, non-invasive modality that can measure change over one year. Furthermore conventional cardiovascular risk factor prevention should be undertaken in CADASIL patients to delay the deleterious effects of the disease.

Theoretical study of two states reactivity of methane activation on iron atom and iron dimer

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been carried out to explore the catalytic activation of C–H bonds in methane by the iron atom, Fe, and the iron dimer, Fe2. For methane activation on an Fe atom, the calculations suggest that the activation of the first C–H bond is mediated via the triplet excited-state potential energy surface (PES), with initial excitation of Fe to the triplet state being necessary for the reaction to be energetically feasible. Compared with the breaking of the first C–H bond, the cleavage of the second C–H bond is predicted to involve a significantly higher barrier, which could explain experimental observations of the HFeCH3 complex rather than CH2FeH2 in the activation of methane by an Fe atom. For methane activation on an iron dimer, the cleavage of the first C–H bond is quite facile with a barrier only 11.2, 15.8 and 8.4 kcal/mol on the septet state energy surface at the B3LYP/6-311+G(2df,2dp), BPW91/6-311+G(2df,2dp) and M06/B3LYP level, respectively. Cleavage of the second C–H bond from HFe2CH3 involves a barrier calculated respectively as 18.0, 10.7 and 12.4 kcal/mol at the three levels. The results suggest that the elimination of hydrogen from the dihydrogen complex is a rate-determining step. Overall, our results indicate that the iron dimer Fe2 has a stronger catalytic effect on the activation of methane than the iron atom.

Ozone-Induced Dissociation on a Modified Tandem Linear Ion-Trap : Observations of Different Reactivity for Isomeric Lipids

Ozone-induced dissociation (OzID) exploits the gas-phase reaction between mass-selected lipid ions and ozone vapor to determine the position(s) of unsaturation In this contribution, we describe the modification of a tandem linear ion-trap mass spectrometer specifically for OzID analyses wherein ozone vapor is supplied to the collision cell This instrumental configuration provides spatial separation between mass-selection, the ozonolysis reaction, and mass-analysis steps in the OzID process and thus delivers significant enhancements in speed and sensitivity (ca 30-fold) These improvements allow spectra revealing the double-bond position(s) within unsaturated lipids to be acquired within 1 s significantly enhancing the utility of OzID in high-throughput lipidomic protocols The stable ozone concentration afforded by this modified instrument also allows direct comparison of relative reactivity of isomeric lipids and reveals reactivity trends related to (1) double-bond position, (2) substitution position on the glycerol backbone, and (3) stereochemistry For cis- and trans-isomers, differences were also observed in the branching ratio of product ions arising from the gas-phase ozonolysis reaction, suggesting that relative ion abundances could be exploited as markers for double-bond geometry Additional activation energy applied to mass-selected lipid ions during injection into the collision cell (with ozone present) was found to yield spectra containing both OzID and classical-CID fragment ions This combination CID-OzID acquisition on an ostensibly simple monounsaturated phosphatidylcholine within a cow brain lipid extract provided evidence for up to four structurally distinct phospholipids differing in both double-bond position and sn-substitution U Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2010, 21, 1989-1999) (C) 2010 American Society for Mass Spectrometry

Adolescent pedometer protocols : examining reactivity, tampering and participants' perceptions

The aim of this study was to investigate adolescents' potential reactivity and tampering while wearing pedometers by comparing different monitoring protocols to accelerometer output. The sample included adolescents (N=123, age range=14-15 years) from three secondary schools in New South Wales, Australia. Schools were randomised to one of the three pedometer monitoring protocols: (i) daily sealed (DS) pedometer group, (ii) unsealed (US) pedometer group or (iii) weekly sealed (WS) pedometer group. Participants wore pedometers (Yamax Digi-Walker CW700, Yamax Corporation, Kumamoto City, Japan) and accelerometers (Actigraph GT3X+, Pensacola, USA) simultaneously for seven days. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to examine potential reactivity. Bivariate correlations between step counts and accelerometer output were calculated to explore potential tampering. The correlation between accelerometer output and pedometer steps/day was strongest among participants in the WS group (r=0.82, P <= 0.001), compared to the US (r=0.63, P <= 0.001) and DS (r=0.16, P=0.324) groups. The DS (P <= 0.001) and US (P=0.003), but not the WS (P=0.891), groups showed evidence of reactivity. The results suggest that reactivity and tampering does occur in adolescents and contrary to existing research, pedometer monitoring protocols may influence participant behaviour.

