Deterioração da madeira de Eucalyptus spp. por fungos xilófagos

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Fungal Planet description sheets: 320-370

Novel species of fungi described in the present study include the following from Malaysia: Castanediella eucalypti from Eucalyptus pellita, Codinaea acacia from Acacia mangium, Emarcea eucalyptigena from Eucalyptus brassiana, Myrtapenidiella eucalyptorum from Eucalyptus pellita, Pilidiella eucalyptigena from Eucalyptus brassiana and Strelitziana malaysiana from Acacia mangium. Furthermore, Stachybotrys sansevieriicola is described from Sansevieria ehrenbergii (Tanzania), Phacidium grevilleae from Grevillea robusta (Uganda), Graphium jumulu from Adansonia gregorii and Ophiostoma eucalyptigena from Eucalyptus marginata (Australia), Pleurophoma ossicola from bone and Plectosphaerella populi from Populus nigra (Germany), Colletotrichum neosansevieriae from Sansevieria trifasciata, Elsinoë othonnae from Othonna quinquedentata and Zeloasperisporium cliviae (Zeloasperisporiaceae fam. nov.) from Clivia sp. (South Africa), Neodevriesia pakbiae, Phaeophleospora hymenocallidis and Phaeophleospora hymenocallidicola on leaves of a fern (Thailand), Melanconium elaeidicola from Elaeis guineensis (Indonesia), Hormonema viticola from Vitis vinifera (Canary Islands), Chlorophyllum pseudoglobossum from a grassland (India), Triadelphia disseminata from an immunocompromised patient (Saudi Arabia), Colletotrichum abscissum from Citrus (Brazil), Polyschema sclerotigenum and Phialemonium limoniforme from human patients (USA), Cadophora vitícola from Vitis vinifera (Spain), Entoloma flavovelutinum and Bolbitius aurantiorugosus from soil (Vietnam), Rhizopogon granuloflavus from soil (Cape Verde Islands), Tulasnella eremophila from Euphorbia officinarum subsp. echinus (Morocco), Verrucostoma martinicensis from Danaea elliptica (French West Indies), Metschnikowia colchici from Colchicum autumnale (Bulgaria), Thelebolus microcarpus from soil (Argentina) and Ceratocystis adelpha from Theobroma cacao (Ecuador). Myrmecridium iridis (Myrmecridiales ord. nov., Myrmecridiaceae fam. nov.) is also described from Iris sp. (The Netherlands). Novel genera include (Ascomycetes): Budhanggurabania from Cynodon dactylon (Australia), Soloacrosporiella, Xenocamarosporium, Neostrelitziana and Castanediella from Acacia mangium and Sabahriopsis from Eucalyptus brassiana (Malaysia), Readerielliopsis from basidiomata of Fuscoporia wahlbergii (French Guyana), Neoplatysporoides from Aloe ferox (Tanzania), Wojnowiciella, Chrysofolia and Neoeriomycopsis from Eucalyptus (Colombia), Neophaeomoniella from Eucalyptus globulus (USA), Pseudophaeomoniella from Olea europaea (Italy), Paraphaeomoniella from Encephalartos altensteinii, Aequabiliella, Celerioriella and Minutiella from Prunus (South Africa). Tephrocybella (Basidiomycetes) represents a novel genus from wood (Italy). Morphological and culture characteristics along with ITS DNA barcodes are provided for all taxa.

Molecular characterization of aromatic peroxygenase from Agrocybe aegerita

Recently, a novel group of fungal peroxidases, known as the aromatic peroxygenases (APO), has been discovered. Members of these extracellular biocatalysts produced by agaric basidiomycetes such as Agrocybe aegerita or Coprinellus radians catalyze reactions--for example, the peroxygenation of naphthalene, toluene, dibenzothiophene, or pyridine--which are actually attributed to cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. Here, for the first time, genetic information is presented on this new group of peroxide-consuming enzymes. The gene of A. aegerita peroxygenase (apo1) was identified on the level of messenger RNA and genomic DNA. The gene sequence was affirmed by peptide sequences obtained through an Edman degradation and de novo peptide sequencing of the purified enzyme. Quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that the course of enzyme activity correlated well with that of mRNA signals for apo1 in A. aegerita. The full-length sequences of A. aegerita peroxygenase as well as a partial sequence of C. radians peroxygenase confirmed the enzymes' affiliation to the heme-thiolate proteins. The sequences revealed no homology to classic peroxidases, cytochrome P450 enzymes, and only little homology (<30%) to fungal chloroperoxidase produced by the ascomycete Caldariomyces fumago (and this only in the N-terminal part of the protein comprising the heme-binding region and part of the distal heme pocket). This fact reinforces the novelty of APO proteins. On the other hand, homology retrievals in genetic databases resulted in the identification of various APO homologous genes and transcripts, particularly among the agaric fungi, indicating APO's widespread occurrence in the fungal kingdom.

