Microparticle-mediated gene delivery for the enhanced expression of a 19-KDa fragment of merozoite surface protein 1 of Plasmodium falciparum

The 19 kDa carboxyl-terminal fragment of merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP119) is a major component of the invasion-inhibitory response in individual immunity to malaria. A novel ultrasonic atomization approach for the formulation of biodegradable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microparticles of malaria DNA vaccines encoding MSP119 is presented here. After condensing the plasmid DNA (pDNA) molecules with a cationic polymer polyethylenimine (PEI), a 40 kHz ultrasonic atomization frequency was used to formulate PLGA microparticles at a flow rate of 18 mL h1. High levels of gene expression and moderate cytotoxicity in COS-7 cells were achieved with the condensed pDNA at a nitrogen to phosphate (N/P) ratio of 20, thus demonstrating enhanced cellular uptake and expression of the transgene. The ability of the microparticles to convey pDNA was examined by characterizing the formulated microparticles. The microparticles displayed Z-average hydrodynamic diameters of 1.50-2.10 lm and zeta potentials of 17.8-23.2 mV. The encapsulation efficiencies were between 78 and 83%, and 76 and 85% of the embedded malaria pDNA molecules were released under physiological conditions in vitro. These results indicate that PLGA-mediated microparticles can be employed as potential gene delivery systems to antigen-presenting cells in the prevention of malaria.

Preparation and characterization of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microparticles containing DNA molecules encoding a malaria vaccine candidate

Background A novel ultrasonic atomization approach for the formulation of biodegradable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microparticles of a malaria DNA vaccine is presented. A 40 kHz ultrasonic atomization device was used to create the microparticles from a feedstock containing 5 volumes of 0.5% w/v PLGA in acetone and 1 volume of condensed DNA which was fed at a flow rate of 18ml h-1. The plasmid DNA vectors encoding a malaria protein were condensed with a cationic polymer before atomization. Results High levels of gene expression in vitro were observed in COS-7 cells transfected with condensed DNA at a nitrogen to phosphate (N/P) ratio of 10. At this N/P ratio, the condensed DNA exhibited a monodispersed nanoparticle size (Z-average diameter of 60.8 nm) and a highly positive zeta potential of 38.8mV. The microparticle formulations of malaria DNA vaccine were quality assessed and it was shown that themicroparticles displayed high encapsulation efficiencies between 82-96% and a narrow size distribution in the range of 0.8-1.9 μm. In vitro release profile revealed that approximately 82% of the DNA was released within 30 days via a predominantly diffusion controlledmass transfer system. Conclusions This ultrasonic atomization technique showed excellent particle size reproducibility and displayed potential as an industrially viable approach for the formulation of controlled release particles.

Reversible and irreversible pH induced conformational changes in self-assembled weak polyelectrolyte multilayers probed using etched fiber Bragg grating sensors

Polyelectrolytes are charged polymer species which electrostatically adsorb onto surfaces in a layer by layer fashion leading to the sequential assembly of multilayer structures. It is known that the morphology of weak polyelectrolyte structures is strongly influenced by environmental variables such as pH. We created a weak polyelectrolyte multilayer structure (similar to 100 nm thick) of cationic polymer poly-allylamine hydrochloride (PAH) and an anionic polymer poly-acrylic acid (PAA) on an etched clad fiber Bragg grating (EFBG) to study the pH induced conformational transitions in the polymer multilayers brought about by the variation in charge density of weak polyelectrolyte groups as a function of pH. The conformational changes of the polyelectrolyte multilayer structure lead to changes in optical density of the adsorbed film which reflects in the shift of the Bragg wavelength from the EFBG. Using the EFBG system we were able to probe reversible and irreversible pH induced transitions in the PAH/PAA weak polyelectrolyte system. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The Flocculation of E. coli with Polyethyleneimine

A comprehensive study was made of the flocculation of dispersed E. coli bacterial cells by the cationic polymer polyethyleneimine (PEI). The three objectives of this study were to determine the primary mechanism involved in the flocculation of a colloid with an oppositely charged polymer, to determine quantitative correlations between four commonly-used measurements of the extent of flocculation, and to record the effect of varying selected system parameters on the degree of flocculation. The quantitative relationships derived for the four measurements of the extent of flocculation should be of direct assistance to the sanitary engineer in evaluating the effectiveness of specific coagulation processes.

