Molecular similarity between myelodysplastic form of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia and refractory anemia with ring sideroblasts

Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia is similar to but a separate entity from both myeloproliferative neoplasms and myelodysplastic syndromes, and shows either myeloproliferative or myelodysplastic features. We ask whether this distinction may have a molecular basis. We established the gene expression profiles of 39 samples of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (including 12 CD34-positive) and 32 CD34-positive samples of myelodysplastic syndromes by using Affymetrix microarrays, and studied the status of 18 genes by Sanger sequencing and array-comparative genomic hybridization in 53 samples. Analysis of 12 mRNAS from chronic myelomonocytic leukemia established a gene expression signature of 122 probe sets differentially expressed between proliferative and dysplastic cases of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. As compared to proliferative cases, dysplastic cases over-expressed genes involved in red blood cell biology. When applied to 32 myelodysplastic syndromes, this gene expression signature was able to discriminate refractory anemias with ring sideroblasts from refractory anemias with excess of blasts. By comparing mRNAS from these two forms of myelodysplastic syndromes we derived a second gene expression signature. This signature separated the myelodysplastic and myeloproliferative forms of chronic myelomonocytic leukemias. These results were validated using two independent gene expression data sets. We found that myelodysplastic chronic myelomonocytic leukemias are characterized by mutations in transcription/epigenetic regulators (ASXL1, RUNX1, TET2) and splicing genes (SRSF2) and the absence of mutations in signaling genes. Myelodysplastic chronic myelomonocytic leukemias and refractory anemias with ring sideroblasts share a common expression program suggesting they are part of a continuum, which is not totally explained by their similar but not, however, identical mutation spectrum. © 2013 Ferrata Storti Foundation.

Serial chimerism analyses indicate that mixed haemopoietic chimerism influences the probability of graft rejection and disease recurrence following allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) for severe aplastic anaemia (SAA): indication for routine assessment of chimerism post SCT for SAA

Ninety-one patients were studied serially for chimeric status following allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) for severe aplastic anaemia (SAA) or Fanconi Anaemia (FA). Short tandem repeat polymerase chain reaction (STR-PCR) was used to stratify patients into five groups: (A) complete donor chimeras (n = 39), (B) transient mixed chimeras (n = 15) (C) stable mixed chimeras (n = 18), (D) progressive mixed chimeras (n = 14) (E) recipient chimeras with early graft rejection (n = 5). As serial sampling was not possible in Group E, serial chimerism results for 86 patients were available for analysis. The following factors were analysed for association with chimeric status: age, sex match, donor type, aetiology of aplasia, source of stem cells, number of cells engrafted, conditioning regimen, graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) prophylaxis, occurrence of acute and chronic GvHD and survival. Progressive mixed chimeras (PMCs) were at high risk of late graft rejection (n = 10, P <0.0001). Seven of these patients lost their graft during withdrawal of immunosuppressive therapy. STR-PCR indicated an inverse correlation between detection of recipient cells post-SCT and occurrence of acute GvHD (P = 0.008). PMC was a bad prognostic indicator of survival (P = 0.003). Monitoring of chimeric status during cyclosporin withdrawal may facilitate therapeutic intervention to prevent late graft rejection in patients transplanted for SAA.

Serum erythropoietic activity in acute anemia--an animal model

Serum erythropoietic activity and reticulocyte response to anemia were investigated using a rabbit model. In hemolytic anemia, induced by injections of phenylhydrazine on Day 0 the hemoglobin reached a nadir (mean, 6.23 g/dl) on Day 4 when SEA was maximal (mean, 765 mU/ml). In animals venesected on Day 0 and Day 1 to produce anemia of equal severity, the SEA was maximal (mean 235 mU/ml) on Day 2. In both groups the reticulocyte response peaked on Day 7--at 34% for the hemolytic group and 21% for the venesected group. The 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, measured on Day 4, was significantly reduced in the PHZ-treated group. In the venesected group the 2,3-DPG increased between Day 0 and Day 4. There were no concurrent changes in acid-base balance. These results imply that the degree of anemia is only one of the factors which influence the level of circulating SEA.