Estudio de los procedimientos de poda utilizados en el arbolado público del departamento de Tupungato, Mendoza y la cicatrización de las heridas provocadas por dicha práctica sobre fresno y morera

Los árboles en las ciudades suministran beneficios esenciales para el desarrollo y bienestar de la sociedad, ya que son proveedores de servicios ambientales y servicios culturales importantes (Urcelay et al., 2012). A las distintas especies arbóreas que se encuentran en los centros urbanos, en dominios públicos se los denomina ‘Arbolado Público’ (Tovar Corzo, 2013). Cuando se toman decisiones inapropiadas referidas a las acciones técnicas de su manejo, sumado a las condiciones ambientales urbanas, pueden generarse consecuencias desfavorables. Esta situación se observa en las arboledas de las diversas ciudades de la Provincia de Mendoza, entendiendo que las causas del deterioro del arbolado están vinculadas tanto a la función pública como al ciudadano común y al descontrolado crecimiento de las ciudades. El estado sanitario de los árboles está muy ligado a su edad y a los factores de estrés que lo ha afectado a lo largo de su vida (S.D.A., 2010). Por ejemplo, las podas severas efectuadas de forma incorrecta o fuera de tiempo, originan heridas traumáticas importantes; dichas heridas constituyen la vía de ingreso de microorganismos causantes de enfermedades (Gallegos Céspedes, 2005; Lucero et al, 2010). En el ámbito urbano las arboledas están sometidas a factores de estrés adicionales que afectan su desarrollo y longevidad provocando su debilitamiento (Gallegos Céspedes, 2005). El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la metodología de poda utilizada en el arbolado público de la ciudad cabecera del departamento de Tupungato, Mendoza sobre las plantas de fresno europeo (Fraxinus excelsior) y morera (Morus alba), además estudiar los procesos de cicatrización y degradación de la madera en las heridas provocadas por esta práctica cultural. Se registró por observación directa y fotográfica la ubicación del ejemplar, el número de cortes de poda que se han efectuado en cada planta, el diámetro aproximado de la herida, el tipo de corte, el porcentaje de la circunferencia y de superficie cubierta con tejido cicatrizal, la degradación de la madera, la exudación y la forma en que se efectuaron los cortes. Se extrajeron muestras de madera provenientes de las lesiones de poda identificadas para las cuatro categorías de degradación. Los trozos de madera se cortaron y lavaron para sembrarlos en cajas de Petri, utilizando dos medios diferentes: un sustrato selectivo para Basidiomycetes y otro de Agar Papa Glucosado (APG). Se purificaron las colonias halladas para su descripción macroscópica e identificación. Los datos fueron analizados estadísticamente y se utilizó el test de Kruskal-Wallis para el análisis de la varianza. Considerando el diámetro, porcentaje de cicatrización en la circunferencia del corte y en la superficie del mismo, también el estado de degradación de la lesión, como los datos más relevantes de este escrito. Los resultados demostraron que en la ciudad de Tupungato, la poda no se efectúa de manera completamente adecuada, ya que para ambas especies en estudio, la metodología más utilizada fueron cortes al ras de la rama, asimismo los cortes dejando más de 5cm o muñón, con elevado porcentaje para las dos especies en estudio. La mayoría de cortes se observaron de diámetros inferiores a los 10cm en fresno y morera. Las lesiones mostraron escasa cicatrización, pero no presentaron elevada degradación. Posiblemente se daba a las características microclimáticas de la zona en estudio. Algunos heridas de poda mostraron deterioro y se hallaron hongos de los géneros Alternaria, Peyronellaea y de la división Basidiomycotina, entre otros. Se debe efectuar un manejo técnico adecuado para la zona, promover mejoras en la funcionalidad del arbolado, como así también y conservarlo en el tiempo.

Les champignons (fungi, hyménomycètes) qui croissent en France. Description et iconographie propriétés utiles ou vénéneuses.

Text

Theatrum fungorum oft het Tooneel der Campernoelien /

Stafleu and Cowan, 2d ed.

Hymeno- et Gastro-mycetes hucusque in imperio rossico observatos /

Includes index.

Monographia hymenomycetum Sueciae.

Centum exemplaria tantum typis exscripta: no. [22]

Catalogue raisonné des basidiomycètes qui croissent autour de Mondoubleau dans les départements de Loir-et-Cher, de la Sarthe & d'Eure-et-Loir.

Mode of access: Internet.

