HIV outbreak among injecting drug users in Finland

An HIV outbreak among Finnish injecting drug users (IDUs) occurred in 1998. By the end of 2005, 282 IDUs were in-fected, most of them by recombinant virus CRF01_AE of HIV. After a rapid spread, the outbreak subsided, and the prevalence of HIV among IDUs remained low (<2%). The purpose of the study was to describe the outbreak in order to recognise factors that have influenced the spread and restriction of the outbreak, and thus to find tools for HIV preven-tion. Data on Finnish IDUs newly diagnosed HIV-positive between 1998 and 2005 was collected through interviews and patient documents. Study I compared markers of disease progression between 93 Finnish IDUs and 63 Dutch IDUs. In study II, geographical spread of the HIV outbreak was examined and compared with the spatial distribution of employed males. In study III, risk behaviour data from interviews of 89 HIV-positive and 207 HIV-negative IDUs was linked, and prevalence and risk factors for unprotected sex were evaluated. In study IV, data on 238 newly diagnosed IDUs was combined with data on 675 sexually transmitted HIV cases, and risk factors for late HIV diagnosis (CD4 cell count <200/µL, or AIDS at HIV diagnosis) were analysed. Finnish IDUs infected with CRF01_AE exhibited higher viral loads than did Amsterdam IDUs infected with subtype B, but there was no difference in CD4 development. The Finnish IDU outbreak spread and was restricted socially in a marginalised IDU population and geographically in areas characterised by low proportions of employed males. Up to 40% of the cases in the two clusters outside the city centre had no contact with the centre, where needle exchange services were available since 1997. Up to 63% of HIV-positive and 80% of HIV-negative sexually active IDUs reported inconsistent condom use, which was associated with steady relationships and recent inpatient addiction care. Com-pared to other transmission groups, HIV-positive IDUs were diagnosed earlier in their infection. The proportion of late diagnosed HIV cases in all transmission groups was 23%, but was only 6% among IDUs diagnosed during the first four years of the epidemic. The high viral load in early HIV infection may have contributed to the rapid spread of recombinant virus in the Finnish outbreak. The outbreak was restricted to a marginalised IDU population, and limited spatially to local pockets of pov-erty. To prevent HIV among IDUs, these pockets should be recognised and reached early through outreach work and the distribution of needle exchange and other prevention activities. To prevent the sexual transmission of HIV among IDUs, prevention programmes should be combined with addiction care services and targeted at every IDU. The early detection of the outbreak and early implementation of needle exchange programmes likely played a crucial role in re-versing the IDU outbreak.

Parâmetros de avaliação nutricional para detectar desnutrição em pacientes com AIDS em tratamento com antirretrovirais

A avaliação do estado nutricional em pacientes com HIV é de grande importância, pois as conseqüências provocadas pelo processo patológico da doença estão associadas com perda de peso corporal, massa magra e desnutrição grave, o que prediz aumento da morbimortalidade. Os valores de linfometria CD4 também têm sido utilizados como preditores a curto e médio prazo para o desenvolvimento de infecções oportunistas, as quais são incomuns em pacientes com CD4 >200 cels/mm3. Partindo deste conhecimento, optou-se por estudar o estado nutricional de homens e mulheres HIV positivos de acordo com a contagem de células CD4. Utilizou-se como parâmetros nutricionais o índice de massa corporal (IMC), a área muscular do braço corrigida (AMBc), albumina sérica e o ângulo de fase (AF). Foram estudados 39 pacientes HIV positivos, acompanhados pelo ambulatório de doenças infectoparasitárias do Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto (HUPE/UERJ). Não foi observada desnutrição na população estudada, quando avaliada pelo IMC e albumina em ambos os sexos, independente do número de células CD4. Entretanto, a AMBc e o AF, tanto nos homens quanto nas mulheres, demonstraram comprometimento nos parâmetros de massa magra. Em relação à associação entre os indicadores nutricionais e o número de células CD4, foi observado correlação significante com a AMBc e a albumina no grupo estudado. A correlação de acordo com o sexo manteve-se significante em ambos os grupos para AMBc e com uma tendência positiva (p=0,06) entre o AF e CD4 no grupo dos homens. Portanto, estes resultados demonstram que para avaliar o estado nutricional, principalmente o compartimento de massa corporal magra de pacientes HIV positivos sob terapia antirretroviral, é preciso utilizar indicadores mais sensíveis, mesmo naqueles pacientes com melhor estado de controle da doença.

