RED COATS AND WILD BIRDS: MILITARY CULTURE AND ORNITHOLOGY ACROSS THE NINETEENTH-CENTURY BRITISH EMPIRE

“Red coats and wild birds: military culture and ornithology across the nineteenth-century British Empire” investigates the intersections between British military culture and the practices and ideas of ornithology, with a particular focus on the British Mediterranean. Considering that British officers often occupied several imperial sites over the course of their military careers, to what extent did their movements shape their ornithological knowledge and identities at “home” and abroad? How did British military naturalists perceive different local cultures (with different attitudes to hunting, birds, field science, etc.) and different local natures (different sets of birds and environments)? How can trans-imperial careers be written using not only textual sources (for example, biographies and personal correspondence) but also traces of material culture? In answering these questions, I centre my work on the Mediterranean region as a “colonial sea” in the production of hybrid identities and cultural practices, and the mingling of people, ideas, commodities, and migratory birds. I focus on the life geographies of four military officers: Thomas Wright Blakiston, Andrew Leith Adams, L. Howard Lloyd Irby, and Philip Savile Grey Reid. By the mid-nineteenth century, the Mediterranean region emerged as a crucial site for the security of the British “empire route” to India and South Asia, especially with the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869. Military stations served as trans-imperial sites, connecting Britain to India through the flow of military manpower, commodities, information, and bodily experiences across the empire. By using a “critical historical geopolitics of empire” to examine the material remnants of the “avian imperial archive,” I demonstrate how the practices and performances of British military field ornithology helped to: materialize the British Mediterranean as a moral “semi-tropical” place for the physical and cultural acclimatization of British officers en route to and from India; reinforce imperial presence in the region; and make “visible in new ways” the connectivity of North Africa to Europe through the geographical distribution of birds. I also highlight the ways in which the production of ornithological knowledge by army officers was entwined with forms of temperate martial masculinity.

The British Empire. Ideology, Perspectives, Perceptions

O núcleo de investigadores dedicado aos estudos de cultura do Centro de Estudos Anglísticos da Universidade de Lisboa empenhou boa parte da sua actividade, no ano de 2008-2009, na preparação de duas jornadas temáticas sobre o Império Britânico. Para a escolha deste objecto de investigação convergiram os interesses individuais dos investigadores, mobilizados para o estudo sistemático de conceitos como império e imperialismo, colónia e colonialismo, de ideologias como o liberalismo, ou para o estudo de representações de identidade. Com o intuito comum de examinar criticamente uma multiplicidade de discursos sobre o Império Britânico, as comunicações que agora são publicadas sustentam diferentes possibilidades de aproximação metodológica aos estudos de cultura e posicionam o diálogo entre elas como instrumento de desenvolvimento do conhecimento em torno de um mesmo objecto. O Império Britânico é, assim, interpelado na sua origem enquanto portador de uma “missão civilizadora” e são examinados discursos de supremacia europeia crescentemente desconstruídos pelas novas linhas de análise cultural, sensíveis estas à dissonância, à dúvida, ao silêncio e ao “não dito” das culturas em presença. O confronto e o conflito entre a cultura dominante e as culturas subordinadas, a construção de novas identidades, a instabilidade dos sujeitos foram, nestas jornadas, objecto de apresentações inovadoras em suportes visuais, como a pintura, a fotografia ou o filme.

The British empire and Australian girls' annuals

This article explores two series of girls' annuals: the Empire Annual for Australian Girls (1909-30), published by the Religious Tract Society, and the Australian Girl's Annual (1910-3?), published by Cassell. Although both series were seemingly targeted at Australian girls, they were published in Britain before being given a new title and sent to the colonies. This article examines the implications of these British models of girlhood for their explicitly colonial girl readers. The British publishers of these annuals addressed an apparently homogenous readership comprised of girls from white settler colonies and Britain without attempting to customize the contents of their books for different audiences. In both fiction and illustrations, the annuals simultaneously employed and produced a British model of girlhood that was attractive to Australian girl readers.

The Madras Presidency’s Prisons and the British Empire, 1820s–1850s

This paper is based on the observation that projects to reform prisons in British India in the first half of the 19th century were remarkably parallel to those in Britain and other colonies of the British Empire. Therefore, it will be asked to what extent local discussions about imprisonment in India were connected to developments in the metropole, in other parts of the empire, and elsewhere in the colony and how such imperial connections influenced local practices. Recent studies on colonial India’s prisons have focused on the British possessions in north India, whereas the Madras Presidency’s penal history is as of yet mostly unstudied. The paper will look on two initiatives of prison reform undertaken by the Madras Government; firstly, an inquiry made in the 1820s to combat the high mortality in the jails, and secondly, attempts throughout the 1840s and 1850s to construct a penitentiary along the lines of penal systems in other parts of India and the British Empire. The two case studies promise insights into the body of knowledge about punishment that was accumulated in British India, its entanglement with debates in other parts of the empire, and the emergence of ‘imperial standards’ of imprisonment in the course of the 19th century.