Enhanced resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila infection and enhanced phagocytic activities in human lactoferrin-transgenic grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus)

Human lactoferrin (hLF) is an iron-binding protein with antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities. hLF cDNA was transferred into grass carp via electroporated sperm. The production of transgenic fish was as high as 55% tinder the best parameters. 2(11) pulses and 20-min incubation. The expression of the transgene was demonstrated by the detection of hLF mRNA by RT-PCR. We also investigated the response of G(0) transgenic grass carp to Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Serum lysozyme activities (P>0.05) and phagocytic activities of kidney cells (P<0.05) were measured in transgenic individuals. The transgenic fish not only cleared A. hydrophila significantly faster than the control carp (P<0.05), but also showed enhanced phagocytic activities. The result shows that hLF has immunomodulatory activities in hLF-transgenic grass carp. The transgenic grass carp exhibited enhanced immunity to A. hydrophila infection. These results reveal that the mechanisms of disease resistance are different between hLF-transgenic plants and hLF-transgenic grass carp. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Purification and characterization of the chitosanase from Aeromonas sp HG08

In this work, the characterization of a chitosanase-producing bacterium isolated from soil was reported and this strain was grouped under the genus Aeromonas by virtue of its morphological, physiological properties and 16S rDNA gene sequences. It is the first report that the genus Aeromonas could produce chitosanase. Aeromonas sp. HG08 could secrete the chitosanase ( named AsChi) with molecular weight of 70 kDa. The optimum pH and temperature of AsChi was 6.0 and 55 degrees C, respectively. The activity of AsChi was markedly enhanced by Mn2+ and inhibited by Fe3+, Cu2+, Ag+ and Hg2+; additionally, the activity of AsChi was increased with the degree of deacetylation ( DDA) of chitosan. Through viscosimetric assay, AsChi probably hydrolyzed chitosan in an endo-type fashion.

A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled phase II study of AGI004 for control of chemotherapy-induced diarrhoea

Background: AGI004 is a controlled-release transdermal patch preparation of mecamylamine. We conducted a randomised placebo-controlled phase II study of two dose levels of AGI004 in chemotherapy-induced diarrhoea (CID).

Methods: Adult patients receiving chemotherapy who had experienced diarrhoea (NCI grade 1-2) during previous cycles of chemotherapy were eligible. In all, 64 patients were randomised to receive AGI004 4mg then 8mg per 24 h transdermal patch or placebo for two sequential cycles of chemotherapy. Patients' severity of diarrhoea was physician-assessed using NCI grade of diarrhoea and patient-assessed using information recorded in daily diaries of bowel movements.

Results: Overall AGI004 doubled the odds of a response to treatment on the first day of chemotherapy based on physician assessment of NCI grade of diarrhoea compared with placebo (odds ratio = 2.0, 90% confidence interval: 0.9-4.5) and there was a trend to improved response rates for AGI004 for the full treatment cycle although these results were not statistically significant. There was also evidence of significantly improved response rates based on patient assessment of diarrhoea both overall (P = 0.05) and at the 8-mg dose level (P = 0.02) compared with placebo.

Conclusion: AGI004 demonstrated effectiveness in reducing chemotherapy-associated diarrhoea, with results suggesting response across multiple measurements of diarrhoea. Treatment was well tolerated with no drug-related adverse events. Further evaluation of this agent in the management of CID is warranted.

Guidance on the management of diarrhoea during cancer chemotherapy

Diarrhoea induced by chemotherapy in cancer patients is common, causes notable morbidity and mortality, and is managed inconsistently. Previous management guidelines were based on poor evidence and neglect physiological causes of chemotherapy-induced diarrhoea. In the absence of level 1 evidence from randomised controlled trials, we developed practical guidance for clinicians based on a literature review by a multidisciplinary team of clinical oncologists, dietitians, gastroenterologists, medical oncologists, nurses, pharmacist, and a surgeon. Education of patients and their carers about the risks associated with, and management of, chemotherapy-induced diarrhoea is the foundation for optimum treatment of toxic effects. Adequate—and, if necessary, repeated—assessment, appropriate use of loperamide, and knowledge of fluid resuscitation requirements of affected patients is the second crucial step. Use of octreotide and seeking specialist advice early for patients who do not respond to treatment will reduce morbidity and mortality. In view of the burden of chemotherapy-induced diarrhoea, appropriate multidisciplinary research to assess meaningful endpoints is urgently required.

