土壤复合污染条件下对二氯苯和重金属吸附行为与生态毒性

环境污染问题实际上是多种污染物共存引起的复合污染。多元体系复合污染条件下的交互作用，特别是有机与无机污染物复合污染，使得污染物在土壤中的环境行为、联合生态毒性效应及其发生机制变得更加复杂、更加不可预测。由于疏水性有机污染物（HOCs）和重金属在理化性质上存在极大差异，致使开展HOCs-重金属复合体系下，污染物的土壤环境行为和毒性效应机制的研究还存在一定的难度，这方面的研究也还不多。 本研究选择了典型的HOCs对二氯苯（1,4-DCB）和土壤中典型有毒重金属元素Cd、Cu为研究对象，着重分析共存污染物的存在对其各自环境吸附行为的影响及其作用规律；并开展了二者复合污染对土壤酶系统、土壤-植物复合生态系统的联合生态毒性效应的研究。 Cd、Cu的存在对1,4-DCB在棕壤和黑土上的吸附产生了竞争抑制作用，增加了其向土壤环境中的释放。其中，Cu的抑制程度高于Cd，老化Cd的抑制程度要高于未老化Cd。而1,4-DCB对Cd、Cu在两种土壤的吸附能力基本没有产生影响，但降低了Cd的解吸滞后性系数，对Cu的解吸影响较小。 1,4-DCB和Cd在土壤中的存在具有一定的生态风险，多数情况下抑制土壤脱氢酶和脲酶活性。 二者联合毒性类型表现复杂：低浓度1,4-DCB（50 mg kg-1）和Cd复合污染主要产生协同效应，而高浓度（100 mg kg-1）则产生协同、拮抗以及加和作用，与其浓度组合、土壤持留时间及酶种类有关。因此，用土壤酶活性变化作为指标来定量表征二者复合污染所引起的土壤环境质量变化还存在一定难度。 在土壤-植物复合系统中，不同植物叶片和根系具有不同的对抗污染物氧化胁迫的生理生化机制，各抗氧化剂会协同对抗，表现出不同的氧化损伤效应。1,4-DCB与Cd对植物膜脂质过氧化和抗氧化酶系统的联合毒性效应不仅与其浓度组合有关，还与植物种类以及受试部位有关。二者单一与复合处理均导致大豆叶片和小麦根部MDA含量升高，表明氧化胁迫作用的存在。因此，大豆叶片和小麦根部中MDA含量增加似乎更能反映其受污染物胁迫的程度。 采用多隔层根际箱方法，研究了1,4-DCB与Cd对不同植物根际各毫米级微域土壤酶活性的联合毒性效应。在相同浓度水平下，二者对大豆和小麦根际各级微域土壤酶活性的影响不一致，随根际距离增加，酶活性没有呈现一致的变化趋势。总的来说，二者联合胁迫下，大豆近根际区域（特别是1mm）土壤脲酶活性受到诱导，而小麦中央区域和1、2mm近根际区域土壤脱氢酶活性则被抑制。

Ki-67 and CD100 immunohistochemical expression is associated with local recurrence and poor prognosis in soft tissue sarcomas, respectively

Soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) are a heterogeneous group of mesenchymal tumors of >50 subtypes. However, STSs represent <1% of types of cancer. Despite this low frequency, the disease is aggressive and treatment, when possible, is based on traditional chemotherapies. A number of cases of resistance to adjuvant therapies have been reported. Metastases are commonly identified in STS patients during diagnosis and the development of effective clinical parameters is crucial for correct management of the disease. The use of biological markers in cancer is a useful tool to determine patient prognosis. Ki--67 is a protein marker for proliferation of somatic cells and is widely used in prognostic studies of various types of tumor, including STSs. Cluster of differentiation 100 (CD100) is a member of the semaphorin family. The family was initially described as axon guidance molecules important for angiogenesis, organogenesis, apoptosis and neoplasia. CD100 was previously utilized as a prognostic factor in tumors and also in STSs. In the present study, protein expression of Ki--67 and CD100 was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in samples of STS patients of the Barretos Cancer Hospital (Barretos, Brazil) to establish prognostic criteria of the disease. Results demonstrate a correlation between CD100 expression and poor prognosis, consistent with a previous study. Moreover, the expression of Ki-67 was identified to correlate with presence of local or locoregional recurrence. To the best of our knowledge, no large casuistic study has revealed this correlation between Ki--67 and local recurrence in STSs. The use of Ki--67 and CD100 as markers in clinical pathological analysis may be suitable as a prognostic criterion in disease progression.

