896 resultados para Abastecimento


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It is important to evaluate the quality of water for proper management of these resources, since the increase of environmental degradation and the multiple use of water resources are decreasing the quality of water consumed by living beings. The objective of this study was to characterize the phytoplankton community and its variations during periods of dray and rain in Jiqui Lake located in Parnamirim, RN. It was also aimed to analyze the physical and chemical factors of this environment, in order to contribute to the knowledge of water quality used for human consumption. The collection of water samples were carried out in September 2008 to August 2009. The collection of the phytoplankton community was carried out in four sampling sites (surface, bottom, margin of the lake without macrophytes and site dominated by macrophytes). Phytoplankton was collected using plankton net of 20m. The analysis of nutrients and identification of phytoplankton were performed in the laboratory. The results indicate that concentration of chlorophyll a was high in the bottom with mean value of 1.07 μgL-1 (SD ± 1.61). During the study period there was a dominance of the following species: Euglena gracilis, Trachelomonas sp, Cyclotellas sp, Gomphonema apuncto, Navicula cuspidata var. cuspidata, Navicula sp, Rhopalodia gibba. There was homogeneity between limnological values in the four study sites, with significant difference between the periods of drought and rain. The Jiqui Lake is considered oligotrophic due to its low concentrations of chlorophyll a, high transparency and low levels of nutrients. The values of BOD and chlorophyll a concentration remained below the permitted standards existing for freshwaters in Brazil, thus the water from Lake Jiqui is of good quality, suitable for human consumption.

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Activities that have fuel subterranean storage system are considered potentially polluting fuels by CONAMA Resolution 273, due to the possibility of leak, outpouring and overflow of fuel into the ground. Being even more worrying when contaminate groundwater for public supply, as the case of Natal City. For this reason, the Public Ministry/RN, in partnership with UFRN, developed the project environmental suitability of Gas stations in Natal, of which 36% showed evidence of contamination. This paper describes the four stages of the management of contaminated areas: preliminary assessment of environmental liabilities, detailed confirmatory investigation of the contamination, risk analysis to human health (RBCA), as well as the remediation plan of degraded areas. Therefore it is presented a case study. For the area investigated has been proposed a mathematical method to estimate the volume of LNAPL by a free CAD software (ScketchUp) and compare it with the partition method for grid area. Were also performed 3D graphics designs of feathers contamination. Research results showed that passive benzene contamination in groundwater was 2791.77 μg/L, when the maximum allowed by CONAMA Resolution 420 is 5 μg/L which is the potability standards. The individual and cumulative risks were calculated from 4.4 x10-3, both above the limits of 1.0 x10-5 or by RBCA 1.0 x10-6 by the Public Ministry/RN. Corrective action points that remediation of dissolved phase benzene is expected to reach a concentration of 25 μg/L, based on carcinogenic risk for ingestion of groundwater by residents residential, diverging legislation. According to the proposed model, the volume of LNAPL using the ScketchUp was 17.59 m3, while by the grid partitioning method was 14.02 m3. Because of the low recovery, the expected removal of LNAPL is 11 years, if the multiphase extraction system installed in the enterprise is not optimized

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Leachates are effluent produced by decomposition of solid waste, they have complex composition and can be highly toxic. Therefore such percolated liquid should be collected and treated properly to avoid environmental contamination of soil and of water bodies. The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicity through ecotoxicological tests with Ceriodaphnia dubia (Cladocera - Crustacea) of percolated liquids generated in two different systems of municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal in the city of Natal/ RN: A Sanitary Landfill in the Metropolitan Region of Natal/ RN, and in a dump off area. Furthermore, it was evaluated the possible contamination of the underground water of the dump off area. Two monthly samples were taken at four points between the months of May/2009 and January/2010. The Point "A" corresponds to the end of the pond leachate treatment in ASRMN; The Point "B" corresponds to a containment pond at the dump. The Point "C" is an area near one of the cells of the dump off area where the leachate outcrops; The Point "D" stands for an underground water well at the area. The last point, called "E" was sampled only once and corresponds to the slurry produced by temporary accumulation of solid waste in the open area of the dump. The ecotoxicological tests, acute and chronic, followed the ABNT 13373/2005 rules, with some modifications. The samples were characterized by measuring the pH number, the dissolved oxygen (DO), the salinity, BOD5, COD, Cd, Cu, Pb, Cr, Fe, Mg, Ni, and Zn. At Point A, the average number of EC50-48h ranged between 1.0% and 2.77% (v/v), showing a high toxicity of the leachate to C.dubia in all months. To this point, positive correlations were found between the EC50- 48 with precipitation. Negative correlations were found between the EC50- 48h with salinity. At point B there was no response of the acute exposure of organisms to the test samples. At point C the EC50-48h ranged from 17.68% to 35.36% in just two months of the five ones analyzed, not correlated meaning. Point D, the EC50-48h level ranged between 12.31% and 71.27%, showed a negative correlation with, only, precipitation. Although it was observed toxicity of underground water in the Landfill Area, there was no evidence of water contamination by leachate, however, due to the toxic character of this water, additional tests should be conducted to confirm the quality of water that is used for human supply. At point E there was no acute toxicity. These results support the dangers of inappropriate disposal of MSW to water bodies due to the high toxicity of the leachate produced highlighting the necessity of places of safe confinement and a treatment system more effective to it