Isolation of Aeromonas hydrophila in piglets

The production of Alentejano breed pig started a recovery two decades ago due to increasing demand for gourmet products. These pigs are raised in rotational semi-extensive or extensive outdoor production systems in the “Montado” (green and cork oak forest), grazing and feeding acorns and other associated food resources. Bacteria of the genus Aeromonas are considered as emerging pathogens of importance for man and animals, but its involvement in swine is not well documented. In the context of a study made at the University of Évora to assess the specific diseases of Alentejano swine, diseased piglets from two farms were submitted for pathological and bacteriological examinations. Pathological examinations revealed changes characteristic of septicemia, and Aeromonas hydrophila was isolated in pure culture from multiple organs of piglets from both farms. Antibiotic sensitivity tests showed that the isolates from one of the farms were susceptible to gentamicin, oxitetracycline, neomycin, enrofloxacin, colistin sulfate, trimethoprim, ceftiofur, and amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid. In contrast, the A. hydrophila isolated in the other farm was resistant to all drugs tested but enrofloxacin. This is the first report in the world showing the relationship between septicemia and A. hydrophila infection in piglets. The importance of this finding is further reinforced by the fact that these bacteria can be highly resistant to antimicrobial agents.

Fatores de virulência em Aeromonas hydrophila causadora de septicémia em leitões

This work aims to contribute to determine the resistance profile to different antibiotics (ampicillin, gentamicin, penicillin G, oxytetracycline, lincomycin, neomycin, streptomycin, enrofloxacin, colistin sulfate, trimethoprim, sulfamide, tulathromycin, ceftiofur, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid), to assess genetic determinants associated to aminoglycoside antibiotics resistance, namely the presence of genes encoding acetyltransferases (AAC), phosphotransferases (APH) and nucletildiltranferases (ANT), determined by PCR studies, and to search for potentially pathogenic features as the production of extracellular lipases and proteases and the presence of genes encoding for putative virulence factors as aerolysin and related toxins, lipase proteins and type III secretion system component.

