Graveyards to Glamour : Development of Sexualized Angel Imagery in American Art and Advertising

Images of female angels in American art and advertisements have been sexualized in the late twentieth and early twenty-­‐first centuries. Companies such as Victoria’s Secret have appropriated the image of female angels, which first appeared at the beginning of the nineteenth century, and clothed them in lingerie in order to sell a product. This Masters Research Paper explores the evolution of female angelic imagery in the United States in order to understand how and when the image of angels began to be sexualized and used in advertising. Angels in art have been studied extensively; however, there has been no work done which examines how the angels in art and advertising have been sexualized. Nor has any work been done to map the evolution of female angelic imagery in American art. This Masters Research Paper will fill that gap in scholarship.

The Relation Between Civic Education and Political Attitudes and Behavior

It is generally assumed that civic education efforts will have a positive effect on the political attitudes and behaviors of adolescents and young adults. There is less agreement, however, on the most effective forms of civic education. In the present study, we distinguish between formal civic education, an open classroom climate and active learning strategies, and we explore their effect on political interest, efficacy, trust and participation. To analyze these effects, we rely on the results of a two-year panel study among late adolescents in Belgium. The results indicate that formal civic education (classroom instruction) and active learning strategies (school council membership and, to a lesser extent, group projects) are effective in shaping political attitudes and behavior. An open classroom climate, on the other hand, has an effect on political trust. We conclude that there is no reason to privilege specific forms of civic education, as each form contributes to different relevant political attitudes and behaviors.

National survey of drinking and driving attitudes and behavior: 1995. Final report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

National survey of drinking and driving attitudes and behavior: 1997. Final report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

National survey of drinking and driving: attitudes and behavior:1999. Volume 1: findings.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Office of Research and Traffic Records, Washington, D.C.

National survey of drinking and driving: attitudes and behavior: 1999. Volume 2: methods report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Office of Research and Traffic Records, Washington, D.C.

National survey of drinking and driving: attitudes and behavior: 2001. Volume 1: summary report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Office of Research and Traffic Records, Washington, D.C.

National survey of drinking and driving attitudes and behavior: 1993. Final report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

Phase III : knowledge, affection and basic attitudes toward animals in American society /

"Phase three results of a U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service funded study of 'American attitudes, knowledge and behaviors toward wildlife and natural habitats'."

Type for books and advertising

"Books for the type man": p. 150-153.