The continuous erythropoietin receptor activator (C.E.R.A.) corrects anemia at extended administration intervals in patients with chronic kidney disease not on dialysis:results of a phase II study

This study was designed to assess the potential of the continuous erythropoietin receptor activator (C.E.R.A.) to correct anemia at extended administration intervals in erythropoiesis-stimulating agent-naīve patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) not on dialysis and to determine its optimal starting dose.

Deregulation of genes related to iron and mitochondrial metabolism in refractory anemia with ring sideroblasts

The presence of SF3B1 gene mutations is a hallmark of refractory anemia with ring sideroblasts (RARS). However, the mechanisms responsible for iron accumulation that characterize the Myelodysplastic Syndrome with ring sideroblasts (MDS-RS) are not completely understood. In order to gain insight in the molecular basis of MDS-RS, an integrative study of the expression and mutational status of genes related to iron and mitochondrial metabolism was carried out. A total of 231 low-risk MDS patients and 81 controls were studied. Gene expression analysis revealed that iron metabolism and mitochondrial function had the highest number of genes deregulated in RARS patients compared to controls and the refractory cytopenias with unilineage dysplasia (RCUD). Thus mitochondrial transporters SLC25 (SLC25A37 and SLC25A38) and ALAD genes were over-expressed in RARS. Moreover, significant differences were observed between patients with SF3B1 mutations and patients without the mutations. The deregulation of genes involved in iron and mitochondrial metabolism provides new insights in our knowledge of MDS-RS. New variants that could be involved in the pathogenesis of these diseases have been identified.

Donor leukemia following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation

Although allogeneic bone marrow transplantation has been shown to be a highly effective treatment for acute and chronic leukemia, leukemic relapse remains a significant problem. Leukemic relapse occurs in recipient cells in the majority of cases, but the paucity of donor cell leukemias may reflect the sensitivity of the investigative technique. We have developed a highly sensitive technique to identify the origin of all hematopoietic cells in the post transplant state which is based on PCR amplification of microsatellites, polymorphic tandem repetitive elements. We have identified donor leukemia (AML M5) following a sex matched BMT for severe aplastic anemia, verified a previously reported case of donor leukemia following BMT for chronic granulocytic leukemia and recently identified an acquired cytogenetic abnormality(del 11q23) in donor cells four years following an apparently successful BMT for AML. In all cases the donors have remained healthy. Postulated mechanisms include transfer to the transplanted marrow of a dormant oncogene residing in the DNA of either a virus, the chromosomes of degenerating irradiation damaged host leukemic cells or in the marrow stroma which is radioresistant and host in origin following BMT. Using sensitive techniques donor leukemia has been shown to be a more common event than was previously thought and an understanding of its pathogenesis may allow us to elucidate leukemogenic mechanisms in man.

Prevalência de parasitas intestinais em crianças a frequentar a escola primária no Bairro Lucrécia, no Lubango, Angola, e sua relação com o estado nutricional e anemia

