"Water users must be efficient producers". Women's access to and use of land in Chókwè irrigation scheme, Mozambique

The irrigation scheme Eduardo Mondlane, situated in Chókwè District - in the Southern part of the Gaza province and within the Limpopo River Basin - is the largest in the country, covering approximately 30,000 hectares of land. Built by the Portuguese colonial administration in the 1950s to exploit the agricultural potential of the area through cash-cropping, after Independence it became one of Frelimo’s flagship projects aiming at the “socialization of the countryside” and at agricultural economic development through the creation of a state farm and of several cooperatives. The failure of Frelimo’s economic reforms, several infrastructural constraints and local farmers resistance to collective forms of production led to scheme to a state of severe degradation aggravated by the floods of the year 2000. A project of technical rehabilitation initiated after the floods is currently accompanied by a strong “efficiency” discourse from the managing institution that strongly opposes the use of irrigated land for subsistence agriculture, historically a major livelihood strategy for smallfarmers, particularly for women. In fact, the area has been characterized, since the end of the XIX century, by a stable pattern of male migration towards South African mines, that has resulted in an a steady increase of women-headed households (both de jure and de facto). The relationship between land reform, agricultural development, poverty alleviation and gender equality in Southern Africa is long debated in academic literature. Within this debate, the role of agricultural activities in irrigation schemes is particularly interesting considering that, in a drought-prone area, having access to water for irrigation means increased possibilities of improving food and livelihood security, and income levels. In the case of Chókwè, local governments institutions are endorsing the development of commercial agriculture through initiatives such as partnerships with international cooperation agencies or joint-ventures with private investors. While these business models can sometimes lead to positive outcomes in terms of poverty alleviation, it is important to recognize that decentralization and neoliberal reforms occur in the context of financial and political crisis of the State that lacks the resources to efficiently manage infrastructures such as irrigation systems. This kind of institutional and economic reforms risk accelerating processes of social and economic marginalisation, including landlessness, in particular for poor rural women that mainly use irrigated land for subsistence production. The study combines an analysis of the historical and geographical context with the study of relevant literature and original fieldwork. Fieldwork was conducted between February and June 2007 (where I mainly collected secondary data, maps and statistics and conducted preliminary visit to Chókwè) and from October 2007 to March 2008. Fieldwork methodology was qualitative and used semi-structured interviews with central and local Government officials, technical experts of the irrigation scheme, civil society organisations, international NGOs, rural extensionists, and water users from the irrigation scheme, in particular those women smallfarmers members of local farmers’ associations. Thanks to the collaboration with the Union of Farmers’ Associations of Chókwè, she has been able to participate to members’ meeting, to education and training activities addressed to women farmers members of the Union and to organize a group discussion. In Chókwè irrigation scheme, women account for the 32% of water users of the familiar sector (comprising plot-holders with less than 5 hectares of land) and for just 5% of the private sector. If one considers farmers’ associations of the familiar sector (a legacy of Frelimo’s cooperatives), women are 84% of total members. However, the security given to them by the land title that they have acquired through occupation is severely endangered by the use that they make of land, that is considered as “non efficient” by the irrigation scheme authority. Due to a reduced access to marketing possibilities and to inputs, training, information and credit women, in actual fact, risk to see their right to access land and water revoked because they are not able to sustain the increasing cost of the water fee. The myth of the “efficient producer” does not take into consideration the characteristics of inequality and gender discrimination of the neo-liberal market. Expecting small-farmers, and in particular women, to be able to compete in the globalized agricultural market seems unrealistic, and can perpetuate unequal gendered access to resources such as land and water.

