965 resultados para Bacia de drenagem urbana


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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES

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The growing accumulation of people in urban centers caused chronic problems of the cities to begin to take an increasingly unsustainable. Primarily related to lack of infrastructure coupled with sanitation and lack of investment in critical sectors such as health, education, housing and transportation, these problems start to deteriorate markedly the quality of life of city dwellers and put into test management policies of the spaces urbanized. To reverse this situation, shows is essential to the use of tools (highlighting this harvest rates and environmental indicators) that help in assessing the current conditions and may assist in predicting future scenarios. From the information listed above, now put the research seeks to present an index called ISBA Environmental (Sanitation Index) which looks at the four urban systems (water, sewer, solid waste and urban drainage) from the viewpoint of application in a geographical cutout specific - in this case the Drainage Basin XII, defined by the Plan of Urban Drainage Stormwater in the city of Natal, capital of Rio Grande do Norte. This index, together with analysis of other factors sought to trace the current conditions of the basin and thus, assist in proposing the best solutions. For the preparation of the index was applied a questionnaire with a sample of 384 (three hundred eighty-four) households that aimed to study two variables: access to services and satisfaction of the population in relation to these. The ISBA has shown that the system is the most deficient collection and disposal of effluents (ICE = 47.66%), followed by the drainage of rainwater (IDAP = 54.17%), water supply (AAI = 61, 36) and solid waste collection (IRS = 78.28). With the ISBA was possible to verify that the qualitative data shows whose subjectivity is evident (as is the case of user satisfaction) can be of great importance when an assessment, since we obtained the correlation coefficient between the variables "Access" and " Satisfaction "equal to 0.8234, showing a strong correlation between the existence / quality of service offered and the impressions of the population that receives them

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A gestão da drenagem urbana envolve o manejo do escoamento no tempo e no espaço, visando a minimizar danos à sociedade e ao ambiente. A visão moderna da gestão desenvolve a integração dos recursos hídricos na bacia hidrográfica e das águas urbanas (incluída a drenagem urbana). No primeiro item deste capítulo é apresentada essa vinculação, da mesma forma que caracteriza a relação entre os outros componentes das águas urbanas saneamento com a drenagem urbana. Uma das principais causas dos problemas atualmente existentes na gestão dos recursos hídricos é a falta de integração destes dois níveis gestão, ou seja, o externo à cidade (cidade-bacia) e o interno à cidade (serviços de saneamento e metas de sociedade). Os tipos de inundações devido às águas pluviais são discutidos no segundo item deste capítulo, em que são destacados os potenciais impactos e os princípios e as medidas modernas de gestão da drenagem urbana, concluindo com o instrumento principal de gestão da drenagem urbana na cidade, que é o Plano Diretor de Drenagem Urbana. No terceiro item é destacado o modelo institucional para drenagem, caracterizando como o planejamento pode ser executado nas cidades. Nas conclusões que terminei o capítulo são resumidos os principais problemas e destacados os prejuízos econômicos e discutidos os elementos de uma potencial política nacional.

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Busca aperfeiçoar um conceito utilizado na engenharia sanitária aplicado a princípios de projetos de vias marginais de canais, pequenas vielas de dificil acesso e vias que conduzem coletores troncais do sistema de esgoto sanitário chamado de via sanitária. Utiliza um estudo de caso na cidade de Belém: a bacia da Estrada Nova, caracterizando seu funcionamento e relacionando-os com a situação urbanística dos bairros contidos no território da bacia, a partir da legislação de uso e controle da ocupação urbana. Como resultado, o trabalho apresenta elementos para uma reconceituação de via sanitária que incorpora a situação urbanística e cuidados necessários para que projetos de drenagem se tornem integrados ao funcionamento urbanístico da cidade.

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A proteção da natureza não é um fenômeno exclusivo dos dias atuais. A preocupação com a preservação dos recursos naturais já se constituía em um desafio para as sociedades antigas. O desenvolvimento de técnicas de sensoriamento remoto e geoprocessamento contribuem sobremaneira com esse objetivo, tendo em vista a possibilidade de avaliações de uso e cobertura das terras nas mais diversas escalas de análise. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo mapear o uso e cobertura da terra de uma bacia de área de montanha no Rio de Janeiro, utilizando-se uma imagem de alta resolução do ano de 2010. Pretende-se, nesse trabalho, apresentar resultados referentes ao mapeamento no ano de 2010 e compará-lo com o mapeamento já realizado na área, no ano de 2004, e assim caracterizar as mudanças de uso e cobertura da terra na bacia.

