Efeito dos nutrientes (nitrogênio e fósforo) sobre o desenvolvimento da Gracilaria birdiae: crescimento e possível uso como biofiltro

Marine shrimp farming has grown exponentially during the last years in Brazil. In spite of the promising economical situation, this activity is facing an increasing criticism due to its environmental impact. Thus, the necessity of alternatives to mitigate environmental degradation caused by this activity. An alternative that is being studied is the policulture that is the integrated culture of two or more organisms, normally one of them a filtering organism. Among filtering organisms, macroalgae are very practicable because they are efficient in the removal of the exceeding nutrients of the water and do not leave residues in the water. Besides, the integrated culture with macroalgae allows the economical exploration of the seaweed (for the manufacture of jelly and jam, for the dairy industry, pharmaceuticals, etc.) along with possibility of a sustainable aquaculture. In the present experiment, the development of the seaweed Gracilaria birdiae, the influence and tolerance of this species to the environmental parameters, and its absorption efficiency in relation with the three kinds of macronutrients (NH4+, NO3- and PO4-3) found in the effluents of marine shrimp farming was studied. The experiment was divided in two parts: a laboratorial part and one part carried under natural conditions. The water used in the laboratory trial was collected in the shrimp ponds of Tecnarão farm and distributed in aquaria containing 20 g of G. birdiae. In the field trial, 0.5 kg of G. birdiae was inserted in PVC cages cultivated in the farm. The results of the study showed a modest growth of G. birdiae, probably due to its low tolerance to highly eutrophicated environments. However, the removal of nutrients was very expressive. Ammonia was reduced in approximately 34 %. Ortho-phosphate showed a reduction of 93.5 %. The capacity of biofiltration of the NO3- by the macro algae was of 100 %, showing that G. birdiae is a seaweed-filtered with a high level of removal for this nutrient under laboratorial conditions. In spite of the low growth of the macro algae in the experiment, the results in relation to the removal of nutrients of the water was encouraging, suggesting that this species can be an efficient biofilter and thus, a strong candidate to be used in a sustainable aquaculture

Concepção e estudo de um biofiltro para tratamento de compostos orgânicos voláteis COVs

In the last decade, biological purification of gaseous waste has become an important alternative to many conventional methods of exhaust air treatment. More recently, biofiltration has proved to be an effective and inexpensive method for the treatment of air contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs). A biofilter consists in a reactor packed with a porous solid bed material, where the microorganisms are fixed. During the biofiltration process, polluted air is transported through the biofilter medium where the contaminant is degraded. Within the biofilm, the pollutants in the waste gases are energy and carbon sources for microbial metabolism and are transformed into CO2, water and biomass. The bed material should be characterized by satisfactory mechanical and physical properties as structure, void fraction, specific area and flow resistance. The aim of this research was the biofilter construction and study of the biological degradation of ethanol and toluene, as well as the modeling of the process. Luffa cylindrica is a brazilian fiber that was used as the filtering material of the present work. The parameters and conditions studied were: composition of nutrients solution; effect of microflorae strains, namely Pseudomanas putida and Rhodococcus rhodochrous; waste gas composition; air flow rate; and inlet load of VOCs. The biofilter operated in diffusion regime and the best results for remotion capacity were obtained when a microorganisms consortion of Pseudomanas putida and Rhodococcus rhodochrous,were used, with a gas flow rate of 1 m3.h-1 and molar ratio nitrogene/phosphore N/P=2 in the nutrients solution. The maximum remotion capacity for ethanol was around 90 g.m-3.h-1 and 50 g.m-3.h-1 to toluene. It was proved that toluene has inhibitory effect on the ethanol remotion When the two VOCs were present in the same waste gas, there was a decrease of 40% in ethanol remotion capacity. Luffa cylindrica does not present considerable pressure drop. Ottengraf and van Lith models were used to represent the results obtained for ethanol and toluene, respectively. The application of the transient model indicated a satisfactory approximation between the experimental results obtained for ethanol and toluene vapors biofiltration and the ones predicted it

