Distribuição e abundância da malacofauna epibentônica no Parracho de Maracajaú, RN, Brasil

The mollusks present a great taxon variety and life habits in coral reefs being good environmental indicators. It is important to know the distribution pattern of the mollusks and the processes that influence it, so that disturbances in sea ecosystems could be monitored. The present study aims to accomplish the inventory and distribution of epibenthic mollusks in the Parracho of Maracajaú. 23 sites in different habitats of the Parracho were settled: 11 in the reef habitat, 3 in the sandy bottom and 9 in the seagrass bed. Qualitative and quantitative samplings have been done through snorkeling and scuba diving. Three band transects (10m²) were sampled in each site and the data were obtained to each m² of the transect, where the species were counted and the environmental variables (rugosity and recovery of the substratum) were valued. The data were submitted to multivariate analyses in order to find possible distribution patterns that could be associated to the substratum variables. The diversity indexes were calculated for each reef sites and compared with each other. A number of 46 species were registered. The reef habit at should to be the richnest area while the sandy bottom was poorest one. In the reef habitat, the mollusks were associated to rugosity and recovering of frondose algae and zoanthids, while for the seagrass bed, the animals exhibited a richness variation associated to the muddy and sandy sediment. There were found 3 species economically explored, what requires an appropriate management for the maintenance and conservation of the area resources in a sustainable way

Estabelecimento, reconhecimento e defesa territorial em Stegastes fuscus

Os estudos da territorialidade e de comportamentos associados a ela favorecem o entendimento da maneira como as interações ecológicas afetam a composição de espécies e a dinâmica de uma comunidade. No presente estudo tivemos como objetivo geral investigar o comportamento de Stegastes fuscus, um peixe-donzela territorialista, em ambiente natural e em cativeiro, com foco na capacidade de localização territorial, reconhecimento e defesa de uma área estabelecida. Para tanto subdividimos o trabalho em 3 capítulos. O primeiro teve como foco o estudo da espécie em ambiente natural objetivando estimar a área do território ocupado e os padrões comportamentais da por ela expressos. Sendo encontrado que a área média ocupada por S. fuscus foi de 274 cm2 e os comportamentos mais observados foram: vigilância, ingestão de alimento, tempo no abrigo/toca e displays agressivos. O segundo capítulo teve como alvo investigar a capacidade de localização espacial da espécie mediada por pistas visuais. Os resultados demonstraram que S. fuscus apresenta marcante aprendizagem condicionada e possibilidade de existência de orientação espacial na espécie. O terceiro capítulo teve como objetivo avaliar a influência da residência prévia estabelecida e do reconhecimento de coespecíficos nos resultados de confrontos agonísticos. Os resultados apontaram a residência como fator prioritário na dinâmica das disputas agonísticas e que aspectos relacionados à familiaridade como relevantes e destacam-se mais quando não existe um território previamente estabelecido. Diante disso nossos resultados podem favorecer o entendimento da dinâmica estrutural da comunidade na qual S. fuscus esta inserida, sendo isto significativo tendo em vista a importância ecológica da espécie para o ecossistema.

Distribuição e abundância da malacofauna epibentônica no Parracho de Maracajaú, RN, Brasil

The mollusks present a great taxon variety and life habits in coral reefs being good environmental indicators. It is important to know the distribution pattern of the mollusks and the processes that influence it, so that disturbances in sea ecosystems could be monitored. The present study aims to accomplish the inventory and distribution of epibenthic mollusks in the Parracho of Maracajaú. 23 sites in different habitats of the Parracho were settled: 11 in the reef habitat, 3 in the sandy bottom and 9 in the seagrass bed. Qualitative and quantitative samplings have been done through snorkeling and scuba diving. Three band transects (10m²) were sampled in each site and the data were obtained to each m² of the transect, where the species were counted and the environmental variables (rugosity and recovery of the substratum) were valued. The data were submitted to multivariate analyses in order to find possible distribution patterns that could be associated to the substratum variables. The diversity indexes were calculated for each reef sites and compared with each other. A number of 46 species were registered. The reef habit at should to be the richnest area while the sandy bottom was poorest one. In the reef habitat, the mollusks were associated to rugosity and recovering of frondose algae and zoanthids, while for the seagrass bed, the animals exhibited a richness variation associated to the muddy and sandy sediment. There were found 3 species economically explored, what requires an appropriate management for the maintenance and conservation of the area resources in a sustainable way