Un sistema location-based per la mappatura degli access point

Trattasi di un sistema basato sulla mappatura degli access point utilizzabile su un'applicazione per smartphone con piattaforma Android. Sono stati usati ambienti di lavoro come Eclipse, affiancato da Lamp e API, utili per visualizzare le mappe da Google Maps. E' stato creato un database online, in modo tale che gli utenti possano condividere le proprie registrazioni (solo quelle che non richiedono una password e quindi utilizzabili da tutti). Il tutto testato tramite un emulatore Android

TCP a ritrasmissione asimmetrica anticipata su Access Point WiFi

La perdita di pacchetti durante una trasmissione su una rete Wireless influisce in maniera fondamentale sulla qualità del collegamento tra due End-System. Lo scopo del progetto è quello di implementare una tecnica di ritrasmissione asimmetrica anticipata dei pacchetti perduti, in modo da minimizzare i tempi di recupero dati e migliorare la qualità della comunicazione. Partendo da uno studio su determinati tipi di ritrasmissione, in particolare quelli implementati dal progetto ABPS, Always Best Packet Switching, si è maturata l'idea che un tipo di ritrasmissione particolarmente utile potrebbe avvenire a livello Access Point: nel caso in cui la perdita di pacchetti avvenga tra l'AP e il nodo mobile che vi è collegato via IEEE802.11, invece che attendere la ritrasmissione TCP e Effettuata dall'End-System sorgente è lo stesso Access Point che e effettua una ritrasmissione verso il nodo mobile per permettere un veloce recupero dei dati perduti. Tale funzionalità stata quindi concettualmente divisa in due parti, la prima si riferisce all'applicazione che si occupa della bufferizzazione di pacchetti che attraversano l'AP e della loro copia in memoria per poi ritrasmetterli in caso di segnalazione di mancata acquisizione, la seconda riguardante la modifica al kernel che permette la segnalazione anticipata dell'errore. E' già stata sviluppata un'applicazione che prevede una ritrasmissione anticipata da parte dell'Access Point Wifi, cioè una ritrasmissione prima che la notifica di avvenuta perdita raggiunga l'end-point sorgente e appoggiata su un meccanismo di simulazione di Error Detection. Inoltre è stata anche realizzata la ritrasmissione asincrona e anticipata del TCP. Questo documento tratta della realizzazione di una nuova applicazione che fornisca una più effciente versione del buffer di pacchetti e utilizzi il meccanismo di una ritrasmissione asimmetrica e anticipata del TCP, cioè attivare la ritrasmissione su richiesta del TCP tramite notifiche di validità del campo Acknowledgement.

Mapping di Access Point WiFi su Android: architettura

Sviluppo di un'applicazione Android che effettua scansioni di reti Wi-Fi in una determinata area al fine di mappare tutti gli Access Point rilevabili.

Mapping di access point wifi su android: valutazione

Sviluppo di un'applicazione Android che effettua scansioni di reti Wi-Fi in una determinata area al fine di mappare tutti gli Access Point rilevabili.

Conflict affected peoples’ access to education: IDP pupils in Georgia

This work seeks to understand what kind of impact educational policies have had on the secondary school students among internally displaced persons (IDPs) and their identity reconstruction in Georgia. The study offers a snapshot of the current situation based on desk study and interviews conducted among a sample of secondary school IDP pupils. In the final chapter, the findings will be reflected against the broader political context in Georgia and beyond. The study is interdisciplinary and its methodology is based on social identity theory. I shall compare two groups of IDPs who were displaced as a result of two separate conflicts. The IDPs displaced as a result of conflict in Abkhazia in 1992–1994 are named as old caseload IDPs. The second group of IDPs were displaced after a conflict in South Ossetia in 2008. Additionally, I shall touch upon the situation of the pupils among the returnees, a group of Georgian old caseload IDPs, who have spontaneously returned to de facto Abkhazia. According to the interviews, the secondary school student IDPs identify themselves strongly with the Georgian state, but their group identities are less prevailing. Particularly the old case load IDP students are fully integrated in local communities. Moreover, there seems not to be any tangible bond between the old and new caseload IDP students. The schools have neither tried nor managed to preserve IDP identities which would, for instance, make political mobilisation likely along these lines. Right to education is a human right enshrined in a number of international conventions to which the IDPs are also entitled. Access to education or its denial has a deep impact on individual and societal development. Furthermore, education has a major role in (re)constructing personal as well as national identity.

Un sistema per il Mapping di Access Point Wi-Fi in ambito Android

Un sistema per il mapping di access point wi-fi utilizzando un client scritto in android ed un server scritto in php. Il client si occuperà di scansionare le reti disponibili ed inviarle al server che con tali informazioni potrà inferire sulle posizioni effettive degli access point e fornire ad altri client informazioni più dettagliate per potersi connettere.