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A drenagem urbana, especialmente nos grandes centros, tem sido efetuada de forma não sustentável com contaminação e alterações no regime de escoamento superficial devido à impermeabilização de superfícies, e deposição de resíduos sólidos. Estas condições representam ameaça considerável ao homem e ao ecossistema do corpo receptor. O emprego de práticas sustentáveis aparece como caminho a ser perseguido, encontrando no Desenvolvimento Urbano de Baixo Impacto (Low Impact Development, LID) o conjunto de técnicas que mais se aproxima desta meta. LID objetiva atingir paisagens com funções hidrológicas, apresentando comportamento mais similar ao natural, por controlar não somente o pico de vazões, mas volume, freqüência/duração, além de qualidade dos escoamentos pluviais. Este tipo de desenvolvimento atua recuperando a capacidade de infiltração das superfícies urbanas, além de estimular o reuso de água, reduzindo os impactos, com ganhos econômicos e paisagísticos em comparação ao controle efetuado pelos métodos tradicionais de controle por condutos e mesmo detenções. A utilização desta nova tecnologia se aplica à implantação de novos desenvolvimentos e redesenvolvimentos, a priori, apresentando ainda vantagens para implantação destas em empreendimentos antigos com relação a métodos tradicionais Buscou-se, por intermédio deste estudo, avaliar os potenciais mecanismos técnicoinstitucionais que possam ser empregados na realidade brasileira, em especial em Porto Alegre, vislumbrando a implementação da sustentabilidade, assim como, avaliar as respostas obtidas da simulação numérica da implantação das técnicas de LID a um condomínio hipotético. Para tanto, fez-se necessário aplicar metodologia diferente da proposta pelos manuais existentes, em virtude da insuficiência destes em representar o comportamento dos dispositivos de controle do escoamento. Os resultados obtidos confirmaram a necessidade de revisão nos mecanismos para controle da drenagem vigentes, bem como, as vantagens de aplicação de técnicas que apresentam abordagem mais integradora e de escala menor.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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Three small rivers belonging to the Rio das Pedras basin, located in the mid-southern region of Paraná state, were studied in order to evaluate the seasonal variation pattern of some physical and chemical parameters. Monthly samplings were carried out from April 2004 to March 2005. The following limnological parameters were measured: water temperature, specific conductance, oxygen saturation, pH, turbidity, current velocity and depth. The waters of the Rio das Pedras basin presented very peculiar characteristics, showing typical seasonal patterns for some of the studied limnological variables. An Analysis of Variance (Anova) showed significant differences only for pH and depth among streams. A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed a weak tendency to form groups based on seasons instead of sampling sites. The results, in general, indicate that temporal variations of the environmental parameters analyzed were not sufficient to draw a clear seasonal pattern in the Rio das Pedras basin. Most likely, the lack of an obvious seasonal pattern has been provoked by a particular regional precipitation regime, where rains are frequent and well-distributed throughout the year.

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The drainage basin of Cascavel River is almost entirely within the urban perimeter of Guarapuava, Paraná State, Brazil. Seven stream segments were sampled in two seasons (summer and winter). We found 12 taxa of macroalgae with a dominance of Chlorophyta (seven taxa) followed by Cyanophyta (three taxa), Heterokontophyta and Rhodophyta (one taxon each). Richness, diversity, and evenness were higher during the winter while the abundance and dominance were higher in the summer. Among the microenvironmental characteristics, the current velocity was the only one that differed significantly between the periods. The regression analysis revealed that the richness of the substrate was responsible for the variation in richness, diversity, evenness, and dominance during the summer period. During the winter the current velocity was responsible for the variation of species diversity. A cluster analysis of macroalgal communities did not group points in the same temporal period. The Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) showed that the segments were close to each other because of the occurrence of one or a few species in common. The patterns of spatial and temporal distribution of stream macroalgae seem to be strongly influenced by microhabitat characteristics at different scales.However, they aresupported by regional variables.