Investigation of the gas phase reactivity of the 1-adamantyl radical using a distonic radical anion approach

The gas phase reactions of the bridgehead 3-carboxylato-1-adamantyl radical anion were observed with a series of neutral reagents using a modified electrospray ionisation linear ion trap mass spectrometer. This distonic radical anion was observed to undergo processes suggestive of radical reactivity including radical-radical combination reactions, substitution reactions and addition to carbon-carbon double bonds. The rate constants for reactions of the 3-carboxylato-1-adamantyl radical anion with the following reagents were measured ( in units 10(-12) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1)): O-18(2) ( 85 +/- 4), NO ( 38.4 +/- 0.4), I-2 ( 50 +/- 50), Br-2 ( 8 +/- 2), CH3SSCH3 ( 12 +/- 2), styrene ( 1.20 +/- 0.03), CHCl3 ( H abstraction 0.41 +/- 0.06, Cl abstraction 0.65 +/- 0.1), CDCl3 ( D abstraction 0.035 +/- 0.01, Cl abstraction 0.723 +/- 0.005), allyl bromide (Br abstraction 0.53 +/- 0.04, allylation 0.25 +/- 0.01). Collision rates were calculated and reaction efficiencies are also reported. This study represents the first quantitative measurement of the gas phase reactivity of a bridgehead radical and suggests that distonic radical anions are good models for the study of their elusive uncharged analogues.

Interface control of surface photochemical reactivity in ultrathin epitaxial ferroelectric films

Asymmetrical electrical boundary conditions in (001)-oriented Pb(Zr 0.2TiO0.8)O3 (PZT) epitaxial ultrathin ferroelectric films are exploited to control surface photochemical reactivity determined by the sign of the surface polarization charge. It is shown that the preferential orientation of polarization in the as-grown PZT layer can be manipulated by choosing an appropriate type of bottom electrode material. PZT films deposited on the SrRuO3 electrodes exhibit preferential upward polarization (C) whilst the same films grown on the (La,Sr)CoO 3-electrodes are polarized downward (C-). Photochemical activity of the PZT surfaces with different surface polarization charges has been tested by studying deposition of silver nanoparticles from AgNO3 solution under UV irradiation. PZT surfaces with preferential C orientation possess a more active surface for metal reduction than their C- counterparts, evidenced by large differences in the concentration of deposited silver nanoparticles. This effect is attributed to band bending at the bottom interface which varies depending on the difference in work functions of PZT and electrode materials.

Barriers and supports for development of a clinician scientist role in cerebrovascular nursing: A position paper

This position paper will: 1. Provide an update on relevant current developments in the education, training and positioning of clinician nurse scientists; 2. Provide and promote a rational argument for the development of the clinician nurse scientist role, and; 3. Discuss issues related to capacity building in clinical research in neuroscience nursing, with specific reference to and support for the cerebrovascular (stroke) specialty nursing area.

Functional immunoglobulin E cross-reactivity between Pas n 1 of Bahia grass pollen and other group 1 grass pollen allergens

Background Grass pollens are major triggers of allergic rhinitis and asthma, but the immunological relationships between pollen allergens of the subtropical Bahia grass, Paspalum notatum, and temperate grasses are unresolved. Objective To assess serum IgE cross-reactivity between subtropical P. notatum and temperate Lolium perenne (Ryegrass) pollen allergens. Methods Serum IgE reactivities of grass pollen-allergic patients with P. notatum, L. perenne and Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass) pollen extracts and their respective purified group 1 allergens, Pas n 1, Lol p 1 and Cyn d 1, were compared by immunoblotting, ELISA and basophil activation. Results In a cohort of 51 patients from a temperate region, a high frequency of IgE reactivity with each grass pollen was detected, but reactivity with L. perenne pollen was substantially greater than with P. notatum and C. dactylon pollen. Similarly, serum IgE reactivity with Lol p 1 was greater than with Pas n 1 or Cyn d 1. For seven of eight sera studied in detail, asymmetric serum IgE cross-reactivity was observed; L. perenne pollen inhibited IgE reactivity with P. notatum pollen but not the converse, and IgE reactivity with Pas n 1 was inhibited by Lol p 1 but IgE reactivity with Lol p 1 was not inhibited by Pas n 1 or Cyn d 1. Importantly, P. notatum pollen and Pas n 1 activated basophils in grass pollen-allergic patients from a temperate region, although stimulation was greater by pollen of L. perenne than P. notatum or C. dactylon, and by Lol p 1 than Pas n 1 or Cyn d 1. In contrast, a cohort of 47 patients from a subtropical region showed similar IgE reactivity with P. notatum and L. perenne pollen, and reciprocal cross-inhibition of IgE reactivity between L. perenne and P. notatum. Conclusions Pollen allergens of the subtropical P. notatum, including Pas n 1, show clinically relevant IgE cross-reactivity with pollen allergens of L. perenne but also species-specific IgE reactivity.

IgE cross-reactivity between Pas n 1 of Bahia grass pollen and other group 1 grass pollen allergens