Introdução: Os parasitas intestinais são responsáveis por morbilidade em crianças de todo mundo, em especial nos países de baixa renda. Os estudos têm vindo a demonstrar o seu impacto negativo no estado nutricional e o seu contributo na etiologia da anemia. Pretendeu-se determinar a prevalência de parasitas intestinais em crianças dos 5 aos 12 anos de idade, a frequentar a escola primária no Bairro Lucrécia, no Lubango, Angola, e explorar a sua relação com o estado nutricional e anemia. Material e Métodos: Foi efectuado um estudo observacional, transversal e analítico, cuja colheita de dados se realizou entre Setembro e Outubro de 2010. A amostra foi constituída por 328 crianças. Realizou-se a detecção microscópica de parasitas intestinais e identificação molecular dos parasitas Entamoeba histolytica e Entamoeba dispar. O estado nutricional foi avaliado através dos z-scores do peso para a idade, da estatura para a idade e do IMC para a idade. A concentração de hemoglobina foi determinada através de um hemoglobinómetro portátil. Resultados: A prevalência de parasitas intestinais patogénicos foi de 44,2%, destacando-se Ascaris lumbricoides com 22,0%, Giardia lamblia com 20,1% e Hymenolepis nana com 8,8%. Na microscopia foi encontrada uma prevalência de Entamoeba histolytica/dispar de 13,7%, tendo sido posteriormente identificada, por diagnóstico molecular, uma prevalência de 13,1% para E. dispar e 0,3% para E. histolytica. A prevalência de baixo peso, subnutrição crónica e subnutrição aguda foi de, respectivamente, 36,1%, 41,5% e 30,2%. A probabilidade das crianças terem subnutrição crónica ou subnutrição aguda aumentou com o facto de terem 10 anos ou mais. As crianças co-infectadas por protozoários e helmintas apresentaram uma maior probabilidade de terem subnutrição crónica. A prevalência de anemia foi de 21,6%, encontrando-se a mesma significativamente associada à infecção por H. nana. A probabilidade das crianças estarem anémicas aumentou com o facto de terem menos de 10 anos. Adicionalmente nas crianças desparasitadas com albendazol ou mebendazol há 2 meses e meio ou menos verificou-se uma maior prevalência de infecção por G. lamblia (28,6%) em comparação com as desparasitadas há mais de 2 meses e meio (13,7%), tendo sido essa diferença estatisticamente significativa. Discussão e Conclusões: Emergiu deste estudo a importância da co-infecção com helmintas e protozoários no aumento da probabilidade das crianças terem subnutrição crónica e foi encontrada uma associação estatisticamente significativa entre a infecção por H. nana e a anemia. Será importante desenhar futuros estudos que investiguem o poder patogénico do H. nana e o modo como é efectuada a desparasitação com albendazol ou mebendazol, pois ao ser eficaz contra a infecção por A. lumbricoides, poderá aumentar a susceptibilidade à infecção por G. lamblia.

Aglutinación de microvesículas eritrocitarias por autoanticuerpos de pacientes con anemia hemolítica autoinmune como un evento independiente del citoesqueleto

Tesis (Doctorado en Medicina) UANL

Chicken infectious anemia virus vaccination induces immune disorders and viral persistency in infectious bursal disease virus-infected young chicks

La bursite infectieuse aviaire (IBD) est une des causes majeures de pertes économiques pour l’industrie aviaire. La vaccination est le principal outil de contrôle de cette maladie et les oiseaux susceptibles doivent être vaccinés aussitôt que le niveau des anticorps maternels (MA) anti-IBDV est suffisamment bas. L’estimation du moment de vaccination est habituellement déterminée par la formule de Deventer qui utilise le titre initial de MA anti-IBDV et la demi-vie des anticorps pour prédire l’évolution du titre. Dans la présente étude, l’effet du gain de poids sur la vitesse de disparition des MA a été étudié dans le but de l’utiliser pour prédire la détermination du moment de la vaccination. L’analyse des taux d’anticorps neutralisants par ELISA a montré que les poussins avec une forte croissance avaient un taux de disparition plus rapide des MA que ceux à faible croissance. Une formule pour la prédiction du moment de vaccination contre le IBDV, basée sur le gain de poids et le niveau des MA a été développée et vérifiée. La prédiction du moment de vaccination avec cette formule a montré une haute corrélation avec les titres de MA mesurés par ELISA. Le virus de l’anémie infectieuse aviaire (CIAV) est une cause importante d’immunosuppression chez le poulet augmentant la pathogénicité des infections secondaires et en entraînant une réponse humorale suboptimale et une forte mortalité. D’autre part, l’infections sub-clinique du au CIAV provoque une immunosuppression qui facilite la coinfection par d’autre virus tel que le IBDV. Les effets de la coinfection à J1 avec une souche vaccinale de CIAV CAV-VAC® (Intervet) et à J14 avec une souche faiblement virulente de IBDV isolée au Québec, sur l’état de santé des poussins, sur la persistance virale et sur la réponse immunitaire ont été étudiés autant chez des poussins de 1 jour d’âge exempts d’agents pathogènes specifique (SPF) que ceux provenant d’élevages commerciaux. Les résultats ont montré que l’inoculation de la souche vaccinale du CIAV a entraîné une infection sub-clinique, une persistance virale dans la rate et le thymus, une altération de la thymopoièse et une réponse humorale temporaire chez les poussins SPF. Ces effets ont aussi été mis en évidence chez des poussins d’élevage commerciaux malgré des taux élevés de MA. Lors de l’infection avec la souche de IBDV chez des poussins déjà vaccinés contre le CIAV, la persistance du CIAV dans les organes lymphoïdes a été aggravée par une présence de réponses humorales temporaires contre les deux virus et une altération des populations lymphocytaires dans les organes lymphoïdes. Par contre, la présence des MA contre le CIAV a limité temporairement ces effets. Ces travaux ont mis en évidence des désordres immunitaires cellulaires et humoraux et une persistance virale chez des poussins vaccinés contre le CIAV et co-infectés avec le IBDV.