Equal IgG antibody response to pneumococcal vaccination in all stages of human immunodeficiency virus disease.

To evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of a 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive patients, 80 men and 18 women received 1 dose of the vaccine (Pneumo 23; Pasteur Mérieux MSD, Brussels). The total IgG antibody response against all 23 Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular antigens was measured. Antibody levels were expressed in arbitrary units per microliter, referring to a standard curve. Geometric mean titers of the total IgG capsular antibodies on the day of vaccination and 30-45 days later were compared. The ratios of titers after and before vaccination in patients with > 500, 200-500, and < 200 CD4 lymphocytes/microL were 10, 10, and 12.6, respectively. Nonresponse (ratio < 4) occurred in 17% of patients and was unrelated to CD4 cell count. The vaccine was well tolerated; no serious side effects occurred. In 83% of the patients with HIV infection, the total antipneumococcal IgG level was higher after vaccination.

Morbidity and aging in HIV-infected persons: the Swiss HIV cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Patterns of morbidity and mortality among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals taking antiretroviral therapy are changing as a result of immune reconstitution and improved survival. We studied the influence of aging on the epidemiology of non-AIDS diseases in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. METHODS: The Swiss HIV Cohort Study is a prospective observational cohort established in 1988 with continuous enrollment. We determined the incidence of clinical events (per 1000 person-years) from January 2008 (when a new questionnaire on non-AIDS-related morbidity was introduced) through December 2010. Differences across age groups were analyzed using Cox regression, adjusted for CD4 cell count, viral load, sex, injection drug use, smoking, and years of HIV infection. RESULTS: Overall, 8444 (96%) of 8848 participants contributed data from 40,720 semiannual visits; 2233 individuals (26.4%) were aged 50-64 years, and 450 (5.3%) were aged &#8805;65 years. The median duration of HIV infection was 15.4 years (95% confidence interval [CI], 9.59-22.0 years); 23.2% had prior clinical AIDS. We observed 994 incident non-AIDS events in the reference period: 201 cases of bacterial pneumonia, 55 myocardial infarctions, 39 strokes, 70 cases of diabetes mellitus, 123 trauma-associated fractures, 37 fractures without adequate trauma, and 115 non-AIDS malignancies. Multivariable hazard ratios for stroke (17.7; CI, 7.06-44.5), myocardial infarction (5.89; 95% CI, 2.17-16.0), diabetes mellitus (3.75; 95% CI, 1.80-7.85), bone fractures without adequate trauma (10.5; 95% CI, 3.58-30.5), osteoporosis (9.13; 95% CI, 4.10-20.3), and non-AIDS-defining malignancies (6.88; 95% CI, 3.89-12.2) were elevated for persons aged &#8805;65 years. CONCLUSIONS: Comorbidity and multimorbidity because of non-AIDS diseases, particularly diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, non-AIDS-defining malignancies, and osteoporosis, become more important in care of HIV-infected persons and increase with older age.

Cohort profile: Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration (ART-CC).

The advent of effective combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) in 1996 resulted in fewer patients experiencing clinical events, so that some prognostic analyses of individual cohort studies of human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals had low statistical power. Because of this, the Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration (ART-CC) of HIV cohort studies in Europe and North America was established in 2000, with the aim of studying the prognosis for clinical events in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and the mortality of adult patients treated for HIV-1 infection. In 2002, the ART-CC collected data on more than 12,000 patients in 13 cohorts who had begun combination ART between 1995 and 2001. Subsequent updates took place in 2004, 2006, 2008, and 2010. The ART-CC data base now includes data on more than 70,000 patients participating in 19 cohorts who began treatment before the end of 2009. Data are collected on patient demographics (e.g. sex, age, assumed transmission group, race/ethnicity, geographical origin), HIV biomarkers (e.g. CD4 cell count, plasma viral load of HIV-1), ART regimen, dates and types of AIDS events, and dates and causes of death. In recent years, additional data on co-infections such as hepatitis C; risk factors such as smoking, alcohol and drug use; non-HIV biomarkers such as haemoglobin and liver enzymes; and adherence to ART have been collected whenever available. The data remain the property of the contributing cohorts, whose representatives manage the ART-CC via the steering committee of the Collaboration. External collaboration is welcomed. Details of contacts are given on the ART-CC website (www.art-cohort-collaboration.org).