Remoção de Microalgas de efluentes de lagoas de estabilização utilizando biofiltro

This research evaluated the microalgae removal produced in a stabilization pond system using biofilters as post-treatment, besides characterizing the effluents of stabilization ponds and filters in relation to concentrations of algal biomass (chlorophyll a and suspended solids), organic matter (BOD and COD), total phosphorus, orthophosphate, pH and dissolved oxygen, and tried to correlate physicochemical parameters with chlorophyll "a". It was held at the Ponta Negra ETE which is constituted by three stabilization ponds, with a primary facultative pond and two of maturation. For the algae removal were used two submerged bio-filters: the filter FPF (Facultative Pond Filter), fed with facultative pond effluent; and the filter MPF (Maturation Pond Filter), fed with second maturation pond effluent. The filling material of both filters was predominantly gravel no. 2, although it contains portions of gravel no. 1 and no. 3. The filters operating conditions were bad, they were nearly 10 years without maintenance, without cleaning or removal of sludge since the time of its construction, and part of the filling material may be obstruct. Despite poor operating conditions were obtained satisfactory results, in level of posttreatment. Removal efficiencies in relation to BOD and COD were 7 and 25% in FPF and 9 and 19% and in MPF, respectively. In relation to TSS efficiencies in MPF and FPF were 37 and 20%, respectively. As for the chlorophyll "a" removal, the FPF efficiency was 44% and the MPF was 40%. There was 50% of consumption of dissolved oxygen, on average, within the filters. Two profiles were performed in the filters, and it was possible to conclude that variations throughout the day were not statistically significant, and that, regardless of the time of collection, they would have the same representation comparing to the time of data collection (7 am) and the daily average, although individual variations throughout the day have been shown to be significant. Another important observation is that the correlations between Chlorophyll a and TSS were bigger and more significant in the effluent of the filters than in the effluent of the ponds

Remoção de 'H IND. 2' 'S' de ar por Thiobacillus denitrificans utilizando biofiltro percolador

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Utilização de biofiltro aerado submerso no tratamento de efluentes de curtume submetido a processo de pré-tratamentos físico-químico e anaeróbio

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Tratamento de efluente de curtume por biofiltro aerado Submerso pré-tratado com microfiltro de membrana

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Civil - FEIS

Eliminaci?n de vapores de xileno presentes en una corriente de gas en un biofiltro percolador