Distribuição e abundância da malacofauna epibentônica no Parracho de Maracajaú, RN, Brasil

The mollusks present a great taxon variety and life habits in coral reefs being good environmental indicators. It is important to know the distribution pattern of the mollusks and the processes that influence it, so that disturbances in sea ecosystems could be monitored. The present study aims to accomplish the inventory and distribution of epibenthic mollusks in the Parracho of Maracajaú. 23 sites in different habitats of the Parracho were settled: 11 in the reef habitat, 3 in the sandy bottom and 9 in the seagrass bed. Qualitative and quantitative samplings have been done through snorkeling and scuba diving. Three band transects (10m²) were sampled in each site and the data were obtained to each m² of the transect, where the species were counted and the environmental variables (rugosity and recovery of the substratum) were valued. The data were submitted to multivariate analyses in order to find possible distribution patterns that could be associated to the substratum variables. The diversity indexes were calculated for each reef sites and compared with each other. A number of 46 species were registered. The reef habit at should to be the richnest area while the sandy bottom was poorest one. In the reef habitat, the mollusks were associated to rugosity and recovering of frondose algae and zoanthids, while for the seagrass bed, the animals exhibited a richness variation associated to the muddy and sandy sediment. There were found 3 species economically explored, what requires an appropriate management for the maintenance and conservation of the area resources in a sustainable way

Projeto raia de fogo: aspectos populacionais da raia de fogo (Dasyatis marianae Gomes, Rosa & Gadig, 2000) e pesca de elasmobrânquios no complexo recifal do Parracho de Maracajaú

The species Dasyatis marianae inhabits coastal areas associated with coral reefs, considered endemic to the northeast of Brazil, occurring from the State of Maranhão to the south of Bahia. Specimens of this species are commonly sighted by divers and fishermen in the area of Maracajaú reefs, a complex reef that is part of the Environmental Protection Area of Coral Reefs (EPACR), which was developed in this study about the ecology and biology of the D. marianae, in order to characterize aspects of population structure in the area of the reef complex of Parracho de Maracajaú. We analyzed 120 specimens caught by artisanal fishing site of the size, weight, sex, stage of maturity and stomach contents. Most subjects were adult males (1.7:1) and was more abundant for rays with lengths between 25 and 29cm of LD, where females reach larger sizes, a feature common to other rays. The largest specimens were captured in the area of seagrass, which is preferred for the species. The distribution of species in the area showed an ontogenetic and sexual segregation, where the youthful occur near the beach, which is a likely area for nursery and growth of the adult females prevail in the seagrass, which apparently has a high prey availability, and Adult males are more distant, a higher proportion occurring in outlying areas, suggesting a habit more exploratory than the females. The evaluation of the reproductive system indicated 3 reproductive cycles per year, one young per pregnancy, and showed that the mature males were smaller than females. The cubs of D. marianae size at birth 12 to 15cm LD. As for diet, the species was characterized as carnivorous crustacean specialist. The performance of visual censuses in different localities allowed to evaluate the density of D. marianae in different environments of the complex. The species occurs in greater numbers in seagrass, environment very important for the conservation of the species. 100 individuals of D. marianae marked in reef complex area enrolled in a recapture rate of 3%. Some behavioral aspects were evaluated, as diurnal pattern of activity, interaction with cleaning and fish Pomacanthus paru followers as Lutjanus analis and Carangoides bartholomaei. Overall, much of the information obtained should be used for management of the species

Caracterização dos sedimentos superficiais de fundo do complexo recifal de Maracajaú