A review of prior statistical mechanical treatments of absorbed polymer configuration revealed that at low degrees of surface site coverage, an oppositely- charged polymer molecule is strongly adsorbed to the colloidal surface, with only short loops or end sequences extending into the solution phase. Even for high molecular weight PEI species, these extensions from the surface are theorized to be less than 50 Å in length. Although the radii of gyration of the five PEI species investigated were found to be large enough to form interparticle bridges, the low surface site coverage at optimum flocculation doses indicates that the predominant mechanism of flocculation is adsorption coagulation.

The effectiveness of the high-molecular weight PEI species 1n producing rapid flocculation at small doses is attributed to the formation of a charge mosaic on the oppositely-charged E. coli surfaces. The large adsorbed PEI molecules not only neutralize the surface charge at the adsorption sites, but also cause charge reversal with excess cationic segments. The alignment of these positive surface patches with negative patches on approaching cells results in strong electrostatic attraction in addition to a reduction of the double-layer interaction energies. The comparative ineffectiveness of low-molecular weight PEI species in producing E. coli flocculation is caused by the size of the individual molecules, which is insufficient to both neutralize and reverse the negative E.coli surface charge. Consequently, coagulation produced by low molecular weight species is attributed solely to the reduction of double-layer interaction energies via adsorption.

Electrophoretic mobility experiments supported the above conclusions, since only the high-molecular weight species were able to reverse the mobility of the E. coli cells. In addition, electron microscope examination of the seam of agglutination between E. coli cells flocculation by PEI revealed tightly- bound cells, with intercellular separation distances of less than 100-200 Å in most instances. This intercellular separation is partially due to cell shrinkage in preparation of the electron micrographs.

The extent of flocculation was measured as a function of PEl molecular weight, PEl dose, and the intensity of reactor chamber mixing. Neither the intensity of mixing, within the common treatment practice limits, nor the time of mixing for up to four hours appeared to play any significant role in either the size or number of E.coli aggregates formed. The extent of flocculation was highly molecular weight dependent: the high-molecular-weight PEl species produce the larger aggregates, the greater turbidity reductions, and the higher filtration flow rates. The PEl dose required for optimum flocculation decreased as the species molecular weight increased. At large doses of high-molecular-weight species, redispersion of the macroflocs occurred, caused by excess adsorption of cationic molecules. The excess adsorption reversed the surface charge on the E.coli cells, as recorded by electrophoretic mobility measurements.

Successful quantitative comparisons were made between changes in suspension turbidity with flocculation and corresponding changes in aggregate size distribution. E. coli aggregates were treated as coalesced spheres, with Mie scattering coefficients determined for spheres in the anomalous diffraction regime. Good quantitative comparisons were also found to exist between the reduction in refiltration time and the reduction of the total colloid surface area caused by flocculation. As with turbidity measurements, a coalesced sphere model was used since the equivalent spherical volume is the only information available from the Coulter particle counter. However, the coalesced sphere model was not applicable to electrophoretic mobility measurements. The aggregates produced at each PEl dose moved at approximately the same vlocity, almost independently of particle size.

PEl was found to be an effective flocculant of E. coli cells at weight ratios of 1 mg PEl: 100 mg E. coli. While PEl itself is toxic to E.coli at these levels, similar cationic polymers could be effectively applied to water and wastewater treatment facilities to enhance sedimentation and filtration characteristics.

