68 resultados para Centralisation
Resumo:
This paper outlines the main elements of the Thatcherist ideology focusing on the process of centralisation. The implications of this process for British local government and planning are explored. Attention then turns to Sweden with a discussion of the consensus culture and decentralisation policy. Again the implications for planning are pursued with an emphasis on the 'negotiation' style of planning which has emerged in recent years. The concluding section compares the two experiences and notes many similarities notwithstanding the different ideological contexts.
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In Switzerland, there are 26 systems of cantonal decentralisation because regulating municipal autonomy is an exclusively cantonal competency. Existing measures of local autonomy/cantonal decentralisation are confined to measuring the real or perceived distribution of functions. Alternatively, they weigh expenditures (Dafflon 1992) or tax revenues (Dlabac and Schaub forthcoming) of municipalities against those of the canton. Complementing these indices, this paper additionally measures the politics dimension of cantonal decentralisation. Seven aspects are measured: intra-cantonal regionalism, cumuldesmandats (double tenure of cantonal MP and mayoral office), territorial quotas for legislative and executive elections, direct local representation and lobbying, party decentralisation, the number and size of constituencies, and direct democracy (communal referendum and initiative). This results in a ranking of all 26 cantons as regards the politics of local autonomy within their political systems. The measure will help scholars to test assumptions held for decentralisation in general, be it as a dependent (explaining decentralisation) or as an independent variable (decentralisation—so what?), within but also beyond the Swiss context.
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Mode of access: Internet.
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L’histoire des partis politiques canadiens et québécois semble avoir peu intéressé les historiens. En conséquence, la vie de ces organisations politiques complexes échappe encore à ce jour aux connaissances de la science historique. L’évolution de l’histoire politique, autrefois généralement axée presqu’exclusivement sur les grands hommes d’État, ouvre toutefois de nouvelles perspectives pour aborder ces organisations et c’est à travers la perspective de la culture politique que nous avons abordé le Parti Québécois, en nous intéressant plus particulièrement aux différentes luttes internes pour le contrôle de son orientation. Pour cibler cette culture politique, nous nous sommes attardés principalement au déroulement des neufs congrès nationaux prenant place sous le mandat de René Lévesque à la tête du parti, soit de 1968 à 1985. Nous abordons à travers cette étude l’évolution du rôle des militants, du programme, des structures, ainsi que la dynamique entre les principaux organes qui dirigent le parti (conseil exécutif, conseil national, aile parlementaire). Nous suggérons que malgré les apparences que lui confèrent ses statuts novateurs et démocratiques lors de sa fondation en 1968, le Parti Québécois n’a jamais réellement été ce qu’une partie de ses fondateurs et adhérents auraient souhaité. Nos conclusions tendent à démontrer que le parti n’a jamais été le regroupement démocratique et dirigé largement par ses membres que plusieurs ont essayé de créer initialement, mais que ses dirigeants, au contraire, ont tenté constamment à travers le temps de contrôler l’enthousiasme de ses membres, de contenir leurs « déviations » idéologiques en plus d’aller parfois contre leurs convictions, pourtant ratifiées par des congrès démocratiques. Il va sans dire également que René Lévesque a joué un rôle important dans cette opposition constante et parfois paradoxale, entre la base et le sommet du parti.
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In the 21st century's global economy, the new challenges facing the engineering profession have arrived, confirming the need to restructure engineering curricula, teaching and learning practices, and processes, including assessment. Possessing merely technical knowledge no longer guarantees an engineering graduate a successful career. And while all countries are facing this dilemma, India is struggling the most. It has been argued that most Indian engineering educational institutions struggle with the systemic problem of centralisation coupled with an archaic examination system that is detrimental to student learning. This article examines some internationally renowned educational institutions that are embracing the growing importance of non-technical subjects and soft skills in 21st century engineering curricula. It will then examine the problems that India faces in doing the same.
Resumo:
In the 21st century's global economy, the new challenges facing the engineering profession have arrived, confirming the need to restructure engineering curricula, teaching and learning practices, and processes, including assessment. Possessing merely technical knowledge no longer guarantees an engineering graduate a successful career. And while all countries are facing this dilemma, India is struggling the most. It has been argued that most Indian engineering educational institutions struggle with the systemic problem of centralisation coupled with an archaic examination system that is detrimental to student learning. This article examines some internationally renowned educational institutions that are embracing the growingimportance of non-technical subjects and soft skills in 21st century engineering curricula. It will then examine the problems that India faces in doing the same.
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Many education systems are experiencing a re-scaling and consolidation of governance through rolling national agendas of standardisation and centralisation. This paper considers the case of Australia as it moves towards implementing its first national curriculum, to explore how teacher educators plan to retain pedagogical space for debate, diversity and contestation of such systemic curricular reform. This paper reports on an interview study conducted with nine teacher educators across the four curriculum areas included in the first wave of the Australian Curriculum: English, Science, Mathematics and History. The analysis reveals how teacher educators reported professional dilemmas around curricular design, and planned to resolve such dilemmas between the anticipated changes and their preferences for what might have been. While different curricular areas displayed different patterns of professional dilemma, the teacher educators are shown to construe their role as one of active curriculum mediators, who, in recontextualising curricular reforms, will use the opportunity to reinsert both residualised and emergent alternatives in their students’ professional value sets. The study also identifies a new set of dilemmas emerging around the politicisation and standardisation of curriculum, and its impact on the teaching profession and teacher educators.
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We develop and test a theoretically-based integrative framework of key proximal factors (orientation, pressure, and control) that helps to explain the effects of more general factors (the organisation's strategy, structure, and environment) on intentions to adopt an innovation one year later. Senior managers from 134 organizations were surveyed and confirmatory factor analyses showed that these hypothesized core factors provided a good fit to the data, indicating that our framework can provide a theoretical base to the previous, largely a theoretical, literature. Moreover, in a subgroup of 63 organizations, control mediated the effects of organizational strategy and centralisation on organizational innovation adoption intentions one year later. We suggest this model of core factors enables researchers to understand why certain variables are important to organisational innovation adoption and promotes identification of fertile research areas around orientation, pressure and control, and it enables managers to focus on the most proximal triggers for increasing innovation adoption.