The study carried out in the environment of Maracajaú reef an São Roque channel, had as main objective to analyze the characteristics of sediments active locally expressed in the grains, through collections of sediments in the field, technical processing and data analyzes of sediments. Data processing were made on three main aspects: biotic composition, concentration of calcium carbonate and particle size of the sediment. Differences between the sediments of the reefs and channel were observed. It was emphasized the contribution of algae limestone in the production of carbonate, with some influence of foraminifera near the coast. The particle size distribution presented significant results for the understanding of locally sedimentary deposits. The results showed an environment of carbonate, with predominance of algae limestone, associated to unconsolidated sediments with gross granularity, besides the presence of rhodoliths in all samples.The fragmentation of biotic components and the prevalence of elliptical rhodoliths with little or no branch, indicate an environment of high energy hydrodynamics. This work is a further contribution to the understanding of sedimentology active locally in reef environments, in particular the of Maracajaú reef, by virtue of their complex ecosystem composed of a diversity of wild fauna and flora that still little studied in Brazil comparing to accelerated growth of teeth extractions and usufructs of natural resources causing often irreversible impacts to the environment

Projeto raia de fogo: aspectos populacionais da raia de fogo (Dasyatis marianae Gomes, Rosa & Gadig, 2000) e pesca de elasmobrânquios no complexo recifal do Parracho de Maracajaú

The species Dasyatis marianae inhabits coastal areas associated with coral reefs, considered endemic to the northeast of Brazil, occurring from the State of Maranhão to the south of Bahia. Specimens of this species are commonly sighted by divers and fishermen in the area of Maracajaú reefs, a complex reef that is part of the Environmental Protection Area of Coral Reefs (EPACR), which was developed in this study about the ecology and biology of the D. marianae, in order to characterize aspects of population structure in the area of the reef complex of Parracho de Maracajaú. We analyzed 120 specimens caught by artisanal fishing site of the size, weight, sex, stage of maturity and stomach contents. Most subjects were adult males (1.7:1) and was more abundant for rays with lengths between 25 and 29cm of LD, where females reach larger sizes, a feature common to other rays. The largest specimens were captured in the area of seagrass, which is preferred for the species. The distribution of species in the area showed an ontogenetic and sexual segregation, where the youthful occur near the beach, which is a likely area for nursery and growth of the adult females prevail in the seagrass, which apparently has a high prey availability, and Adult males are more distant, a higher proportion occurring in outlying areas, suggesting a habit more exploratory than the females. The evaluation of the reproductive system indicated 3 reproductive cycles per year, one young per pregnancy, and showed that the mature males were smaller than females. The cubs of D. marianae size at birth 12 to 15cm LD. As for diet, the species was characterized as carnivorous crustacean specialist. The performance of visual censuses in different localities allowed to evaluate the density of D. marianae in different environments of the complex. The species occurs in greater numbers in seagrass, environment very important for the conservation of the species. 100 individuals of D. marianae marked in reef complex area enrolled in a recapture rate of 3%. Some behavioral aspects were evaluated, as diurnal pattern of activity, interaction with cleaning and fish Pomacanthus paru followers as Lutjanus analis and Carangoides bartholomaei. Overall, much of the information obtained should be used for management of the species

Projeto raia de fogo: aspectos populacionais da raia de fogo (Dasyatis marianae Gomes, Rosa & Gadig, 2000) e pesca de elasmobrânquios no complexo recifal do Parracho de Maracajaú

The species Dasyatis marianae inhabits coastal areas associated with coral reefs, considered endemic to the northeast of Brazil, occurring from the State of Maranhão to the south of Bahia. Specimens of this species are commonly sighted by divers and fishermen in the area of Maracajaú reefs, a complex reef that is part of the Environmental Protection Area of Coral Reefs (EPACR), which was developed in this study about the ecology and biology of the D. marianae, in order to characterize aspects of population structure in the area of the reef complex of Parracho de Maracajaú. We analyzed 120 specimens caught by artisanal fishing site of the size, weight, sex, stage of maturity and stomach contents. Most subjects were adult males (1.7:1) and was more abundant for rays with lengths between 25 and 29cm of LD, where females reach larger sizes, a feature common to other rays. The largest specimens were captured in the area of seagrass, which is preferred for the species. The distribution of species in the area showed an ontogenetic and sexual segregation, where the youthful occur near the beach, which is a likely area for nursery and growth of the adult females prevail in the seagrass, which apparently has a high prey availability, and Adult males are more distant, a higher proportion occurring in outlying areas, suggesting a habit more exploratory than the females. The evaluation of the reproductive system indicated 3 reproductive cycles per year, one young per pregnancy, and showed that the mature males were smaller than females. The cubs of D. marianae size at birth 12 to 15cm LD. As for diet, the species was characterized as carnivorous crustacean specialist. The performance of visual censuses in different localities allowed to evaluate the density of D. marianae in different environments of the complex. The species occurs in greater numbers in seagrass, environment very important for the conservation of the species. 100 individuals of D. marianae marked in reef complex area enrolled in a recapture rate of 3%. Some behavioral aspects were evaluated, as diurnal pattern of activity, interaction with cleaning and fish Pomacanthus paru followers as Lutjanus analis and Carangoides bartholomaei. Overall, much of the information obtained should be used for management of the species