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A CROSSLINKING POLYETHYLENIMINE AS SMART GENE CARRIER AND EFFECTS OF PEGYLATION DEGREE

A smart biodegradable cationic polymer (CBA-PEI) based on the disulfide bond-containing cross-linker cystamine bisacrylamide (CBA) and low molecular weight branched polyethylenimine (1800-Da, PEI1800) was successfully synthesized by Michael addition reaction in our recent study. Furthermore, a series of copolymers (CBA-PEI-PEG) with different PEGylation degree were obtained by the mPEG-SPA (5000-Da) reacting with CBA-PEI at various weight ratios directly. The molecular structures of the resulting polymers CBA-PEI and CBA-PEI-PEG were evaluated by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (H-1-NMR) and capillary viscosity measurements, all of which had successfully verified formation of the copolymers. The polymer/DNA complexes based on CBA-PEI and CBA-PEI-PEG were measured by dynamic light scattering and gel retardation assay. The results showed that the particle size and zeta potential of complexes were reduced with increasing amount of PEG grafting, even no particle formation. The particle size of CBA-PEI/DNA complexes was in range of 103.1 to 129.1 nm, and the zeta potential was in range of 14.2 to 24.3 mV above the 2:1 weight ratio. In the same measure condition, the particle size of CBA-PEI-PEG complexes was reduced to a range of 32.2 to 55 nm, and the zeta potential was in range of 9.3 to 13.8 mV at the 2:1 weight ratio.

Preparation and the investigation of its electrochemical and photoluminescent characteristics of organic-inorganic hybrid multilayers containing europium-substituted heteropolytung state

Photoluminescent multilayers were fabricated by layer-by-layer deposition between europium-substituted heteropolytungstate K-13 [Eu(SiW11O39)(2)].28H(2)O (denoted ESW) and a cationic polymer of quaternized poly(4-vinylpyridine) partially complexed with osmium bis(2,2'-bipyridine) (denoted as QPVP-Os) on glassy carbon and quartz substrates. The resulting photoluminescent organic-inorganic hybrid multilayers were characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, UV-Vis absorption spectrometry, cyclic voltammetry and photoluminescence spectra. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, UV-Vis absorption spectrometry and cyclic voltammetry results demonstrated that the multilayers were regular growth each layer adsorption. The photoluminescent properties of the films at room temperature were investigated to show the characteristic Eu3+ emission pattern of D-5(0) --> (7) F-j.

Multilayer assemblies consisting of tri-vanadium-substituted heteropolyanions and its electrocatalytic properties

We describe the controlled fabrication of ultrathin multilayer films consisting of tri-vanadium- substituted heteropolytungstate anions (denoted as P2W15V3) and a cationic polymer of quaternized poly (4-vinylpyridine) partially complexed with osmium bis(2,2'-bipyridine) (denoted as QPVP-Os) on the 4-aminobenzoic acid (4-ABA) modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surface based on layer-by-layer assembly. Cyclic voltammetry and UV-vis absorption spectrometry have been used to easily monitor the thickness and uniformity of thus-formed multilayer films. The V-centered redox reaction of P2W15V3 in the multilayer films can effectively catalyze the reduction of BrO3- and NO2-. The resulting P2W15V3/QPVP-Os multilayer film modified electrode behaves as a much promising electrochemical sensor because of the low overpotential for the catalytic reduction of BrO3- and NO2-, and the catalytic oxidation of ascorbic acid.

Fabrication and electrochemical behaviors of multilayers composed of heteropholyanions and poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) on 4-aminothiophenol modified gold electrodes

Multilayer films composed of heteropolyanions (HPAS, SiMo11 VO405-) and cationic polymer poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) on 4-aminothiophenol self-assembled-monolayer were fabricated by electrochemical growth. Growth processes of the composite films were characterized by cyclic voltammetry. The results prove the third redox peak of Mo increases more rapidly, otherwise the other Mo redox peaks increase very slowly when the number of layers of heteropolyanions is greater. The peak potentials of composite films shift linearly to negative position with higher pH, which implies that protons are involved in the redox processes of HPA. The investigation of electrocatalytic behaviors of composite films shows a good catalytic activity for the reductions of HNO2 and BrO3-. Catalytic currents increase with increasing number of layers of heteropolyanions, moreover, the catalytic currents have a good linear relationship with the concentrations of BrO3-.