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The incidence of toxic cyanobacterial blooms is one of the important consequences of eutrophication in aquatic ecosystems. It is a very common phenomenon in reservoirs and shrimp ponds in the State of Rio Grande do Norte (RN), Brazil. Cyanobacterias produce toxins which can affect aquatic organisms and men trough the food chain. Aiming to contribute to the studies of cyanobacterias in RN, we propose: a) to evaluate the toxicity of isolated cyanobacterias in important fresh-water environments; and b) to verify the effects of both natural and cultured blooms occurred in reservoirs for human supply and in the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia silvestrii. This study was carried out using samples of natural blooms occurred between March and October of 2004 in Gargalheiras Dam (08º L e 39º W), in July of 2004 in Armando Ribeiro Gonçalves Dam (06o S e 37o W) and in commercial shrimp ponds (Litopenaeus vannamei) located in fresh-water environments. The samples were collected with plankton net (20µm.) for identification, isolation and obtaining of phytoplanktonic biomass for liophilization and later toxicity bioassays. The toxicity of cultured samples and natural blooms was investigated through bioassays in Swiss mice. Quantification of cyanobacteria in samples was conducted following the Ütermol method, with 300mL samples fixed with lugol. The toxicity test with Ceriodaphnia silvestrii followed ABNT, 2001 recommendations, and were accomplished with natural hepatotoxic bloom s samples and cultured samples of both non-toxic and neurotoxic C. raciborskii. In this test, five newborns, aged between 6 and 24 hours, were exposed to different concentrations (0 a 800 mg.L-1) of crude cyanobacterial extracts during 24 and 48 hours. Three replicates were used per treatment. The pH, temperature and dissolved oxygen at the beginning and after 24 and 48hours from the test were measured. We estimated the CL50 through the Trimmed Spearman-Karber method. The blooms were constituted by Microcystis panniformis, M. aeruginosa, Anabaena circinalis, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and Planktothrix agardhii, producers of mycrocistin-LR confirmed with HPLC analysis. Samples of hepatotoxic blooms registered toxinogenic potential for C. silvestrii, with CL50-24h value of 47.48 mg.L-1 and CL5048h of 38.15 mg.L-1 for GARG samples in march/2005; CL50-24h of 113,13 mg.L-1 and CL5048h of 88,24 mg.L-1 for ARG July/2004; CL50-24h of 300.39 mg.L-1 and CL50-48h of 149.89 mg.L-1 for GARG October/2005. For cultured samples, values of CL50-24h and CL50-48h for C. raciborskii toxic strains were 228.05 and 120.28 mg.L-1, respectively. There was no mortality of C. silvestrii during the tests with non-toxic C. raciborskii strain. The toxicity test with C. silvestrii presented good sensitivity degree to cyanotoxins. The toxicity of natural hepatotoxic blooms samples (microcystins) and cultured neurotoxic saxitoxins producer samples analyzed in this study give us strong indications of that toxin s influence on the zooplanktonic community structure in tropical aquatic environments. Eleven cyanobacteria strains were isolated, representing 6 species: Anabaenopsis sp., Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, Chroococcus sp., Microcystis panniformis, Geitlerinema unigranulatum e Planktothrix agardhii. None presented toxicity in Swiss mice. The strains were catalogued and deposited in the Laboratório de Ecologia e Toxicologia de Organismos Aquáticos (LETMA), in UFRN, and will be utilized in ecotoxicológical and ecophysiological studies, aiming to clarify the causes and control of cyanobacterial blooms in aquatic environments in RN. This state s reservoirs must receive broader attention from the authorities, considering the constant blooms occurring in waters used for human consumption