Diversity of Aeromonas species from different environments in Portugal

Espécies de Aeromonas encontram-se distribuídas por diferentes habitats, estando especialmente relacionadas com ambientes aquáticos. O seu papel em complicações na saúde humana e animal é reconhecido. De facto, não só pelo seu potencial de virulência, mas também pelos determinantes genéticos de resistência a antibióticos que possam conter, estes organismos constituem uma preocupação na medicina humana e veterinária. Assim, é essencial o estudo da diversidade de espécies de Aeromonas bem como explorar as suas características fenotípicas e genéticas que podem conduzir a impactos negativos. A água constitui um importante veículo de transmissão de microrganismos e espécies de Aeromonas estão amplamente distribuídas em águas tratadas e não tratadas. Em Portugal é ainda comum o consumo de águas não tratadas cuja qualidade, na maioria das vezes, não é sujeita a monitorização, como acontece por exemplo, em explorações agrícolas de gestão familiar. Neste estudo, investigou-se a presença de Aeromonas em águas não tratadas para consumo. Estabeleceu-se também uma linha horizontal de colheitas de diferentes amostras de origem agrícola com o intuito de avaliar a possibilidade de a água ser uma das vias de contaminação de culturas agrícolas e animais por espécies de Aeromonas. Obtiveram-se 483 isolados que foram discriminados por RAPD-PCR. 169 estirpes distintas foram identificadas ao nível da espécie por análise filogenética baseada no gene gyrB. Verificou-se uma frequente ocorrência bem como uma diversidade considerável de espécies de Aeromonas. Em alguns casos, as relações genotípicas entre isolados de diferentes amostras eram muito próximas. Adicionalmente, a maioria das amostras continha diferentes espécies e estirpes distintas da mesma espécie. A. media e A. hydrophila foram as espécies mais ocorrentes. Um grupo de isolados apresentou variantes moleculares de gyrB diferente das conhecidas até agora, o que indica que poderão constituir espécies não descritas. O perfil de susceptibilidade da colecção de Aeromonas a diferentes antibióticos foi estabelecido, constituindo um perfil típico do género, com algumas excepções. Estirpes multirresistentes foram encontradas. A presença de genes tet e bla foi investigada por estudos de PCR, hibridação e, em alguns casos, de sequenciação. Como era esperado, cphA/imiS foi o mais detectado. A detecção de integrões fez-se por PCR e hibridação e a sua caracterização foi feita por sequenciação de DNA; a sua ocorrência foi reduzida. A maioria das estirpes sintetizou enzimas extracelulares com actividade lipolítica e proteolítica que potencialmente contribuem para virulência. A análise por PCR e hibridação permitiram a detecção de vários determinantes genéticos que codificam moléculas possivelmente envolvidas em processos patogénicos. Diversas espécies de Aeromonas apresentando características relacionadas com resistência a antibióticos e potencialmente de virulência estão frequentemente presentes em produtos para consumo humano e animal em Portugal. ABSTRACT: Aeromonas spp. are present in a wide range of ecological niches, being mainly related to aquatic environments. Their role in human and animal health complications is recognised. In fact, not only for their putative virulence but also for the antibiotic resistance genetic determinants Aeromonas may harbour, these organisms constitute an issue of concern in human and veterinary medicine. Thus, it is essential to get knowledge on Aeromonas sp. diversity and on their genotypic and phenotypic characteristics that may lead to negative impacts. Water constitutes a good contamination route for microorganisms and Aeromonas are widespread in untreated and treated waters from different sources. In Portugal there is still an extensive use of untreated water which is not regularly monitored for quality. This is often the case in family smallholding farms. In this study untreated drinking and mineral waters were assessed for their content in Aeromonas spp. Furthermore, a sampling scheme was designed to investigate the occurrence and diversity of Aeromonas sp. in different agricultural correlated sources and to assess the possibility of water being the transmission vehicle between those sources. 483 isolates were obtained and discriminated by RAPD-PCR. Identification at the species level for 169 distinct strains was done by gyrB based phylogenetic analysis. Results demonstrated the frequent occurrence and considerable diversity of Aeromonas spp. In some cases, genotypic close relations were found between isolates from different sources. Also, most samples contained different species and distinct strains of the same species. A. media and A. hydrophila were the most occurring. A group of isolates displayed gyrB gene sequences distinct from the previously known, indicating that they may constitute representatives of non-described species. The antibiotic susceptibility profile of the aeromonads collection was established and constituted a typical profile of the genus, although few exceptions. Multiresistance patterns were found. The presence of tet and bla genes was investigated by PCR, hybridisation and, in some cases, sequencing analysis. As expected, cphA/imiS was the most detected. Integrons were screened by PCR and hybridisation and characterised by DNA sequencing; low occurrence was recorded. The bulk of strains was able to produce extracellular enzymes with lipolytic and proteolytic activities, which may contribute to virulence. PCR and hybridisation surveys allowed the detection of distinct genetic determinants coding for molecules putatively involved in pathogenic processes. Diverse Aeromonas sp. presenting distinct antibiotic resistance features and putative virulence traits are frequently present in many sources for human and animal consumption in Portugal.