Electrochemical behavior and electrocatalytic properties of ultrathin films containing silicotungstic heteropolyanion SiW12O404-

We describe here a controlled fabrication of ultrathin monolayer and multilayer films consisting of silicotungstic heteropolyanion SiW12O404- and a cationic polymer of quaternized poly(4-vinylpyridine) partially complexed with osmium bis(2,2'-bipyridine) on Au electrodes previously self-assembled with cysteamine monolayers based on layer-by-layer electrostatic interaction. The thus-forming monolayer and multilayer chemically modified electrodes are investigated by cyclic voltammetry on their electrochemical behavior and electrocatalytic properties. The composite ultrathin films exhibit remarkable electrocatalytic effects on the reduction of BrO3-, H2O2, and HNO2. The electrocatalytic effects on HNO2 reduction are enhanced with increasing layer number from 1 to 3 but level off with much thicker multilayers. The stability of the monolayer and multilayer films is also examined. (C) 2000 The Electrochemical Society. S0013-4651(99)04-057-4. All rights reserved.

Formation and characterization of heteropolyacid/polycation multilayer films on gold electrode

Ultrathin multilayer films of a polybasic lanthanide heteropoly tungstate-molybdate complex and a cationic polymer of quaternized poly(4-vinylpyridine) partially complexed with osmium bis(2,2'-bipyridine) have been fabricated on a gold electrode precoated with a cysteamine self-assembled monolayer. The multilayer films have been characterized by optical spectroscopy, small-angle X-ray diffraction, and electrochemical methods (cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance). Especially, the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is developed to monitor the layer deposition processes. It provides important information such as double-layer capacitance and charge-transfer resistance. All obtained results reveal regular film growth with each layer adsorption. (C) 2001 The Electrochemical Society.

Electrochemical growth and characterization of polyoxometalate-containing monolayers and multilayers on alkanethiol monolayers self-assembled on gold electrodes

A general strategy has been developed for fabrication of ultrathin monolayer and multilayer composite films composed of nearly all kinds of polyoxometalates (POMs), including isopolyanions (IPAs), and heteropolyanions (HPAs). It involves stepwise adsorption between the anionic POMs and a cationic polymer on alkanethiol (cysteamine and 3-mercaptopropionic acid) self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) based on electrostatic interaction. Here a Keggin-type HPA SiMo11VO405- was chosen as a main representative to elucidate, in detail, the fabrication and characterization of the as-prepared composite films. A novel electrochemical growth method we developed for film formation involves cyclic potential sweeps over a suitable potential range in modifier solutions. It was comparatively studied with a commonly used method of immersion growth, i.e., alternately dipping a substrate into modifier solutions. Growth processes and structural characteristics of the composite films are characterized in detail by cyclic voltammetry, UV-vis spectroscopy (UV-vis), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), micro-Fourier transform infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (FTIR-RA), and electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM). The electrochemical growth is proven to be more advantageous than the immersion growth. The composite films exhibit well-defined surface waves characteristic of the HPAs' redox reactions. In addition, the composite films by the electrochemical growth show a uniform structure and an excellent stability. Ion motions accompanying the redox processes of SiMo11VO405- in multilayer films are examined by in situ time-resolved EQCM and some results are first reported. The strategy used here has been successfully popularized to IPAs as well as other HPAs no matter what structure and composition they have.

Synergistic effects on gene delivery - co-formulation of small disulfide-linked dendritic polycations with Lipofectamine 2000 (TM)

This paper describes the application of gene delivery vectors based on connecting together two well-defined low-generation poly(L-lysine) (PLL) dendrons using a disulfide-containing linker unit. We report that the transfection ability of these vectors in their own right is relatively low, because the low-generation number limits the endosomal buffering capacity. Importantly, however, we demonstrate that when applied in combination with Lipofectamine 2000 (TM), a vector from the cationic lipid family, these small cationic additives significantly enhance the levels of gene delivery (up to four-fold). Notably, the cationic additives have no effect on the levels of transfection observed with a cationic polymer, such as DEAE dextran. We therefore argue that the synergistic effects observed with Lipofectamine 2000 (TM) arise as a result of combining the delivery advantages of two different classes of vector within a single formulation, with our dendritic additives providing a degree of pH buffering within the endosome. As such, the data we present indicate that small dendritic structures, although previously largely overlooked for gene delivery owing to their inability to transfect in their own right, may actually be useful well-defined additives to well-established vector systems in order to enhance the gene delivery payload.