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The current study examined spatial-temporal modifications and water quality through chemical and biotic indicators during both dry (January, February and November 2006) and wet seasons (March to June 2006). This study was carried out in Armando Ribeiro Gonçalves Reservoir, RN, Canal do Pataxó and after the water station treatment (WST). The physical-chemical parameters were measured in situ and inorganic nutrients, chlorophyll a and Free Oxygen Demand (FOD) were analyzed in laboratory conditions. Quali quantitative analyses of phytoplankton were carried out utilizing Sedgwick-Rafter camera. Results indicate that DQO concentrations were low. FOD concentrations in the reservoir were comparatively higher in the dry season (5.21 mgL-1; 5.64 mgL-1 e 6.05 mgL-1) in relation to the wet season (4.52 mgL-1; 4.12 mgL-1 e 4.92 mgL-1), in surface, intermediate and bottom waters, respectively. FOD values were inferior to 1.0mgL-1in both Canal do Pataxó and after WST, which is considered adequate for public use reservoirs. Although FOD concentrations were low, Armando Ribeiro Gonçalves Reservoir, Canal do Pataxó and WST were classified as euthophizied, mesotrophic ad oligotrophic, respectively, considering the Index of Trophic State Criteria. Chlorophyll a concentrations in the study reservoir were higher in the surface (199.2 µgL-1) during the wet season, whereas in Canal do Pataxó concentrations decreased from 1.56 µgL-1 to 0.028 µgL-1, and after WST values were low (0.059 µgL-1). Dominance of cianobacterias, such as Planktotrhix agardhii (dry season) and Microcystis sp (wet season) was registered in all three areas. In the reservoir and Canal do Pataxó, density of cianobacterias, such as P. agardhii and Microcistys sp., was superior to the values allowed by the Health ministry (HM). However, after WST, density values of cianobacteria were inferior to values established by the HM

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The dams are limnic ecosystems of great importance for its multiple uses, among them, water supply for the public and to culture of artisanal fish are most relevant. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the physical-chemical characteristics and the phytoplankton community in two chosen sites (Point 1 littoral zone of point source; Point 2 pelagic zone of non-point source) of the Minister João Alves dam, which is also known as Boqueirão de Parelhas/RN. This represents the spatial distribution of the phytoplankton species in order to understand any possible alterations of the water quality and the phytoplankton composition in relation to the water quality originating from the impact of the tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, culture. The study period also encompasses temporal variations exhibited in two seasons of an annual cycle, one during the dry season (Oct, Nov and Dec of 2008 and Jan of 2009), and the other rainy season (Mar, Apr, May and June of 2008) to extend the observation. The physicalchemical parameters, such as pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, concentration of dissolved oxygen were measured in situ and the values of the inorganic nutrients (nitrate, ammonium and orto-phosfato) and chlorophyll in the laboratory. The quali-quantitative analyses of the phytoplankton had been carried through sedimentation technique and the enumeration of the random of 400 cells, colonies and filaments counted using Sedgwick-Rafter counting chamber. The results of pH varied widely from the acidic to alkaline range with the minimum of 5.8 (± 0.8) and the maximum of 9.2 (± 0.7-0.8), at point 1 and 2. The dissolved oxygen content was higher in the rainy period than that in the dry period. The maximum electrical conductivity was of 1409 μScm-1 in point 1 and 431 minim of μScm-1, in point 2. There was a considerable alteration in the levels of inorganic nutrients such as nitrate-nitrogen, ammoniacal nitrogen and orthophosphate during the two cycles of study period. Phytoplankton assemblages presented a picture of alternate dominance among species Cyanobacteria, Bacillariophyceae and Chlorophyceae. The trophic state index diagnosed to the category of mesotrophic, which is based on the values of chlorophyll, total phosphorus and Secchi-disc measurements. The wind driven turbulence of the water column and the fresh inflow of water (flushing and dilution) during rainy season acted as constraint and did-not allow an exaggerated growth of the species of cyanobacteria. On the basis of the present we conclude that the culture of tilapias in cage-culture fails to produce pollution load that could compromise the quality of the water of the dam, probably be due to small dimension of the culture in relation to the size, volume of the water and the reservoir capacity support its own environment

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El presente trabajo es un informe final sobre los procesos de producción, logística y distribución de la empresa Bimbo. El informe está conformado por aspectos teóricos y prácticos, de esta manera, brinda información clara y concreta sobre los antecedentes más importantes de esta organización y su contribución a la productividad del país. La información presentada ha sido recolectada mediante una revisión teórica y una visita a sus instalaciones en Veracruz, México. De esta manera, se han estudiado sus procesos y logística de producción y cómo contribuyen en la eficiencia y calidad de la empresa; así mismo, son fundamentales para diagnosticar los aspectos a mejorar de la entidad. Por otro lado, gracias a la visita, se logró desarrollar habilidades administrativas que hasta el momento solo estaban en teoría. Llegar a un contexto real y con problemáticas evidentes permitió consolidar el aprendizaje que se obtuvo durante años en la carrera para plasmarlos en la labor. Así mismo, el detallar las instalaciones de Bimbo permitió alcanzar una mayor perspectiva con respecto a los aspectos importantes dentro del panorama organizacional; tales como la producción, la gestión y mejora de los procesos de la compañía. Esto se logró realizando labores correspondientes a la inspección, observación, revisión de logística y el análisis de los procesos productivos. El trabajo práctico indudablemente sirvió para acrecentar los conocimientos obtenidos en la universidad.