Tributyltin (TBT) resistance in Aeromonas molluscorum Av27

O tributilestanho (TBT) é considerado um dos xenobióticos mais tóxicos, produzidos e deliberadamente introduzidos no meio ambiente pelo Homem. Tem sido usado numa variedade de processos industriais e subsequentemente descarregado no meio ambiente. O tempo de meia-vida do TBT em águas marinhas é de várias semanas, mas em condições de anóxia nos sedimentos, pode ser de vários anos, devido à sua degradação mais lenta. Embora o TBT tenha sido descrito como sendo tóxico para eucariotas e procariotas, muitas bactérias podem ser resistentes a este composto. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal elucidar o mecanismo de resistência ao TBT em bactérias. Para além disso, pretendeu-se desenvolver um biorepórter para detectar TBT no ambiente. Para atingir estes objetivos foram delineadas várias tarefas cujos principais resultados obtidos se apresentam a seguir. Várias bactérias resistentes ao TBT foram isoladas de sedimento e água do Porto de Pesca Longínqua (PPL) na Ria de Aveiro, Portugal. Entre estas, Aeromonas molluscorum Av27 foi selecionada devido à sua elevada resistência a este composto (concentrações até 3 mM), à sua capacidade de degradar o TBT em compostos menos tóxicos (dibutilestanho, DBT e monobutilestanho, MBT) e também por usar o TBT como fonte de carbono. A. molluscorum Av27 foi caracterizada genotipica e fenotipicamente. Os fatores de virulência estudados mostraram que esta estirpe i) possui atividade lipolítica; ii) não é citotóxica para células de mamíferos, nomeadamente para células Vero; iii) não possui integrões de classe I e II e iv) possui cinco plasmídeos com aproximadamente 4 kb, 7 kb, 10 kb, 100 kb e mais de 100 kb. Estes resultados mostraram que a estirpe Av27 não é tóxica, aumentando assim o interesse nesta bactéria para futuras aplicações, nomeadamente na bioremediação. Os testes de toxicidade ao TBT mostraram que este composto tem um impacto negativo no crescimento desta estirpe, bem como, na densidade, no tamanho e na atividade metabólica das células e é responsável pela formação de agregados celulares. Assim, o TBT mostrou ser bastante tóxico para as bactérias interferindo com a atividade celular geral. O gene Av27-sugE, que codifica a proteína SugE pertencente à família das “small multidrug resistance proteins” (SMR), foi identificado como estando envolvido na resistência ao TBT nesta estirpe. Este gene mostrou ser sobreexpresso quando as células crescem na presença de TBT. O promotor do gene Av27-sugE foi utilizado para construir um bioreporter para detetar TBT, contendo o gene da luciferase do pirilampo como gene repórter. O biorepórter obtido reúne as características mais importantes de um bom biorepórter: sensibilidade (intervalo de limite de detecção de 1-1000 nM), rapidez (3 h são suficientes para a deteção de sinal) e, possivelmente, não é invasivo (pois foi construído numa bactéria ambiental). Usando sedimento recolhido no Porto de Pesca Longínqua da Ria de Aveiro, foi preparada uma experiência de microcosmos com o intuito de avaliar a capacidade de Av27 para bioremediar o TBT, isoladamente ou em associação com a comunidade bacteriana indígena. A análise das amostras de microcosmos por PCR-DGGE e de bibliotecas de 16S rDNA revelaram que a comunidade bacteriana é relativamente estável ao longo do tempo, mesmo quando Av27 é inoculada no sedimento. Para além disso, o sedimento estuarino demonstrou ser dominado por bactérias pertencentes ao filo Proteobacteria (sendo mais abundante as Delta e Gammaproteobacteria) e Bacteroidetes. Ainda, cerca de 13% dos clones bacterianos não revelaram nenhuma semelhança com qualquer dos filos já definidos e quase 100% afiliou com bactérias não cultiváveis do sedimento. No momento da conclusão desta tese, os resultados da análise química de compostos organoestânicos não estavam disponíveis, e por essa razão não foi possível tirar quaisquer conclusões sobre a capacidade desta bactéria remediar o TBT em sedimentos. Esses resultados irão ajudar a esclarecer o papel de A. molluscorum Av27 na remediação de TBT. Recentemente, a capacidade da estirpe Av27 remediar solo contaminado com TBT foi confirmada em bioensaios realizados com plantas, Brassica rapa e Triticum aestivum (Silva 2011a), e também com invertebrados Porcellionides pruinosus (Silva 2011B). Assim, poder-se-á esperar que a bioremediação do sedimento na experiência de microcosmos também tenha ocorrido. No entanto, só a análise química dos compostos organostânicos deverá ser conclusiva. Devido à dificuldade em realizar a análise analítica de organoestânicos, um método de bioensaio fácil, rápido e barato foi adaptado para avaliar a toxicidade do TBT em laboratório, antes de se proceder à análise química das amostras. O método provou a sua utilidade, embora tenha mostrado pouca sensibilidade quando se usam concentrações de TBT baixas. Em geral, os resultados obtidos contribuíram para um melhor entendimento do mecanismo de resistência ao TBT em bactérias e mostraram o potencial biotecnológico de A. molluscorum Av27, nomeadamente, no que refere à sua possível aplicação na descontaminação de TBT no ambiente e também no desenvolvimento de biorepórteres.

Demonstration of the effectiveness of zinc in diarrhoea of children living in Switzerland.

We designed a double-blinded randomized clinical trial of zinc (10 or 20 mg of zinc sulphate for 2-5 month-old or 6-59 month-old children, respectively, during 10 days) vs. placebo in otherwise healthy children aged 2 months to 5 years who presented with acute diarrhoea (i.e. ≥3 stools/day for less than 72 h). Eighty-seven patients (median age 14 months; range 3.1-58.3) were analysed in an intention-to-treat approach. Forty-two patients took zinc and 45 placebo. There was no difference in the duration nor in the frequency of diarrhoea, but only 5% of the zinc group still had diarrhoea at 120 h of treatment compared to 20% in the placebo group (P = 0.05). Thirty-one patients (13 zinc and 18 placebo) were available for per-protocol analyses. The median (IQR) duration of diarrhoea in zinc-treated patients was 47.5 h (18.3-72) and differed significantly from the placebo group (median 76.3; IQR 52.8-137) (P = 0.03). The frequency of diarrhoea was also lower in the zinc group (P = 0.02). CONCLUSION: zinc treatment decreases the frequency and severity of diarrhoea in children aged 2 months to 5 years living in Switzerland. However, the intention-to-treat analysis reveals compliance issues that question the proper duration of treatment and the choice of optimal pharmaceutical formulation.