Efectos en rendimiento, proteína y calibre de la cebada cervecera a la fertilización nitrogenada y a la aplicación de fungicida en un ambiente de loma en la localidad de Chivilcoy, Provincia de Buenos Aires

Resumen: La fertilización nitrogenada y la utilización de fungicidas son herramientas que posee el productor de cebada (Hordeum vulgare) para aumentar el rendimiento y cumplir los requerimientos exigidos por malterías. Los objetivos de estudio consisten en: a) comparar la respuesta en rendimiento, proteína y calibre a dos aplicaciones de fungicida vs. una aplicación en hoja bandera; b) comparar la respuesta en rendimiento, proteína y calibre de la aplicación de nitrógeno (N) en macollaje y en Z 3.9 vs. la aplicación de N en macollaje solamente. Se utilizó la variedad de cebada cervecera C 61 en un DBCA, con 4 repeticiones y 5 tratamientos: testigo (1); urea en macollaje (2); urea en macollaje y N en Z 3.9 (3); urea en macollaje, N y fungicida en Z 3.9 (4); urea en macollaje, N en Z 3.9, fungicida en 3.1 y 3.9 (5). Respecto al rendimiento, el tratamiento 5 promedió 3470 kg ha-1 y superó significativamente a los tratamientos 1, 2 y 3 en 42%, mientras que el tratamiento 4 rindió 3312 kg ha-1, siendo superior en un 36% a estos tratamientos, y fue un 5% menor con respecto al 5. Evaluando el porcentaje proteico, el tratamiento 4 alcanzó el valor más alto con 12 puntos porcentuales de proteína en grano y fue 9% superior a los tratamientos 1 y 3, mientras que a los tratamientos 2 y 5 los superó significativamente por 13%. En la evaluación de granos retenidos en la zaranda de 2,5 mm, los tratamientos 4 y 5 promediaron 90%, superando significativamente al tratamiento 2 en 16%. Los tratamientos 1 y 3 promediaron 83% y fueron inferiores a los tratamientos 4 y 5 en 9%. La aplicación de fungicida produjo mayores rendimientos y calibres más altos, comparándolos con los tratamientos que sólo recibieron fertilización nitrogenada. La fertilización nitrogenada en macollaje aumentó el rendimiento, pero produjo menores porcentajes proteicos y calibres más bajos. La aplicación de fungicida y N en Z 3.9 produjo los mayores rendimientos y mejores parámetros de calidad exigidos por la industria

Evaluación de emergía del medio ambiente y la economía de Nicaragua (1995-1999)