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This work aimed to evaluate some aspects of construction and operation of full-scale best management practices and their effects on infiltration loading rate. Two systems were studied: i) filter-swale-trench (FST) and ii) infiltration well (IW). In these units, field essays and full-scale measurements were made in order to assess the soil permeability. Further, the fine particles transportation and the geotextile blanket permeability were determined before and after operation. The results pointed out that there were soil transportation to inside the FST and IW systems, despite of the installed protections, and that these material were responsible for diminishing the geotextile (reduction from 30 to 90% for FST and 40 to 70% for IW) and the full-scale infiltration loading rates (varying from 4,7 x 10-6 to 10-5 m.s-1).

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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A type of macro drainage solution widely used in urban areas with predomi-nance of closed catchments (basins without outlet) is the implementation of detention and infiltration reservoirs (DIR). This type of solution has the main function of storing surface runoff and to promote soil infiltration and, consequently, aquifer recharge. The practice is to avoid floods in the drainage basin low-lying areas. The catchment waterproofing reduces the distributed groundwater recharge in urban areas, as is the case of Natal city, RN. However, the advantage of DIR is to concentrate the runoff and to promote aquifer recharge to an amount that can surpass the distributed natu-ral recharge. In this paper, we proposed studying a small urban drainage catchment, named Experimental Mirassol Watershed (EMW) in Natal, RN, whose outlet is a DIR. The rainfall-runoff transformation processes, water accumulation in DIR and the pro-cess of infiltration and percolation in the soil profile until the free aquifer were mod-eled and, from rainfall event observations, water levels in DIR and free aquifer water level measurements, and also, parameter values determination, it is was enabled to calibrate and modeling these combined processes. The mathematical modeling was carried out from two numerical models. We used the rainfall-runoff model developed by RIGHETTO (2014), and besides, we developed a one-dimensional model to simu-late the soil infiltration, percolation, redistribution soil water and groundwater in a combined system to the reservoir water balance. Continuous simulation was run over a period of eighteen months in time intervals of one minute. The drainage basin was discretized in blocks units as well as street reaches and the soil profile in vertical cells of 2 cm deep to a total depth of 30 m. The generated hydrographs were transformed into inlet volumes to the DIR and then, it was carried out water balance in these time intervals, considering infiltration and percolation of water in the soil profile. As a re-sult, we get to evaluate the storage water process in DIR as well as the infiltration of water, redistribution into the soil and the groundwater aquifer recharge, in continuous temporal simulation. We found that the DIR has good performance to storage excess water drainage and to contribute to the local aquifer recharge process (Aquifer Dunas / Barreiras).

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The uncontrolled growth of most Brazilian cities is not accompanied by the development of urban infrastructure. With increasing soil sealing, runoff and decreased infiltration volume, impacts on water resources and on population of the areas affected by urban growth are inevitable. This study aims to evaluate the use and occupation of a watershed and analyze the drainage system in order to control the impact using tools to integrate urban development with the drainage of rainwater in an important watershed in the Natal City, Rio Grande do Norte State. The study involved the characterization of the basin XII.4 on the land use and occupation, for the years 2005 and 2014. With the application of SWMM model was possible to analyze the impacts caused by the urbanization process in the existing drainage system, showing the two years analyzed have their areas very close to percentage saturation of impervious areas. Although the region is still predominantly single family residential, suffers increasing verticalization of mainly commercial buildings. The drainage system is inefficient for the area's needs by the year 2005. The drainage system was also tested for four variations of land use by developing scenarios. Scenario 1 is related to the year 2014, considered current. Scenario 2 was adopted the maximum rate of 80% for land use, allowed for the Natal City. Scenario 3 gives the critical condition of land use, with the area 100% impervious. Scenario 4 is applied to the existence of LID (Low Impact Device). The scenarios analysis showed that all indicate deficiency at some point of the drainage system as a result of the high degree of occupation of the area that generate higher flows than the initial drainage system capacity. With the study it became clear that the adoption of non-structural tools are effective in reducing flooding and improving the drainage system capacity.