Characterization of antimicrobial resistance in Aeromonas and Vibrio isolated in Canada from fish and seafood

Plusieurs études ont examiné la sensibilité aux antimicrobiens chez les bactéries d’organismes provenant de produits issus de l’aquaculture ou de leur environnement. Aucune information n’est cependant disponible concernant la résistance aux antimicrobiens dans les bactéries de la flore de poissons ou de fruits de mer vendus au détail au Canada. C’est particulièrement vrai en ce qui a trait aux bactéries des genres Aeromonas et Vibrio, dont certaines espèces sont des agents pathogènes zoonotiques connus. Au cours de cette étude, la sensibilité aux antimicrobiens d’isolats d’Aeromonas spp. et de Vibrio spp. provenant de poissons et de crevettes domestiques et importés a été mesurée à l’aide de techniques de micro dilution en bouillon et/ou de diffusion sur disque. Les classes d’antimicrobiens examinés comprenaient les tétracyclines (TET), les inhibiteurs de la voie des folates (sulfadiméthoxine-triméthoprime, SXT), le florfenicol (FLO), et les quinolones (acide nalidixique / enrofloxacine, NA/ENO). Des valeurs seuils épidémiologiques pour Aeromonas et Vibrio ont été établies en utilisant la méthode d’interprétation normalisée des données de résistance provenant de diffusion sur disque. La recherche de gènes de résistance associés au profil de résistance des isolats a été effectuée en utilisant des PCRs et des puces ADN. Le nombre d’isolats résistants aux divers antimicrobiens parmi les 201 isolats d’Aeromonas et les 185 isolats de Vibrio étaient respectivement les suivants: TET (n=24 et 10), FLO (n=1 et 0), SXT (n=2 et 8), NA (n=7 et 5) et ENO (n= 5 et 0). Diverses associations de gènes tet(A), tet(B), tet(E), floR, sul1, sul2, et intI1 ont été détectées, les gènes tet(E), intI1, sul2 et tet(B) étant les plus communs. Les espèces d’Aeromonas et de Vibrio isolées de poissons au détail et de fruits de mer peuvent héberger une variété de gènes de résistance, bien que peu fréquemment. Le risque que représente ces gènes de résistance reste à évaluer en considérant le potentiel infectieux des bactéries, l’utilisation des ces agents antimicrobiens pour le traitement des maladies en aquaculture et en médecine humaine et leur rôle en tant que réservoir de la résistance antimicrobienne.

Antibiotic resistance of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from marketed fish and prawn of South India

A total of 319 strains of Aeromonas hydrophila were isolated from 536 fish and 278 prawns for a 2-year period. All the strains were tested for resistance to 15 antibiotics and 100% of the strains was resistant to methicillin and rifampicin followed by bacitracin and novobiocin (99%). Only 3% of the strains exhibited resistance against chloramphenicol. The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) indexing of A. hydrophila strains showed that all of them originated from high-risk sources

Prevalence of Aeromonas hydrophila in fish and prawns from the seafood market of Coimbatore, South India

Five hundred and thirty six samples offishes and 278 prawn samples from the major fish market ofCoimbatore, South India, were analysed for the prevalence of Aeromonas hydrophila over a period of2 years (June 1997–May 1999). The prevalence level of A. hydrophila varied from 17.62% in prawns to 33.58% in fishes. More than 30% of the popular table fishes such as Sardinella longiceps, Rastrelliger kanagurta, Mugil cephalus and Caranx sexfasciatus were tested positive for this organism. Among the different species of the prawns analysed, Penaeus semisulcatus showed higher incidence (23.52%). Seasonal variation in the prevalence levels of A. hydrophila in fish and prawns revealed a higher prevalence during the monsoon season during 1997–98 and 1998–99. Of the different body parts of the fishes analysed for A. hydrophila, the intestinal samples showed higher prevalence (38.43%), followed by body surface (32.46%) and gill (29.10%). Considering the psychrotrophic nature and role of A. hydrophila as a pathogen ofemerging importance, the considerably high levels ofthis organism in a popular food item such as fish and prawn raises serious concern

Characterization and virulence potential of phenotypically diverse Aeromonas veronii isolates recovered from moribund freshwater ornamental fishes of Kerala, India