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As Boas Práticas de Fabricação (BPF) tem por objetivo principal a produção de produtos seguros ao consumidor, com consequente preservação da sua vida útil e melhoria em suas qualidades organolépticas. A fim de possibilitar a sistematização desses procedimentos e ajudar o setor vitivinícola, desenvolveu-se um Manual BPF tendo como base as vinícolas que participam do programa de Produção Integrada e a Cantina da Embrapa Uva e Vinho e como referência as Instruções Normativas Nº 05/2000 e Nº 17/2015, do MAPA e a RDC N° 275/2002, da ANVISA. O referido Manual pode ser dividido em três partes: introdutória, onde são descritos objetivos, âmbito de aplicação, legislações de referência, definição de termos técnicos utilizados e campos de identificação do estabelecimento; na segunda parte constam descrições da empresa, condições ambientais, instalações, edificações e saneamento, abastecimento de água, manejo de resíduos, higienização das instalações e equipamentos, móveis e utensílios utilizados, condições dos manipuladores e visitantes, como é realizado o controle integrado de vetores e pragas urbanas, a seleção das matérias-primas, ingredientes e embalagens, e o recolhimento de Alimentos; na última parte constam os fluxogramas dos produtos elaborados, os Procedimentos Operacionais Padrões (POPs), as Instruções de Trabalho e as referências utilizadas.

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Agriculture and livestock are key sectors of the Brazilian economy, which are essential for the country?s economic growth and for the equality between the domestic currency?s supply and demand. Agribusiness answered for about 23% of the gross domestic product (GDP) in 2015, according to Confederação Nacional da Agricultura (CNA), and reached 50.3% of total exports in February 2016, according to Secretaria de Relações Internacionais do Agronegócio (SRI) of Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (Mapa) (Brasil, 2016). Currently, this sector is recognized as the most competitive and efficient in Brazil, considering the global scenario.

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A segurança das áreas metropolitanas quanto ao abastecimento de água é um grande desafio para os próximos anos, especialmente no Brasil, devido ao crescimento descontrolado dos grandes centros urbanos, a expansão das áreas de mananciais e poluição. A bacia de Fervida, sub-bacia de Ribeirão da Onça, faz parte do Aquífero Carste presente na Região Metropolitana de Curitiba, Paraná. Nessa bacia há extração de água subterrânea e uma elevada demanda de água para a produção de hortaliças. Portanto, o objetivo desse estudo foi dimensionar a evapotranspiração e também o escoamento superficial, confrontando os dados obtidos nesse trabalho com os dados de pesquisa já efetuados e, dessa forma, colaborar para a compreensão do balanço hídrico dessa região. Para isso, foram analisados dados de vazão e precipitação entre 1998 e 2003, quando havia também monitoramento de vazão no exutório da bacia. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a pluviosidade média anual na bacia, para o período proposto no trabalho, foi de 1609 mm/a e a média anual de evaporação foi de, aproximadamente, 892 mm/a. Considerando o escoamento superficial e a extração de água por meio dos poços, verificou-se que o balanço hídrico da bacia foi negativo em 395 mm/a. Isso sugere que há entrada de fluxos subterrâneos, corroborando com resultados obtidos em outros trabalhos.

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A bacia do Rio Verde, localizada na Região Metropolitana de Curitiba (RMC) – Paraná – Brasil, é um dos mananciais de abastecimento da região, e se reveste de importância, tendo em vista que fornece água para a Refinaria Presidente Getúlio Vargas, da PETROBRÁS, que constitui o maior complexo petrolífero do Estado do Paraná. A sua ocupação, de início, predominantemente rural, se deu de forma caótica, assim como a urbana, sem planejamento algum. Tal situação terminou se refletindo no uso desordenado da terra, com significativas alterações nos ambientes fluviais, em seu entorno. Essa situação motivou o desenvolvimento da presente pesquisa, cujo objetivo foi o de analisar as áreas de risco ambiental na referida bacia, através do uso de sistemas de informação geográfica (SIG’s), para fins de gestão ambiental. Para a classificação e análise das unidades de mapeamento, foram gerados planos de informação a partir de cartas topográficas (escala 1:20.000 – 1976; fotografias aéreas (escala 1:30.000 – 2000) , imagem de satélite (2005), além de atualização de campo. Os resultados demonstraram que a bacia corre riscos ambientais, que demandam medidas mitigatórias, existindo a possibilidade de eutrofização do reservatório da represa, que pode determinar, no futuro, colapso quanto ao abastecimento de água  para a refinaria da PETROBRAS.