El presente trabajo de investigaci?n evalu? la eliminaci?n de vapores de xileno presentes en una corriente de aire a trav?s de dos biofiltros percoladores (BTF?s) operados en paralelo a escala banco y alimentados en contracorriente. El primer biofiltro percolador (BTF1) fue empacado con una esponja porosa de pl?stico de poliuretano mientras que el segundo (BTF2) con anillos de pl?stico de polipropileno. Ambos BTF?s fueron inoculados con un consorcio microbiano de una industria papelera. Los BTF?s fueron operados continuamente durante 24 horas diarias con concentraciones de entrada de 0.43, 1.30, 3.04 y 5.64 gm-3 de xileno a una tasa de flujo de gas de 0.26 m3h-1 y un tiempo de residencia del gas de 90 s. Las eficiencias de eliminaci?n del BTF1 fueron 83.33; 93.94; 93.10 y 72.46% para concentraciones de entrada de 0.43, 1.30, 3.04 y 5.64 gm-3 de xileno. El BTF2 obtuvo eficiencias de eliminaci?n de 83.33; 82.69; 75.64 y 74.00% para iguales concentraciones de alimentaci?n que el BTF1. Se present? un disminuci?n del BTF2 de 11.25 y 17.46% respecto al BTF1 para concentraciones de entrada de 1.30 y 3.04 gm-3 de xileno, lo que indica que un aumento en la concentraci?n de entrada disminuye la eficiencia de eliminaci?n. Por otra parte, se observ? una m?xima capacidad de eliminaci?n de 157.35 y 154.97 gm-3h-1 en ambos BTF?s para una carga de entrada de 225.78 gm-3h-1. En cuanto a la ca?da de presi?n el BTF1 durante las dos primeras fases de operaci?n, es decir, para cargas contaminantes de 17.37 a 52.1 gm-3h-1 estuvo por encima de las del BTF2 experimentando valores de 130.75 a 533.9 Pa m-1; mientras en las dos fases restantes, es decir, para cargas contaminantes de 121.57 a 225.78 gm-3h-1 el BTF2 experiment? mayores ca?das de presi?n comparada con la del BTF1 con valores de 828.09 a 1198.55 Pa m-1; observ?ndose un taponamiento del BTF2 seguido de una disminuci?n en la eficiencia de eliminaci?n; se emple? el lavado de los platos distribuidores como estrategia para resolver este problema. El comportamiento del crecimiento de biomasa en la secci?n inferior durante las dos primeras fases de operaci?n para el BTF1 vari? de 0.015 a 0.028 gSSV/gmedio; mientras para el BTF2 vari? de 0.026 a 0.038 gSSV/gmedio; una disminuci?n del 22% en la concentraci?n de biomasa se observ? en el BTF2 a partir de la tercera fase de operaci?n en la secci?n superior, luego del lavado manual de los platos distribuidores del BTF2. Acorde con lo anterior, los resultados de las variables operacionales estudiadas, adem?s de las capacidades de eliminaci?n y las eficiencias de eliminaci?n obtenidas en el presente trabajo de investigaci?n, demuestran que los biofiltros percoladores son una tecnolog?a eficiente para el manejo de grandes vol?menes de aire (10 ? 300000 m-3h-1) con bajas concentraciones (0 ? 8.3 gm-3) (Govind 2009), econ?mica y ambientalmente limpia; que puede convertirse en uno de los mejores m?todos disponibles para el tratamiento de corrientes de aire contaminados con diversos compuestos vol?tiles, para elevar su escala a nivel industrial

Efeito dos nutrientes (nitrogênio e fósforo) sobre o desenvolvimento da Gracilaria birdiae: crescimento e possível uso como biofiltro

Marine shrimp farming has grown exponentially during the last years in Brazil. In spite of the promising economical situation, this activity is facing an increasing criticism due to its environmental impact. Thus, the necessity of alternatives to mitigate environmental degradation caused by this activity. An alternative that is being studied is the policulture that is the integrated culture of two or more organisms, normally one of them a filtering organism. Among filtering organisms, macroalgae are very practicable because they are efficient in the removal of the exceeding nutrients of the water and do not leave residues in the water. Besides, the integrated culture with macroalgae allows the economical exploration of the seaweed (for the manufacture of jelly and jam, for the dairy industry, pharmaceuticals, etc.) along with possibility of a sustainable aquaculture. In the present experiment, the development of the seaweed Gracilaria birdiae, the influence and tolerance of this species to the environmental parameters, and its absorption efficiency in relation with the three kinds of macronutrients (NH4+, NO3- and PO4-3) found in the effluents of marine shrimp farming was studied. The experiment was divided in two parts: a laboratorial part and one part carried under natural conditions. The water used in the laboratory trial was collected in the shrimp ponds of Tecnarão farm and distributed in aquaria containing 20 g of G. birdiae. In the field trial, 0.5 kg of G. birdiae was inserted in PVC cages cultivated in the farm. The results of the study showed a modest growth of G. birdiae, probably due to its low tolerance to highly eutrophicated environments. However, the removal of nutrients was very expressive. Ammonia was reduced in approximately 34 %. Ortho-phosphate showed a reduction of 93.5 %. The capacity of biofiltration of the NO3- by the macro algae was of 100 %, showing that G. birdiae is a seaweed-filtered with a high level of removal for this nutrient under laboratorial conditions. In spite of the low growth of the macro algae in the experiment, the results in relation to the removal of nutrients of the water was encouraging, suggesting that this species can be an efficient biofilter and thus, a strong candidate to be used in a sustainable aquaculture