Este estudio muestra el análisis de emergía para Nicaragua para los años 1995-99. Los objetivos del presente trabajo son 1) conocer cuáles son las principales características del sistema económico y ambiental de Nicaragua haciendo uso de índices de emergía para describir la carga ambiental y la sostenibilidad del sistema, b) determinar cuál es la posición internacional de Nicaragua en términos de su sistema ecológico-económico y e) determinar cuál es la contribución del medio ambiente de Nicaragua a la economía del país, utilizando la metodología de análisis de emergía. Emergía (con m), es la cantidad de energía que es requerida para hacer algo, es la memoria de energía la cual fue degradada en su proceso de transformación. La metodología de análisis de emergía es útil en donde el crecimiento económico está generando controversia sobre el desarrollo de la economía y la protección del medio ambiente. En este trabajo se presenta un diagrama general de sistema para Nicaragua 1995-99 y una evaluación de emergía de la Base de recursos para Nicaragua. Los resultados indican que la fuente de emergía de la base de recursos para Nicaragua es la energía potencial química en la lluvia (275.97 E+20 sej/año) y se confirma que los recursos renovables más importantes son el ganadero (91.56 E+20 sej/año) y el agrícola (62.26 E+20 sej/año). La relación de emergía exportada a importada fue de 2.14/1, ubicando a Nicaragua como un país productor de recursos. Los diferentes índices calculados para Nicaragua (Relación Emergía/USD = 15.8 E+12 sej/año; Relación de Carga Ambiental =0.39; Relación de Inversión de Emergía= 0.21; Relación de Rendimiento Neto= 5.36 e Indice de Sostenibilidad = 13.86) demuestran que Nicaragua posee una economía subdesarrollada, con niveles tecnológicos pobres y baja intensidad de desarrollo económico. Los índices también indican una baja posición de Nicaragua en la jerarquía económica de naciones. La evaluación y análisis de emergía puede ser utilizado para determinar en términos cuantitativos como realizar de forma óptima y sostenible un buen manejo de los recursos naturales, la población y la economía de una región o país, en este caso de Nicaragua.

Riesgo, recursos naturales y discursos : el debate en torno a las tecnologías y el ambiente en América Latina

Resumen: En este trabajo, sostenemos que América Latina está atravesando un ciclo de protesta ambiental, como resultado de dos fuerzas opuestas. Por un lado, el aumento del apetito global por los recursos naturales –alimentos, fibras, minerales, energía– ha intensificado la presión sobre el ambiente en la región. Tras décadas de globalización neoliberal, las empresas transnacionales son actores clave en estos procesos. Por otro lado, la sociedad civil y los movimientos sociales están bien organizados y son muy activos en términos de la respuesta a los riesgos sociales y ambientales derivados de los mismos, tanto en términos de los recursos materiales como de los discursivos de que disponen. Nuestro análisis se sitúa en la confluencia de tres perspectivas teóricas: la teoría de los sistemas mundiales, la política contenciosa y la resistencia a las tecnologías.

Desarrollo y medio ambiente : en torno a Río +20

Transcurridos veinte años de la primera cumbre histórica de Río de Janeiro y diez de la reunión de Johannesburgo, se celebró del 20 al 22 de junio de 2012, nuevamente en la ciudad brasileña, la tercera Conferencia de Naciones Unidas sobre Desarrollo Sustentable, llamada informalmente Cumbre de la Tierra Río +20. Su lema: “El futuro que queremos”. Como se señala en el sitio oficial, la Cumbre se configuró como un nuevo intento de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para avanzar sobre el compromiso de los Estados y la comunidad mundial en los grandes cambios necesarios de implantar durante este siglo. Sobre esta consideración, el llamado de las Naciones Unidas se propuso un objetivo ambicioso: invitó a los Estados, la sociedad civil y los ciudadanos a “sentar las bases de un mundo de prosperidad, paz y sustentabilidad”.

Ecología y medio ambiente

Esta asignatura está diseñada para su utilización en cursos introductorios de Ecología y Medio Ambiente para aprender cómo todo lo existente está interconectado, no es nuestro objetivo profundizar al respecto sino que más bien darte los conocimientos necesarios y fundamentales para tu perfil profesional. Cualquier inquietud que tengas puedes dirigirte a tu profesor (a) para que sea quien te oriente y para consultar la bibliografía más adecuada. En este programa se te ofrecen los aspectos más relevantes que existen respecto a las temáticas planteadas. La estructura empleada para este material fue con la finalidad de desarrollar hábitos de estudio independiente, todo el contenido está dividido por temas y al final se orientan algunas preguntas que te ayudarán a evaluar los conocimientos adquiridos en tu auto preparación. Después que leas este material te agradecería mucho cualquier sugerencia para seguirlo mejorando.

Conflitos sócio-ambientais na Amazônia : sociedade e ambiente ameaçados

Audiência pública realizada pela Comissão da Amazônia, Integração Nacional e de Desenvolvimento Regional sobre o tráfico de mulheres e crianças na Amazônia para exploração sexual e a situação de religiosos ameaçados de morte por combatê-lo.