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Perspectivas Políticas e Teóricas da Agricultura Familiar. Perspectivas Políticas e Teóricas da Agricultura Familiar. Agricultura Familiar: Comercialização, Abastecimento e Autoconsumo. Agricultura Familiar e Organizações Coletivas. Agricultura Familiar: Perspectivas Metodológicas, Proposta e Experiências de Pesquisa.

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Vivemos a partir do século XXI um processo de modernização industrial com repercussão no aumento de serviços e comércio na RMRJ. A reestruturação produtiva, principalmente para atender ao setor de petróleo e gás em busca do “desenvolvimento” tem gerado impactos ambientais que influenciam diretamente o trabalho e a vida dos pescadores artesanais, num processo tanto acelerado quanto complexo de precarização da atividade, que resulta no surgimento de desigualdades sociais. Apesar da importância econômica no que tange ao abastecimento do mercado de alimentos via economia familiar, devido à falta de investimentos no setor, a pesca vem perdendo espaço para outras atividades urbanas, o que trás a necessidade de políticas de compensação. Diante da modernização do espaço, as contradições existentes orientam a favelização das áreas costeiras, processo comum na RMRJ. Essa pesquisa está em andamento e suas conclusões integrarão a tese de mestrado, onde o objetivo é investigar, via estudo de casos, a importância da produção de espaços tradicionalmente pesqueiros construídos em torno da baía de Guanabara, a existência de habitações precárias, popularmente denominadas, julgadas e desvalorizadas pelo rótulo de favelas, apesar da importância da atividade, tanto no sentido da sua reprodução econômica quanto no sentido da tradicional e cultural

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Aplicação de um sistema de indicadores intraurbano à cidade de São Luís para mensurar a sua desigualdade socioambiental. O sistema de indicadores foi dividido em quatro dimensões: Habitabilidade, Saneamento, Educação e Renda. Para compor as dimensões, foram utilizados os dados secundários do censo IBGE/2000, desagregados ao nível dos 780 setores censitários de São Luís (MA). A análise estatística dos dados foi fundamentada em técnicas multivariadas, a saber: Análise Fatorial (AF) e Análise de Clusters (AC). Para representação cartográfica das desigualdades foram confeccionados mapas através do programa ArcGIS versão 9.3. As desigualdades intraurbanas revelaram grandes discrepâncias quanto aos indicadores de acesso ao serviço de coleta de esgotos, seguido do serviço de coleta de resíduos sólidos e abastecimento de água. A dimensão renda do responsável foi o tópico que revelou a maior discrepância em relação às demais dimensões avaliadas. Através do sistema de indicadores intraurbanos, concluiu-se que espaço urbano é social e ambientalmente desigual.  

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A feira livre é uma modalidade de comércio muito antiga, pois seu papel tornou-se verdadeiramente importante a partir da Revolução Comercial por volta do século X, e sempre foi incentivada pelos governantes e mandatários do lugar, devido o seu movimento atrair renda e desenvolvimento para os locais onde essas atividades acontecem. No Brasil, essa atividade, durante muito tempo foi o aporte do abastecimento de alimentos dos povoados, sendo assim responsável pelo surgimento de diversos núcleos de povoamento urbanos no país. Assim, este artigo tem como objetivo geral analisar a dinâmica territorial que a feira livre de Demerval Lobão – Piauí provoca no espaço local semanalmente, para isso o problema constitui-se na seguinte questão: Como se processa a dinâmica e funcionamento da feira livre do município a qual leva ao surgimento de uma nova organização espacial no centro da cidade? O caminho metodológico da pesquisa teve como etapas, levantamento bibliográfico e documental, aplicação de entrevistas junto à comunidade local, sendo que a amostra utilizada foi aleatória e não-estratificada entre os feirantes e transeuntes. Dessa forma, constatou-se que mais de 53% dos feirantes já estão trabalhando neste local a mais de 11 anos, que de acordo com Correa (2001) representa exercer a profissão de feirante por um longo período de tempo.