Efeito dos nutrientes (nitrogênio e fósforo) sobre o desenvolvimento da Gracilaria birdiae: crescimento e possível uso como biofiltro

Marine shrimp farming has grown exponentially during the last years in Brazil. In spite of the promising economical situation, this activity is facing an increasing criticism due to its environmental impact. Thus, the necessity of alternatives to mitigate environmental degradation caused by this activity. An alternative that is being studied is the policulture that is the integrated culture of two or more organisms, normally one of them a filtering organism. Among filtering organisms, macroalgae are very practicable because they are efficient in the removal of the exceeding nutrients of the water and do not leave residues in the water. Besides, the integrated culture with macroalgae allows the economical exploration of the seaweed (for the manufacture of jelly and jam, for the dairy industry, pharmaceuticals, etc.) along with possibility of a sustainable aquaculture. In the present experiment, the development of the seaweed Gracilaria birdiae, the influence and tolerance of this species to the environmental parameters, and its absorption efficiency in relation with the three kinds of macronutrients (NH4+, NO3- and PO4-3) found in the effluents of marine shrimp farming was studied. The experiment was divided in two parts: a laboratorial part and one part carried under natural conditions. The water used in the laboratory trial was collected in the shrimp ponds of Tecnarão farm and distributed in aquaria containing 20 g of G. birdiae. In the field trial, 0.5 kg of G. birdiae was inserted in PVC cages cultivated in the farm. The results of the study showed a modest growth of G. birdiae, probably due to its low tolerance to highly eutrophicated environments. However, the removal of nutrients was very expressive. Ammonia was reduced in approximately 34 %. Ortho-phosphate showed a reduction of 93.5 %. The capacity of biofiltration of the NO3- by the macro algae was of 100 %, showing that G. birdiae is a seaweed-filtered with a high level of removal for this nutrient under laboratorial conditions. In spite of the low growth of the macro algae in the experiment, the results in relation to the removal of nutrients of the water was encouraging, suggesting that this species can be an efficient biofilter and thus, a strong candidate to be used in a sustainable aquaculture

Propiedades básicas de materiales soporte y parámetros de control en biofiltración.

[ES]En la problemática medioambiental generada por la contaminación atmosférica hay tres aspectos que marcan las directrices de actuación institucional: la presión social, la legislación vigente y la tecnología disponible. En cuanto a este último aspecto, la biofiltración es una tecnología eficaz, asequible y sostenible basada en la actividad biodegradadora de microorganismos específicos adheridos a la superficie de un material soporte que constituye el lecho del biofiltro. La elección de un material soporte adecuado es de especial importancia para asegurar el correcto funcionamiento de los biofiltros. Esta decisión está basada en las propiedades intrínsecas del material que deben ser analizadas previamente a su uso. En este proyecto se ha seleccionado cuales son estas propiedades básicas a partir de una revisión bibliográfica, destacando la capacidad de retención de humedad, superficie específica, porosidad, y estabilidad física y química del material. En este trabajo, también se han fijado los parámetros de control que deben ser medidos de forma rutinaria en un biofiltro para asegurar la eficacia del tratamiento de descontaminación. En base a la información bibliográfica recopilada, se ha concluido que los parámetros básicos son pH, temperatura, contenido de humedad del lecho y pérdidas de carga. A nivel experimental, se han medido las pérdidas de carga generadas en biofiltros empacados con tres materiales soportes que son de especial interés para una investigación posterior a desarrollar por el grupo Biofiltración de la Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU). Durante el período de arranque inicial de los tres biofiltros, las pérdidas de carga medidas fueron muy bajas en los tres casos, aunque algo superiores cuando la alimentación era en sentido ascendente frente al flujo descendente. Sin embargo, cuando se midieron las pérdidas de carga bajo condiciones de encharcamiento del lecho, que es una de las situaciones más problemáticas en un biofiltro, todos los soportes presentaron un aumento puntual de la pérdida de carga aunque la tendencia en los días posteriores fue claramente descendente, recuperando valores de operación habituales. La comparativa del comportamiento frente a las pérdidas de carga permitió seleccionar el soporte más idóneo de los tres analizados, aunque los otros dos podrían ser alternativas viables en caso de sustitución.