In the present study, we investigated the involvement of Aeromonas spp. in eliciting disease outbreaks in freshwater ornamental fishes across the state of Kerala, India. We investigated three incidences of disease, in which the moribund fishes exhibited clinical signs such as haemorrhagic septicemia (in gouramy, Trichogaster sp.), dropsy (in Oscar, Astronotus ocellatus) and tail rot/fin rot (in gold fish, Carassius carassius). Pure cultures (n = 20 from each fish; 60 in total) of Aeromonas spp. were recovered from the abdominal fluid as well as from internal organs of affected fishes, although they could not be identified to species level because of the variations in their phenotypic characters. The molecular fingerprinting of the isolates using Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus PCR proved the genetic diversity of the isolates from the three sites. The phylogenetic trees constructed using concatenated sequences (using 16S rRNA, gyrA, gyrB and rpoD genes) indicated that they were related to Aeromonas veronii. They exhibited marked cytotoxic and haemolytic activity, which were responsible for the pathogenic potential of the isolates. The isolates possessed multiple virulence genes such as enterotoxins (act and alt), haemolytic toxins (aerA and hlyA), genes involved in type III secretion system (ascV, aexT and ascF–ascG), glycerophospholipid-cholesterol acyltransferase (gcat) and a type IV pilus (tapA) gene, as determined by PCR. Virulence of representative isolates to goldfish was also tested, and we found LD50 values of 104.07–105.35 cfu/fish. Furthermore, the organisms could be recovered as pure cultures from the lesions as well as from the internal organs.

Marine yeast Candida MCCF 101 as feed supplement in aquaculture: nutritional quality, optimization of large scale production and evaluation of its protective effect on Koi carp from Aeromonas infection

Marine yeast have been regarded as safe and showing a beneficial impact on biotechnological process. It provides better nutritional and dietary values indicating their potential application as feed supplements in aquaculture. Brown et al. (1996) evaluated all the marine yeasts characterised with high protein content, carbohydrate, good amino acid composition and high levels of saturated fats. However, there is paucity of information on marine yeasts as feed supplements and no feed formulation has been found either in literature or in market supplemented with them. This statement supported by Zhenming et al. (2006) reported still a lack of feed composed of single cell protein (SCP) from marine yeasts with high content of protein and other nutrients. Recent research has shown that marine yeasts also have highly potential uses in food, feed, medical and biofuel industries as well as marine biotechnology (Chi et al., 2009; 2010). Sajeevan et al. (2006; 2009a) and Sarlin and Philip (2011) demonstrates that the marine yeasts Candida sake served as a high quality, inexpensive nutrient source and it had proven immunostimulatory properties for cultured shrimps. This strain has been made part of the culture collection of National Centre for Aquatic Animal Health, Cochin University of Science and Technology as Candida MCCF 101. Over the years marine yeasts have been gaining increased attention in animal feed industry due to their nutritional value and immune boosting property.Therefore, the present study was undertaken, and focused on the nutritional quality, optimization of large scale production and evaluation of its protective effect on Koi carp from Aeromonas infection

Distribution, extracellular virulence factors and antibiogram of motile aeromonads in fresh water ornamental fishes and immune response of Cyprinus carpio against Aeromonas hydrophila infection

The thesis deals with the prevalence and distribution of motile aeromonads in selected ornamental fishes. The presence of motile aeromonads in ornamental fishes and associated carriage water is well documented. Though aeromonads are a part of autochthonous flora of natural waters, disease outbreak occurs as a result of environmental stress on the cultured species and virulence of the pathogens. While ornamental aquaculture in many parts of the world is highly organized and practiced scientifically, it is highly unorganized in India. The culture ponds/tanks are often maintained in very poor manner and the fishes are subjected to high degree of stress during transportation from the production facility to retail vendors. The situation is no better at retail outlets, where fishes are maintained in crowded condition without proper aeration or food. All these could result in high prevalence of diseases caused by motile aeromonads. No systematic study has been carried out to understand the prevalence of motile aeromonads in ornamental fishes and carriage water . It also gives an account of the production of extracellular virulence factors and the antibiogram of the different species of motile aeromonads isolated. The growth characteristics and virulence potential of a representative strain of Aeromonas hydrophila is also studied. The nucleotide sequencing of the strain was carried out and sequences deposited in Genbank. Survival and immune response of Cyprinus carpio under different stress conditions and on probiotic treatment with Bacillus NL110, when challenged with A. hydrophila is also dealt within this thesis.