DNA Damage and Transcriptional Changes in the Gills of Mytilus galloprovincialis Exposed to Nanomolar Doses of Combined Metal Salts (Cd, Cu, Hg)

[ENG]Aiming at an integrated and mechanistic view of the early biological effects of selected metals in the marine sentinel organism Mytilus galloprovincialis, we exposed mussels for 48 hours to 50, 100 and 200 nM solutions of equimolar Cd, Cu and Hg salts and measured cytological and molecular biomarkers in parallel. Focusing on the mussel gills, first target of toxic water contaminants and actively proliferating tissue, we detected significant dose-related increases of cells with micronuclei and other nuclear abnormalities in the treated mussels, with differences in the bioconcentration of the three metals determined in the mussel flesh by atomic absorption spectrometry. Gene expression profiles, determined in the same individual gills in parallel, revealed some transcriptional changes at the 50 nM dose, and substantial increases of differentially expressed genes at the 100 and 200 nM doses, with roughly similar amounts of up- and down-regulated genes. The functional annotation of gill transcripts with consistent expression trends and significantly altered at least in one dose point disclosed the complexity of the induced cell response. The most evident transcriptional changes concerned protein synthesis and turnover, ion homeostasis, cell cycle regulation and apoptosis, and intracellular trafficking (transcript sequences denoting heat shock proteins, metal binding thioneins, sequestosome 1 and proteasome subunits, and GADD45 exemplify up-regulated genes while transcript sequences denoting actin, tubulins and the apoptosis inhibitor 1 exemplify down-regulated genes). Overall, nanomolar doses of co-occurring free metal ions have induced significant structural and functional changes in the mussel gills: the intensity of response to the stimulus measured in laboratory supports the additional validation of molecular markers of metal exposure to be used in Mussel Watch programs

Cd~(2+)和Cu~(2+)对美人蕉的氧化胁迫及抗性机理研究

通过测定植物的丙二醛(MDA)含量、酸溶性SH含量以及两种抗氧化酶(超氧化物歧化酶SOD和愈创木酚过氧化物酶GPX)的酶活,研究了重金属镉(Cd)和铜(Cu)对美人蕉(Cannaindica Linn.)的氧化胁迫。结果表明,20μmol·L~(-1)和100μmol·L~(-1)的Cd~(2+)和Cu~(2+)均使其根部MDA含量显著增加,但除了100μmol·L~(-1)的Cd~(2+),叶部MDA含量无明显变化。与Cu~(2+)相比,Cd~(2+)能引起植物根部GSH的明显提高,并能诱导PCs的产生

CA-100萃取稀土及二价金属的热力学和动力学研究

该文系统研究了一种新型有机羧酸类萃取剂仲壬基苯氧基乙酸(CA-100)对稀土及其杂质的萃取热力学和动力学规律,并通过协同萃取、双溶剂萃取、加入络合剂等手段对CA-100萃取体系进行改善,为该萃取剂在工业上的应用打下基础,具体的研究内容如下:1.研究了CA-100对于稀土及Zn,Cd,Cu,Co,Ni,Mn,Mg等金属元素的萃取热力学规律,计算了金属间分离系数,获得了萃取平衡方程式,考察了反萃性能及稀释剂和甲庚醇的加入对萃取的影响.研究发现该萃取剂可用于Sc同其它稀土的分离及某些金属对的分离,在很多方面优于环烷酸体系.2.探讨了CA-100与—盐基磷(膦)酸类萃取剂对锌和镉的协同萃取,研究了协同萃取机理,确定了协萃配合物的组成.3.研究了在络合试剂的存在下CA-100萃取重稀土的行为及Y同重稀土的分离情况.4.用恒流层界面池研究了CA-100萃取Y,Yb,La的萃取动力学,考察了各因素对萃取速率的影响,获得了萃取速率方程,探讨了动力学机理.5.探讨了各种因素对CA-100界面活性的影响.6.在上述热力学和动力学研究基础上,进行了CA-100从混合稀土溶液中富集和纯化Sc的工艺模拟实验.

外源Cd~(2+)在土壤各级微团聚体中的含量和形态分布

采用室内培养和室内分析相结合的方法,研究了外源Cd2+进入土壤30d后,在土壤各级微团聚体中的含量富集和形态赋存情况。研究结果表明:外源水溶性镉进入土壤30d后,100%转化成了颗粒态,其中58.5%转化为了可交换态,0.98%转化成了碳酸盐结合态,1.26%转化成了铁锰氧化物结合态,7.68%转化成了有机结合态,31.5%转化成了残渣态,这基本与其中各粒级微团聚体中的赋存形态的情况一致。在土壤中赋存的镉主要分布在各级微团聚体中,在各粒级微团聚体中的含量分布顺序为<10μm微团聚体>10～50μm微团聚体>50～250μm微团聚体;外源镉向小粒级微团聚体的富集倾向明显高于向大粒级微团聚体的富集倾向,其中在<10μm微团聚体中富集系数为1.43,在50～250μm微团聚体中的富集系数只有0.60。