Étude du rôle de l'interleukine-32 dans l'infection à VIH-1

Les progresseurs lents du VIH-1 sont de rares sujets asymptomatiques pendant plusieurs années sans thérapie antirétrovirale. Parmi ces sujets à progression lente vers le SIDA, il est possible qu’un sous-groupe perde le contrôle de leur infection après plusieurs années de contrôle. Notre laboratoire a analysé l’expression différentielle de différentes protéines et voies moléculaires associées à la perte de contrôle de l’infection: l’interleukine-32 (IL-32) est une cytokine pro-inflammatoire dont le niveau des isoformes alpha et delta a significativement diminué chez les progresseurs lents lors de la perte de contrôle. Par ailleurs, des études antérieures ont attribué, de façon intrigante, à l’IL-32 aussi bien des propriétés anti-VIH-1 que des propriétés immunosuppressives induisant un environnement propice à la réplication du VIH-1. Ce projet de maitrise s’est penché sur l’implication de l’IL-32 dans la progression de l’infection à VIH-1 avec un accent particulier sur les progresseurs lents. Nous avons principalement mesuré les niveaux d’IL-32 des sujets séropositifs comparativement aux sujets VIH négatif et estimé les fonctions de cette cytokine à travers des études longitudinales et de corrélation. Nous avons observé que l’IL-32 total demeure plus élevé chez les séropositifs comparativement aux sujets VIH négatif. Également, l’infection par le VIH-1 entraine une augmentation du niveau d’IL-32 total. De plus, après une année de thérapie antirétrovirale, les taux plasmatiques d’IL-32 total demeurent significativement plus élevés que ceux des sujets VIH négatif. Comme attendu, le taux d’IL-32 total augmente lors de la perte de contrôle de l’infection chez les progresseurs lents. Une forte concentration plasmatique d’IL-32 total coïncide avec: 1) une augmentation du taux plasmatique de sCD14 et de la cytokine pro-inflammatoire IL-6, 2) une baisse du compte cellulaire CD4 et une augmentation de la charge virale. Un taux plasmatique élevé de CCL5 pourrait prédire une faible concentration d’IL-32 total. L’isoforme alpha de l’IL-32 est plus élevée dans le plasma des sujets VIH négatif tandis que l’IL-32 gamma semble induire un environnement pro-inflammatoire et immunosuppressif. Il ressort à l’issue de ces observations que l’augmentation de l’IL-32 total est associée à la progression de l’infection à VIH-1 et pourrait constituer un biomarqueur permettant d’apprécier le pronostic de cette infection.

Histoplasmose cutânea reveladora de infecção pelo HIV

Histoplasmosis is a systemic mycosis endemic in extensive areas of the Americas. The authors report on an urban adult male patient with uncommon oral-cutaneous lesions proven to be histoplasmosis. Additional investigation revealed unnoticed HIV infection with CD4+ cell count of 7/mm3. The treatment was performed with amphotericin B, a 2065 mg total dose followed by itraconazole 200mg/daily plus antiretroviral therapy with apparent cure. Histoplasmosis is an AIDS-defining opportunistic disease process; therefore, its clinical diagnosis must drive full laboratory investigation looking for unnoted HIV-infection. © 2013 by Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia.