Nanoparticules Chitosane-PEG-FA-ADN pour la thérapie génique non virale et application du gène de l’IL-1Ra dans un modèle expérimental d’arthrite rhumatoïde

La thérapie génique représente l'un des défis de la médecine des prochaines décennies dont la réussite dépend de la capacité d'acheminer l'ADN thérapeutique jusqu'à sa cible. Des structures non virales ont été envisagées, dont le chitosane, polymère cationique qui se combine facilement à l’ADN. Une fois le complexe formé, l’ADN est protégé des nucléases qui le dégradent. Le premier objectif de l'étude est de synthétiser et ensuite évaluer différentes nanoparticules de chitosane et choisir la mieux adaptée pour une efficacité de transfection sélective in vitro dans les cellules carcinomes épidermoïdes (KB). Le deuxième objectif de l'étude est d'examiner in vivo les effets protecteurs du gène de l'IL-1Ra (bloqueur naturel de la cytokine inflammatoire, l’Interleukine-1β) complexé aux nanoparticules de chitosane sélectionnées dans un modèle d'arthrite induite par un adjuvant (AIA) chez le rat. Les nanoparticules varient par le poids moléculaire du chitosane (5, 25 et 50 kDa), et la présence ou l’absence de l’acide folique (FA). Des mesures macroscopiques de l’inflammation seront évaluées ainsi que des mesures de concentrations de l’Interleukine-1β, Prostaglandine E2 et IL-1Ra humaine secrétés dans le sérum. Les nanoparticules Chitosane-ADN en présence de l’acide folique et avec du chitosane de poids moléculaire de 25 kDa, permettent une meilleure transfection in vitro. Les effets protecteurs des nanoparticules contenant le gène thérapeutique étaient évidents suite à la détection de l’IL-1Ra dans le sérum, la baisse d'expressions des facteurs inflammatoires, l’Interleukine-1 et la Prostaglandine-E2 ainsi que la diminution macroscopique de l’inflammation. Le but de cette étude est de développer notre méthode de thérapie génique non virale pour des applications cliniques pour traiter l’arthrite rhumatoïde et d’autres maladies humaines.

Micelles polyioniques ternaires pour la libération intracellulaire d’oligonucleotides

Les oligonucléotides (ONs) antisens présentent un fort potentiel en tant qu’agents thérapeutiques. Toutefois, leurs propriétés physicochimiques limitent leur utilisation en thérapie génique. Pour pallier aux divers obstacles, des systèmes de vectorisation, tels que les micelles polyioniques (PICMs), ont été développés. Grâce à leur structure unique, les micelles protégent l’ON contre une dégradation prématurée et le couplage d’un ligand à leur surface augmente leur spécificité et leur internalisation. Dans d’autres systèmes, un polymère adjuvant aux propriétés pH-sensibles peut être ajouté pour faciliter la sortie de l’endosome et augmenter l’efficacité de l’ON. L’objectif général de ce mémoire était de mettre au point des PICMs ternaires ciblées pour l’administration d’ONs. Ces micelles assureraient à la fois l’internalisation cellulaire de leur cargaison en interagissant avec des récepteurs cellulaires et sa fuite de l’endosome grâce à un mécanisme de déstabilisation de la membrane endosomale. Pour cela, des PICMs composées d’un copolymère cationique de type poly(éthylène glycol)-bloc-poly(méthacrylate d’(alkylamino)éthyle) et d’un copolymère d’acide méthacrylique ont été préparées. Les propriétés physicochimiques de ces vecteurs ont démontré qu’ils permettaient une condensation efficace de l’acide nucléique et ce, indépendamment de la nature du polymère cationique et de l’acide nucléique. Finalement, une approche de couplage par pont disulfure a été développée afin de greffer au copolymère un fragment d’anticorps dirigé contre les récepteurs de la transferrine. En conclusion, ces travaux démontrent la versatilité et le potentiel des PICMs ternaires en tant que vecteurs d’acide nucléique, et proposent une méthodologie de couplage d’un ligand afin de formuler des PICMs ciblées.