Harvesting Excitons Via Two Parallel Channels for Efficient White Organic LEDs with Nearly 100% Internal Quantum Efficiency: Fabrication and Emission-Mechanism Analysis

By incorporating two phosphorescent dyes, namely, iridium(III)[bis(4,6-difluorophenyl)-pyridinato-N,C-2']picolinate (Flrpic) for blue emission and bis(2-(9,9-diethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1 H-benzoimidazol-N,C-3) iridium(acetylacetonate) ((fbi)(2)Ir(acac)) for orange emission, into a single-energy well-like emissive layer, an extremely high-efficiency white organic light-emitting diode (WOLED) with excellent color stability is demonstrated. This device can achieve a peak forward-viewing power efficiency of 42.5 lm W-1, corresponding to an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 19.3% and a current efficiency of 52.8 cd A(-1). Systematic studies of the dopants, host and dopant-doped host films in terms of photophysical properties (including absorption, photoluminescence, and excitation spectra), transient photoluminescence, current density-voltage characteristics, and temperature-dependent electroluminescence spectra are subsequently performed, from which it is concluded that the emission natures of Flrpic and (fbi)(2)Ir(acac) are, respectively, host-guest energy transfer and a direct exciton formation process. These two parallel pathways serve to channel the overall excitons to both dopants, greatly reducing unfavorable energy losses.

Effect of heavy metals (Cd, Cu) on the gametophytes of Laminaria japonica Aresch

Effects of various concentrations of two heavy metals, namely Cd and Cu, on gametophytes of Laminaria japonica Aresch were determined by recording morphological changes of gametophytes, determining pH values and the heavy metal content of the culture solution, calculating the germination rate of sporophytes, and observing heavy metal (Cd) distribution using a fluorescence microscope. The results showed that heavy metals damaged the gametophytes, and were even lethal, and that the higher the concentration of heavy metal ions, the greater the injury to gametophytes. Gametophytes could not survive in culture solutions containing more than 100 mg/L Cd and 50 mg/L Cu and were only able to survive in culture solution containing a mixture of Cd and Cu tip to a concentration of 10 mg/L, which indicates that gametophytes have a higher tolerance to Cd than Cu and that multiple heavy metal ions in solution markedly aggravate the damage to gametophytes compared with individual heavy metal ions. With increases in the concentration of the heavy metal, the burgeoning rate of sporophytes decreased acutely, and solutions containing multiple heavy metal ions caused even more marked harm to sporophytes than solutions containing a single heavy metal ion, because most sporophytes died in mixed solutions. The pH value of the culture medium dropped immediately at the beginning (the first day) of treatment, increased over the following days, and then decreased again. The pH of culture media containing multiple heavy metal ions showed greater variation than media containing a single heavy metal ion, with the extent of the decrease in pH of culture media containing multiple ions being greatest during the last period of the experiment. With increases in the concentration of heavy metals, the capacity of gametophytes to accumulate these ions increased. The blue fluorescent light emitted by the Cd- and Cd-binding protein complex existing in gametophytes in media containing different concentrations of Cd showed clearly the distribution of the ion in gametophytes and the results obtained were consistent with distribution determined using other methods. All results of the present study showed that gametophytes of L. japonica play a remarkable role as heavy metal decontaminators, especially with regard to Cd.