Relación de la anemia con el estado nutricional y factores determinantes en gestantes de Colombia, 2005

La gestación es una etapa de cambios fisiológicos y metabólicos que buscan asegurar el normal crecimiento materno-fetal. Sin embargo se pueden presentar durante este periodo, toda una variedad de problemas tanto para la madre como para el feto. La anemia es una de las enfermedades más frecuentes y de mayor impacto durante la gestación. Es de destacar también la importancia del estado nutricional de la gestante y su relación con los resultados adversos del embarazo. Es limitado el conocimiento existente acerca de la relación del estado nutricional de las gestantes con la presencia de anemia en el embarazo. A nivel de Latinoamérica son limitados los estudios al respecto y los existentes, por sus características metodológicas y muéstrales, hacen difícil su extrapolación a nuestra población. Objetivo: Determinar la relación existente entre el estado nutricional según el índice de masa corporal y factores determinantes en la presencia de anemia en mujeres gestantes basadas en los datos de la ENSIN 2005. Metodología: se llevo a cabo un estudio observacional de prevalencia analítica, con base en los datos recogidos por la ENSIN 2005, encuesta realizada por Profamilia en el periodo comprendido entre el 25 de octubre de 2004 y el 15 de julio de 2005. Resultados: se logro establecer asociación significativa con algunos factores determinantes tales como el trimestre de gestación en anemia según hemoglobina (mayor riesgo en el 2do trimestre OR: 0,53; IC95% 0,32-0,86; p: 0,0104) y factores de tipo socio demográficos (región de residencia y estado civil). Conclusiones: Resaltamos la importancia de indagar más a fondo acerca de los determinantes sociales y su relación con el desarrollo de anemia y consideramos es necesario diseñar políticas orientadas a la mejora del estado nutricional de la población, mereciendo principal atención las mujeres embarazadas.

Factores de riesgo para anemia, ferropenia y déficit de vitamina a en niños, Encuesta Nacional de la Situación Nutricional (ENSIN) Colombia 2005

Introducción: Más de 2.000 millones de personas están anémicas (1;2). 48% de los niños colombianos tienen ferropenia y 5,9% déficit de vitamina A (DVA)(3). Esto constituye un problema de salud pública de proporciones epidémicas con repercusión en términos de enfermedad, muerte y pérdida del ingreso (4;5;6). Objetivo: Identificar factores asociados a anemia, ferropenia y DVA en niños colombianos según la ENSIN 2005 Metodología: analizando la base de datos ENSIN 2005 para niños entre 1 y 14 años, de las diferentes variables demográficas, seguridad alimentaria y hábitos alimenticios con los niveles de hemoglobina, ferritina y vitamina A. Resultados: encontramos anemia en 31,43%, media de hemoglobina: 12,04 g/dl (IC95%: 12,01 – 12,06); ferropenia en 36,7%, media de ferritina: 33.73 mcg/l (IC95%: 33,27 – 34,17); y DVA en 5,57%, nivel medio de 38,18 mcg/dl (IC 95%:37,81 – 38,56). La mitad son pobres y tienen inseguridad alimentaria. Como factores de riesgo consistentes de anemia y DVA se encontraron: Vivir en las Costa Atlántica o Pacífica, área rural, pobreza, inseguridad alimentaria, nivel educativo del cuidador, no asistir al programa de crecimiento y desarrollo, bajo consumo de frutas, verduras, derivados lácteos, carnes o huevo (p<0,05). El riesgo de ferropenia disminuye por vivir en área urbana o por el consumo de huevo (p<0,05). Conclusiones: se requiere de intervención multisectorial para enfrentar los graves problemas que llevan a que los índices de anemia, ferropenia y déficit de vitamina A sean tan altos en nuestros niños; los cuales son inaceptablemente altos como: inseguridad alimentaria, pobreza, bajo nivel educativo y bajo consumo de alimentos nutritivos.