Five new species of yeasts from fresh water and marine habitats in the Florida Everglades

Yeast populations in the Shark River Slough of the Florida Everglades, USA, were examined during a 3-year period (2002–2005) at six locations ranging from fresh water marshes to marine mangroves. Seventy-four described species (33 ascomycetes and 41 basidiomycetes) and an approximately equal number of undescribed species were isolated during the course of the investigation. Serious human pathogens, such as Candida tropicalis, were not observed, which indicates that their presence in coastal waters is due to sources of pollution. Some of the observed species were widespread throughout the fresh water and marine habitats, whereas others appeared to be habitat restricted. Species occurrence ranged from prevalent to rare. Five representative unknown species were selected for formal description. The five species comprise two ascomycetes: Candida sharkiensis sp. nov. (CBS 11368T) and Candida rhizophoriensis sp. nov. (CBS 11402T) (Saccharomycetales, Metschnikowiaceae), and three basidiomycetes: Rhodotorula cladiensis sp. nov. (CBS 10878T) in the Sakaguchia clade (Cystobasidiomycetes), Rhodotorula evergladiensis sp. nov. (CBS 10880T) in the Rhodosporidium toruloides clade (Microbotryomycetes, Sporidiobolales) and Cryptococcus mangaliensis sp. nov. (CBS 10870T) in the Bulleromyces clade (Agaricomycotina, Tremellales).

Estudo de ß-glucanas extraídas dos fungos Geastrum saccatum e Polyporos dermoporus: características químicas e atividades biológicas

Fungal polysaccharides have received a great deal of attention due to itsbecause of their potential use in a wide rangegreat variety fromof industries. Some studies have demonstrated that polysaccharides extracted offrom basidiomycetes they have presented significant properties as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-tumoral properties. In spite of thisDespite these potential properties, these mushrooms have not been insufficiently investigated, and the great number of antibiotics number produced forby these organisms suggests that they canmay be a new source of bioactives composites source. In tThe present work, reports onlated the chemical composition, potential antioxidant, antiinflammatory and citotoxycity of extracted polymers extracted offrom the fruits bodies of the fungiius Geastrum saccatum and Polyporus dermoporus, native mushrooms of the Atlantic forest inof the state of the Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. The Cchemical analyses had revealed ademonstrated text of total sugar rates of 65% and 49%, and proteins of 7.0% for in extracts of G. saccatum and P. dermoporus extracts, respectively. The analyses ofNMR spectroscopy of RMN had demonstrated that these extracts are composites forof a complex involving β- glucans and- proteins complex. The inhibition of the formation of superoxide radicals formation was of 88.4% in G. saccatum and 83.3% in P. dermoporus, and 75 and 100% for inhibition of hydroxyls radicals inhibition. TopicalThe topic application of extracts the 10, 30 and 50 mg/kg extract in BALBc mice with cutaneous inflammation induced byfor croton oil demonstrated to inhibitedion of ear edema of ear and cells polimorfonuclears cells atin the inflamed siteplace, being this reply more effective in lower concentrations being more effective. The evaluation of the glucans of G. saccatum and P. dermoporus glucans under induced pleurisy for carrageenan-induced pleurisya of showed the antiinflammatory action of these composites., being analyzed tThe frame number in the pleural exudates and thedosage of nitric oxide dosage was also analyzed. The cytotoxic action of these polymers was analyzed throughthrough the mitochondrial function (MTT). The incubation of the glucans with mononuclear cells of the peripheral blood demonstrated that the extracted glucans extracted fromof G. saccatum havepossess a moderate cytotoxic action. These results suggest that these mushrooms possess polymers formed byfor a complex glucana-protein complex, with antiinflammatory and antioxidant actions

Influence of nitrogen sources on the enzymatic activity and grown by Lentinula edodes in biomass Eucalyptus benthamii.

Lignocelulose é o componente mais abundante do meio ambiente e recurso orgânico renovável no solo. Alguns fungos filamentosos têm desenvolvido a habilidade de degradar e utilizar celulose, hemicelulose e lignina como fonte de energia. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o efeito de três fontes de nitrogênio (sulfato de amônio, nitrato de potássio e farelo de soja) na atividade enzimática de Lentinula edodes EF 50 utilizando como substrato serragem de E. benthamii. Foi aplicado um planejamento experimental de mistura com três repetições no ponto central constituído de sete tratamentos (T) de iguais concentrações em nitrogênio de sulfato de amônia, nitrato de potássio e farinha de soja cozida. Foram determinadas a atividade enzimática da avicelase, carboximetilcelulase, β-glicosidase, xilanases e manganês peroxidase. Foram avaliados o teor de umidade, pH, atividade de água (aw) e análise qualitativa do crescimento micelial em 8 tempos de cultivo. Os resultados mostraram efeito negativo na produção das enzimas nos tratamentos com máxima concentração de sulfato de amônia e nitrato de potássio. Os tratamentos com farinha de soja cozida expressaram maiores atividades enzimáticas, nos tempos de 3, 6 e 9 dias de cultivo exceto na atividade do manganês peroxidase. A maior produção foi observada no tratamento com sulfato de amônia e farinha de soja cozida (83.86 UI.L?1) em 20 dias de cultivo.