Study of the Cd complexation mechanism by glutathione in Rhizobium leguminosarum

A associação simbiótica de plantas leguminosas com bactérias do género Rhizobium é o maior e mais eficiente contribuinte de azoto fixado biologicamente (Somasegaran e Hoben, 1994; Zahran, 1999). No entanto, o constante aumento da poluição em solos agrícolas, nomeadamente a contaminação por metais devido à aplicação de fertilizantes e de lamas, está a tornar-se um problema ambiental cada vez mais preocupante (Alloway, 1995a; Giller et al., 1998; Permina et al., 2006; Thorsen et al., 2009; Wani et al., 2008), influenciando de forma negativa a persistência destas bactérias nos solos agrícolas, assim como a sua eficácia de nodulação (Broos et al., 2005; Wani et al., 2008;. Zhengwei et al., 2005). Desta forma, o estudo dos mecanismos de tolerância de Rhizobium a metais tornou-se uma área de investigação de elevada importância. Com o trabalho apresentado nesta tese pretendeu-se perceber melhor a tolerância Rhizobium leguminosarum ao cádmio (Cd), dando particular atenção a um mecanismo de tolerância previamente descrito em R. leguminosarum (Lima et al., 2006): a complexação intracelular de Cd pelo tripéptido glutationa (GSH). Assim, o principal objectivo deste trabalho foi perceber melhor qual a importância deste mecanismo nos níveis de tolerância de rizóbio ao Cd. Como já tinha sido descrito em trabalhos anteriores (Figueira et al., 2005; Lima et al., 2006), foi possível verificar que a estirpe mais tolerante ao metal apresenta níveis mais elevados de Cd e GSH intracelulares. Demonstrou-se ainda que a tolerância ao Cd está dependente da maior eficiência no mecanismo de complexação observada na estirpe tolerante, logo durante as primeiras 12 h de crescimento. Gomes et al. (2002) verificou que a acumulação de complexos GSH-Cd no citoplasma inibe a entrada de metal na célula. Como neste trabalho se observou um aumento nos níveis de Cd intracelular na estirpe tolerante ao longo do tempo, surgiu a hipótese dos complexos serem excretados para o espaço periplasmático. Os elevados níveis de GSH e de Cd determinados no espaço periplasmático corroboraram esta hipótese. Neste trabalho demonstrou-se ainda que a eficácia do mecanismo de complexação, depende da actividade enzimática de uma isoforma específica de GST, que apresentou um elevado acréscimo de actividade na presença do metal. Desta forma, os resultados desta tese indicam que, a maior tolerância de R. leguminosarum ao Cd, depende da capacidade das estirpes para induzir a síntese de GSH na presença de Cd e, simultaneamente aumentar a actividade enzimática da GST específica, optimizando assim o mecanismo de complexação de Cd intracelular.

Primer libro de geografía de Smith, dispuesto para los niños y adornado con más de 100 grabados, 18 mapas y un cuadro de banderas

UANL

100 maths framework lessons : Year 1 : Scottish primary 2.

Recurso que ayuda a los profesores a vincular sus conocimientos a los aspectos clave del aprendizaje y del currículo. Está estructurado en cinco bloques que forman el marco principal renovado para Matemáticas. Cada uno de ellos consta de tres unidades que cubren un texto diferente dentro del bloque. Las unidades se enseñan en un número determinado de semanas que, a su vez, se dividen en días o lecciones. Una de las características principales del recurso es la flexibilidad de su estructura que permitirá a los profesores adaptarse a las necesidades de cada niño. Cuenta con un CD-ROM que incluye recursos multimedia como vídeo, audio, imágenes, actividades interactivas y páginas fotocopiables.

100 maths framework lessons : Year 2 : Scottish primary 3.

Recurso que ayuda a los profesores a vincular sus conocimientos a los aspectos clave del aprendizaje y del currículo. Está estructurado en cinco bloques que forman el marco principal renovado para Matemáticas. Cada uno de ellos consta de tres unidades que cubren un texto diferente dentro del bloque. Las unidades se enseñan en un número determinado de semanas que, a su vez, se dividen en días o lecciones. Una de las características principales del recurso es la flexibilidad de su estructura que permitirá a los profesores adaptarse a las necesidades de cada niño. Cuenta con un CD-ROM que incluye recursos multimedia como vídeo, audio, imágenes, actividades interactivas y páginas fotocopiables.

100 maths framework lessons : Year 3 : Scottish primary 4.

Recurso que ayuda a los profesores a vincular sus conocimientos a los aspectos clave del aprendizaje y del currículo. Está estructurado en cinco bloques que forman el marco principal renovado para Matemáticas. Cada uno de ellos consta de tres unidades que cubren un texto diferente dentro del bloque. Las unidades se enseñan en un número determinado de semanas que, a su vez, se dividen en días o lecciones. Una de las características principales del recurso es la flexibilidad de su estructura que permitirá a los profesores adaptarse a las necesidades de cada niño. Cuenta con un CD-ROM que incluye recursos multimedia como vídeo, audio, imágenes, actividades interactivas y páginas fotocopiables.

100 maths framework lessons : Year 4 : Scottish primary 5.

Recurso que ayuda a los profesores a vincular sus conocimientos a los aspectos clave del aprendizaje y del currículo. Está estructurado en cinco bloques que forman el marco principal renovado para Matemáticas. Cada uno de ellos consta de tres unidades que cubren un texto diferente dentro del bloque. Las unidades se enseñan en un número determinado de semanas que, a su vez, se dividen en días o lecciones. Una de las características principales del recurso es la flexibilidad de su estructura que permitirá a los profesores adaptarse a las necesidades de cada niño. Cuenta con un CD-ROM que incluye recursos multimedia como vídeo, audio, imágenes, actividades interactivas y páginas fotocopiables.