Reutilización de escoria negra de acería como soporte en biofiltros para la eliminación de H2S del biogás.

[EN]Due to the limitations associated with fossil fuels it is necessary to promote energy sources that are renewable as well as eco-friendly, such as biogas generated in anaerobic digesters. The biogas, composed principally of methane and CO2, is the result of the biodegradation of organic matter under anaerobic conditions. Its use as fuel is limited by the presence of minority compounds such as hydrogen sulphide (H2S); therefore, its pre-treatment is necessary. Currently there are various technologies for the removal of H2S from a gas stream, but most of them are based on physic-chemical treatments which have a number of drawbacks as reactive consumption, generation of secondary flows, etc. Biofiltration has been used as an efficient and low cost alternative to conventional purification processes, and excellent results for the degradation of H2S have been obtained. However process can be limited due to the progressive ageing of the support material, along with the loss of nutrients and other specific characteristics necessary for the good development of biomass. The purpose of this project is to develop a mixed support consisting of a mixture of an organic material and an inorganic support for its application in the removal of the H2S from biogas. This support material helps to optimize the characteristics of the bed and extend its lifespan. The development of such material will contribute to the implementation of biofiltration for treating biogas from anaerobic digesters for its use as biofuel. The inorganic material used is electric arc furnace (EAF) black slag, a by-product generated in large quantities in the production of steel in the Basque Country. Although traditionally the slag has been used in civil engineering, its physicochemical characteristics make it suitable for reuse as a filter medium in biofiltration. The main conclusion drawn from the experimental results is that EAF black slag is a suitable co-packing material in organic biofilters treating H2S-polluted gaseous streams. High pollutant removal rates have been achieved during the whole experimental period. The removal capacity recorded in biofilters with less inorganic material was higher than in those with higher slag portion. Nevertheless, all the biofilters have shown a satisfactory response even at high inlet loads (48 g·m-3·h-1), where the RE has not decreased over 82%.

Biofiltração de compostos orgânicos voláteis e gás sulfídrico em estações de despejos industriais de processamento de hidrocarbonetos.

Neste trabalho foi estudado o tratamento simultâneo por biofiltração de emissões de compostos orgânicos voláteis, COV e gás sulfídrico, H2S, em estações de tratamento de despejos industriais, de refinaria de petróleo, ETDI. A biofiltração dos gases emanados da EDTI mostrou ser uma técnica de alta eficiência, atingindo valores de 95 a 99 % para tratamento simultâneo de COV e H2S em concentrações de 1000 e 100 ppmv, respectivamente. Foram realizados testes em 95 dias consecutivos de operação, em uma planta piloto instalada na Superintendência da Industrialização do Xisto, SIX, em São Mateus do Sul, Paraná, de março a agosto de 2006. O biofiltro foi do tipo fluxo ascendente, com 3,77 m3 de leito orgânico, composto de turfa, carvão ativado, lascas de madeira, serragem brita fina além de outros componentes menores. Foi realizada inoculação biológica com lodo filtrado de estação de tratamento de esgoto sanitário. As vazões de gás aplicadas variaram de 85 a 407 m3/h, resultando em taxas de carga de massa de 11,86 a 193,03 g de COV/h.m3 de leito e tempos de residência de 24 segundos a 6,5 minutos, com tempo ótimo de 1,6 minutos. A capacidade máxima de remoção do sistema encontrada, nas condições testadas, foi de 15 g de COV/h. m3, compatível com os valores encontrados na literatura para depuração biológica de COV na escala praticada. Também foi verificada a redução de componentes específicos de BTX, demonstrando boa degradabilidade dos compostos orgânicos. Finalmente o biofiltro demonstrou boa robustez biológica diante dos desvios operacionais intencionalmente provocados, tais como falta de umidade do leito, baixa temperatura, alta vazão, falta de carga de COV e baixo pH do leito. Depois de retomada a condição de operação estável, a biofiltração rapidamente atingiu o estado de equilíbrio, assegurando o uso eficiente e confiável da técnica no tratamento de gases de EDTI na indústria do hidrocarbonetos ou em refinarias de petróleo.