Background The subtropical Bahia grass (Paspalum notatum) is an important source of pollen allergens with an extended season of pollination and wide distribution in warmer climates. The immunological relationship between pollen allergens of Bahia grass and temperate grasses is unresolved. Methods Serum IgE reactivity of grass pollen-allergic patients with Bahia, Ryegrass and Bermuda grass pollen extracts and their purified group 1 allergens, Pas n 1, Lol p 1 and Cyn d 1, were compared by immunoblotting, ELISA, inhibition ELISA, basophil activation by flow cytometry and molecular modeling. Results Differences in antibody recognition of allergenic components between Bahia grass and Ryegrass pollen were observed by immunoblotting. Eight grass pollen-allergic patients from a temperate region showed greater serum IgE reactivity with Ryegrass pollen than Bahia grass by ELISA. For seven of these sera, Ryegrass pollen inhibited IgE reactivity with Bahia grass pollen but not the converse. For 51 sera from grass pollen-allergic patients in this temperate region, IgE reactivity with Lol p 1 was greater than Pas n 1 or Cyn d 1. IgE reactivity with Lol p 1 was not inhibited by Pas n 1 or Cyn d 1, but Pas n 1 IgE reactivity was inhibited by Lol p 1. Two group 1 grass pollen allergen-specific mAb distinguished between temperate and subtropical grass pollens. Basophil activation for three patients tested was greater by Ryegrass pollen than Bahia or Bermuda grass, and by Lol p 1 than Pas n 1 or Cyn d 1. In contrast, two patients from a subtropical region had higher serum IgE reactivity with Bahia grass pollen than Ryegrass and Bahia grass pollen inhibited IgE reactivity with Ryegrass. A structural model of Pas n 1 showed amino acids implicated in IgE epitopes of other group 1 allergens were juxtaposed on the surface. Conclusion Allergens from subtropical Bahia grass pollen, including Pas n 1, share antigenic determinants with temperate grass pollen allergens, but patients exhibit higher serum IgE reactivity to their locally predominant grass pollen. Basophil activation by Bahia grass pollen and Pas n 1 in patients from a temperate climate indicates clinically relevant cross-sensitization between temperate and subtropical grass pollens.

Bahia grass pollen specific IgE is common in seasonal rhinitis patients but has limited cross-reactivity with Ryegrass

Background: Perennial Ryegrass is a major cause of rhinitis in spring and early summer. Bahia grass, Paspalum notatum, flowers late into summer and could account for allergic rhinitis at this time. We determined the frequency of serum immunoglobulin (Ig)E reactivity with Bahia grass in Ryegrass pollen allergic patients and investigated IgE cross-reactivity between Bahia and Ryegrass. Methods: Serum from 33 Ryegrass pollen allergic patients and 12 nonatopic donors were tested for IgE reactivity with Bahia and Ryegrass pollen extracts (PE) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), western blotting and inhibition ELISA. Allergen-specific antibodies from a pool of sera from allergic donors were affinity purified and tested for IgE cross-reactivity. Results: Seventy-eight per cent of the sera had IgE reactivity with Bahia grass, but more weakly than with Ryegrass. Antibodies eluted from the major Ryegrass pollen allergens, Lol p 1 and Lol p 5, showed IgE reactivity with allergens of Ryegrass and Canary but not Bahia or Bermuda grasses. Timothy, Canary and Ryegrass inhibited IgE reactivity with Ryegrass and Bahia grass, whereas Bahia, Johnson and Bermuda grass did not inhibit IgE reactivity with Ryegrass. Conclusions: The majority of Ryegrass allergic patients also showed serum IgE reactivity with Bahia grass PE. However, Bahia grass and Ryegrass had only limited IgE cross-reactivity indicating that Bahia grass should be considered in diagnosis and treatment of patients with hay fever late in' the grass pollen season.

Antibody reactivity to the transmembrane protein of the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus correlates with severity of arthritis: No evidence for the involvement of epitope mimicry

Serum and synovial antibody reactivities of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) infected goats were assessed by Western blotting against purified CAEV antigen and the greatest intensity of reactivity in the serum of arthritic goats was to the gp45 transmembrane protein (TM). The extracytoplasmic domain of the TM gene was cloned into a pGEX vector and expressed in Escherichia coil as a glutathione S transferase fusion protein (GST-TM). This clone was found to be 90.5 and 89.2% homologous to published sequences of CAEV TM gene. Serum of 16 goats naturally infected with CAEV were examined by Western blotting for reactivity to the fusion protein. Antibody reactivity to the GST-TM correlated with clinically detectable arthritis (R = 0.642, P ≤ 0.007). The hypothesis that the immune response to the envelope proteins of the CAEV contributes to the severity of arthritis in goats naturally infected with CAEV via epitope mimicry was tested. Antibodies from 5 CAEV infected goats were affinity purified against the GST-TM fusion protein and tested for cross-reactivity with a series of goat synovial extracts and proteogylcans. No serum antibody response or cross-reactivity of affinity purified antibodies could be detected. Peptides of the CAEV SU that were predicted to be linear epitopes and a similar heat shock protein 83 (HSP) peptide identified by database searching, were synthesized and tested for reactivity in CAEV goats using ELISA, in vitro lymphocyte proliferation and delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) assays. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from 10 of 17 goats with long term natural CAEV infections proliferated in vitro in response to CAEV and in vivo 3 of 7 CAEV infected goats had a DTH reaction to CAEV antigen. However, none of the peptides elicited significant cell mediated immune responses from CAEV infected goats. No antibody reactivity to the SU peptides or HSP peptide was found. We observed that the antibody reactivity to the CAEV TM protein associated with severity of arthritis however epitope mimicry by the envelope proteins of CAEV is unlikely to be involved.