Saúde sexual e reprodutiva de mulheres vivendo com HIV/AIDS atendidas em Hospital Dia

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Establishing the reference range for t lymphocytes subpopulations in adults and children from Brazil

Os valores de referências de linfócitos T existentes no Brasil são baseados em dados originados de outros países. Não existem dados locais da variação normal para estes parâmetros em adultos e crianças brasileiras. Avaliamos a variação normal encontrada em doadores de sangue de cinco grandes cidades brasileiras em diferentes regiões e em crianças residentes em Salvador e Rio de Janeiro. Todas as amostras foram processadas por citometria de fluxo. Os resultados foram analisados de acordo com região, gênero e estilo de vida dos doadores. Um total de 641 adultos (63% homens) e 280 crianças (58% meninos) participaram do estudo. Valores absolutos de CD3+ e CD4+ foram significantemente maiores no gênero feminino (adultos e crianças). Maiores valores de CD4+ em adultos foram associados com tabagismo, enquanto que maiores valores de CD8+ foram encontrados entre crianças do sexo feminino. Adultos das regiões sul e sudeste apresentaram maiores valores absolutos para todas as células T enquanto que adultos da região norte, apresentaram menores valores. Indivíduos residentes no nordeste e centro-oeste obtiveram contagens intermediárias para todas as populações de células T. Entretanto, estas diferenças entre as regiões, não demonstraram diferença estatística. No Brasil, gênero e tabagismo foram os principais determinantes para diferenças em valores de referências de linfócitos T.

Candida albicans Isolation from Buccal Mucosa of Patients with HIV Wearing Removable Dental Prostheses

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of complete or partial removable dental prostheses (RDPs) on the frequency of Candida albicans isolated from the mouth and the presence of oral candidiasis in human immunodeficiency virus positive (HIV+) patients correlated with CD4 levels. Materials and Methods: One hundred ninety-three HIV+ patients were evaluated; 68 had RDPs and 125 did not. CD4 cell count was obtained after blood sampling and performed on the day of clinical examination. The material was collected from the buccal mucosa for isolation of yeasts with a sterile swab and seeded onto Sabouraud dextrose agar with chloramphenicol. C albicans strains were identified by testing germ tubes and chlamydospore formation and biochemical (zymogram, auxanogram) characteristics. The results were subjected to the Fischer exact test and chi-square tests. Results: C albicans were isolated from 45(66.17%) patients who had RDPs and 48 (38.4%) who did not (P = .0003). The presence of oral candidiasis was observed in 14 patients (7.25%), and 10 of the 14 (71.43%) were RDP users. The absence of candidiasis occurred in 121 (67.59%) nonusers and 58 (32.40%) users of RDPs (P = .0065). The mean CD4 cell count was lower in patients with oral candidiasis regardless of the use of RDPs. Conclusion: The use of RDPs was an important factor in the isolation of C albicans among HIV+ patients, and CD4 level seems to play a role in the presence of oral candidiasis. Int J Prosthodont 2012;25:127-131.

Effectiveness of the polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine among HIV-infected persons in Brazil: a case control study

Abstract Background Polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine is recommended for use in HIV-infected adults in Brazil but there is uncertainty about its effectiveness in this patient population. The main objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of the 23-valent polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine against invasive pneumococcal infection among HIV-infected adult patients in São Paulo, Brazil. Methods A case-control study of 79 cases and 242 controls matched on CD4+ cell count and health care setting was conducted. Among HIV-infected adults in São Paulo, Brazil, with and without S. pneumoniae recovered from a normally sterile site; prior receipt of 23 valent polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine was determined by review of medical records and patient interview. Results After adjustment for confounding factors, the point estimate for the effectiveness of 23 valent polysaccharide vaccine among HIV-infected adults against all invasive pneumococcal infection was 18% (95% CI: <0 to 62%). Conclusion We were unable to demonstrate a statistically significant protective effect of 23 valent polysaccharide against invasive pneumococcal infection vaccine among HIV-infected adults in Brazil. While the vaccine is relatively inexpensive and safe, its effectiveness among HIV-infected adults in Brazil is uncertain.