Utilização da macroalga Ulva lactuca linnaeus na redução de nutrientes (NH4+,NO3- e PO4-2) provenientes da carcinicultura

Dentre as macroalgas capazes de absorver altas concentrações de N e P dissolvidos na água, destaca-se a Chlorophyta Ulva lactuca, bastante adaptável e resistente às adversidades ambientais, como grandes variações de temperatura, salinidade, matéria orgânica e metais pesados. Trata-se também de uma espécie bastante comum nas áreas intertidais do litoral norte-riograndense. Devido a suas características ecológicas, fisiológicas e nutricionais, foi avaliado nesse estudo, o seu potencial como biofiltro na redução de NH4+, NO3- e PO4-2, tanto em condições controladas como também em um viveiro de camarão. No experimento laboratorial, foram utilizados quatro aquários de vidro de 30 x 20 x 20cm com 10L de água, sendo três aquários experimentais contendo 20g de U. lactuca e um controle. O acréscimo de biomassa foi de 2,92g (22,92 ± 6,29g; p < 0,05) em relação ao inóculo inicial de 20g, sob temperatura (28,50 ± 0,58ºC), salinidade (35,00 ± 0,00 ), pH (8,26 ± 0,02) e luz constante (250 μmol.m2s-1). O crescimento positivo (1,78 ± 4,38%dia-1; p < 0,05), juntamente com a alta eficiência de absorção de amônio (83%; p < 0,001), nitrato (83%; p < 0,001) e ortofosfato (53%; p < 0,001), demonstrou que, nessas condições, a Ulva lactuca absorveu os nutrientes e aumentou sua biomassa. Já no experimento de campo, realizado na fazenda TECNARÃO, situada no município de Arez/RN (06° 11 40 Latitude Sul, e 35º 09 37 Longitude Oeste), foram utilizadas três gaiolas de PVC, posicionadas a 12cm da superfície da água, cada uma com dimensões de aproximadamente 59 x 59 x 15cm, onde foram colocadas 200g de U. lactuca. O ganho de biomassa de 3g (203,00 ± 41,02g; p < 0,001) foi muito semelhante às condições controladas, demonstrando a adaptabilidade da espécie em condições ambientais variáveis, onde, apesar da temperatura pouco variável (27,45 ± 0,64ºC), houve progressiva diminuição de salinidade (25 - 15 ), devido ao período de fortes chuvas (34,70 ± 23,78mm). Somado a isso, foram observados vários fatores biológicos interferindo no viveiro, como a presença de epífitas, organismos endofíticos, fouling e a herbivoria por parte dos próprios camarões. Houve aumento nas concentrações de NH4+ (4,36 ± 1,69 μmol.L-1), NO3- (0,17 ± 0,25μmol.L-1) e PO4-2 (0,41 ± 0,13μmol.L-1), coincidindo com o crescimento da espécie até a terceira semana. Todos os parâmetros ambientais analisados, assim como a biomassa e a Taxa de Crescimento Relativo (TCR), obtidos no campo, apresentaram variações altamente significativas (p < 0,001). As correlações observadas entre biomasa e NH4+ (r = 0,82; p < 0,001) e entre biomassa e PO4-2 (r = 0,87; p < 0,001), indicam que esta espécie é capaz de ter um crescimento satisfatório nas condições eutróficas de um viveiro de camarão, sendo possível seu uso como biofiltro.

Utilization of macrophyte biofilter in effluent from aquaculture: I. Floating plant

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)