A comparative analysis of outpatient costs in HIV treatment programs

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the costs of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) outpatient treatment for individuals with different CD4 cell counts in the Brazilian public health system, and to compare to costs in other national health systems. METHODS: A retrospective survey was conducted in five public outpatient clinics of the Brazilian national HIV program in the city of São Paulo. Data on healthcare services provided for a period of one year of HIV outpatient treatment were gathered from randomly selected medical records. Prices of inputs used were obtained through market research and public sector databases. Information on costs of HIV outpatient treatment in other national health systems were gathered from the literature. Annual costs of HIV outpatient treatment from each country were converted into 2010 U.S. dollars. RESULTS: Annual cost of HIV outpatient treatment for the Brazilian national public program was US$ 2,572.92 in 2006 in São Paulo, ranging from US$ 1,726.19 for patients with CD4 cell count &gt; 500 to US$ 3,693.28 for patients with 51 < CD4 cell count < 200. Antiretrovirals (ARVs) represented approximately 62.0% of annual HIV outpatient costs. Comparing among different health systems during the same period, HIV outpatient treatment presented higher costs in countries where HIV treatment is provided by the private sector. CONCLUSION: The main cost drivers of HIV outpatient treatment in different health systems were: ARVs, other medications, health professional services, and diagnostic exams. Nevertheless, the magnitude of cost drivers varied among HIV outpatient treatment programs due to health system efficiency. The data presented may be a valuable tool for public policy evaluation of HIV treatment programs worldwide.

Metodi biomolecolari per il follow up dei pazienti HIV positivi

As proviral human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) DNA can replenish and revive viral infection upon attivation, its analysis, in addition to RNA viral load, could be considered a useful marker during the follow-up of infected individuals, to evaluate reservoir status, especially in HAART-treated patients when RNA viral load is undetectable by current techniques and the antiretroviral efficacy of new, more potent therapeutic regimens. Standardized methods for the measurement of the two most significant forms of proviral DNA, total and non-integrated, are currently lacking, despite the widespread of molecular biology techniques. In this study, total and 2-LTR HIV-1 DNA proviral load, in addition to RNA viral load, CD4 cell count and serological parameters, were determined by quantitative analysis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in naïve or subsequently HAART-treated patients with acute HIV-1 infection in order to establish the role of these two DNA proviral forms in the course of HIV infection. The study demonstrated that HAART-treated individuals show a significant decrease in both total and 2-LTR circular HIV-1 DNA proviral load compared with naïve patients: these findings confirm that HIV-1 reservoir decay correlates with therapeutic effectiveness. The persistence of small amounts of 2-LTR HIV-1 DNA form, which is considered to be a molecular determinant of infectivity, in PBMC from some patients demonstrates that a small rate of replication is retained even when HAART is substantially effective: HAART could not eradicate completely the infection because HIV is able to replicate at low levels. Plasma-based viral RNA assays may fail to demonstrate the full extent of viral activity. In conclusion, the availability of a new standardized assay to determine DNA proviral load will be important in assessing the true extent of virological suppression suggesting that its quantification may be an important parameter in monitoring HIV infection.

Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in patients starting antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis

In patients with HIV-1 infection who are starting combination antiretroviral therapy (ART), the incidence of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is not well defined. We did a meta-analysis to establish the incidence and lethality of the syndrome in patients with a range of previously diagnosed opportunistic infections, and examined the relation between occurrence and the degree of immunodeficiency. Systematic review identified 54 cohort studies of 13 103 patients starting ART, of whom 1699 developed IRIS. We calculated pooled cumulative incidences with 95% credibility intervals (CrI) by Bayesian methods and did a random-effects metaregression to analyse the relation between CD4 cell count and incidence of IRIS. In patients with previously diagnosed AIDS-defining illnesses, IRIS developed in 37.7% (95% CrI 26.6-49.4) of those with cytomegalovirus retinitis, 19.5% (6.7-44.8) of those with cryptococcal meningitis, 15.7% (9.7-24.5) of those with tuberculosis, 16.7% (2.3-50.7) of those with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, and 6.4% (1.2-24.7) of those with Kaposi's sarcoma, and 12.2% (6.8-19.6) of those with herpes zoster. 16.1% (11.1-22.9) of unselected patients starting ART developed any type of IRIS. 4.5% (2.1-8.6) of patients with any type of IRIS died, 3.2% (0.7-9.2) of those with tuberculosis-associated IRIS died, and 20.8% (5.0-52.7) of those with cryptococcal meningitis died. Metaregression analyses showed that the risk of IRIS is associated with CD4 cell count at the start of ART, with a high risk in patients with fewer than 50 cells per microL. Occurrence of IRIS might therefore be reduced by initiation of ART before immunodeficiency becomes advanced.