Rapid determination of the active leflunomide metabolite A77 1726 in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography

A simple method for the measurement of the active leflunomide metabolite A77 1726 in human plasma by HPLC is presented. The sample workup was simple, using acetonitrile for protein precipitation. Chromatographic separation of A77 1726 and the internal standard, alpha-phenylcinnamic acid, was achieved using a C-18 column with UV detection at 305 nm. The assay displayed reproducible linearity for A77 1726 with determination coefficients (r(2)) > 0.997 over the concentration range 0.5-60.0 mug/ml. The reproducibility (%CV) for intra- and inter-day assays of spiked controls was

Population pharmacokinetics and association between A77 1726 plasma concentrations and disease activity measures following administration of leflunomide to people with rheumatoid arthritis

Aims To investigate the concentration-effect relationship and pharmacokinetics of leflunomide in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods Data were collected from 23 RA patients on leflunomide therapy (as sole disease modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD)) for at least 3 months. Main measures were A77 1726 (active metabolite of leflunomide) plasma concentrations and disease activity measures including pain, duration/intensity of morning stiffness, and SF-36 survey. A population estimate was sought for apparent clearance (CL/F ) and volume of distribution was fixed (0.155 l kg(-1)). Factors screened for influence on CL/F were weight, age, gender and estimated creatinine clearance. Results Significantly higher A77 1726 concentrations were seen in patients with less swollen joints and with higher SF-36 mental summary scores than in those with measures indicating more active disease (P < 0.05); concentration-effect trends were seen with five other disease activity measures. Statistical analysis of all disease activity measures showed that mean A77 1726 concentrations in groups with greater control of disease activity were significantly higher than those in whom the measures indicated less desirable control (P < 0.05). There was large between subject variability in the dose-concentration relationship. A steady-state infusion model best described the pharmacokinetic data. Inclusion of age as a covariate decreased interindividual variability (P < 0.01), but this would not be clinically important in terms of dosage changes. Final parameter estimate (% CV interindividual variability) for CL/F was 0.0184 l h(-1) (50%) (95% CI 0.0146, 0.0222). Residual (unexplained) variability (% CV) was 8.5%. Conclusions This study of leflunomide in patients using the drug clinically indicated a concentration-effect relationship. From our data, a plasma A77 1726 concentration of 50 mg l(-1) is more likely to indicate someone with less active disease than is a concentration around 30 mg l(-1). The marked variability in pharmacokinetics suggests a place for individualized dosing of leflunomide in RA therapy.

Validação de métodos analíticos e estudo preliminar de estabilidade da leflunomida

A leflunomida é um pró-fármaco anti-reumático encontrado na forma de comprimidos revestidos com nome comercial ARAVA que, in vivo, é rápida e extensamente convertida a seu metabólito ativo A77 1726. Considerando a ausência de metodologia de controle de qualidade na literatura para a leflunomida, foram desenvolvidos métodos de caracterização e quantificação da leflunomida matéria-prima e na forma de comprimido, além de estudo preliminar de sua estabilidade. As técnicas de ponto de fusão, espectroscopia no IV, RMN 1H e 13C e CLAE associada a detector de arranjo de diiodos foram utilizadas para identificação e caracterização da leflunomida. O A77 1726 foi sintetizado e caracterizado pelas técnicas de espectroscopia no IV, RMN 1H e 13C, CLAE e DSC. Foi desenvolvido e validado método analítico para quantificação da leflunomida em comprimidos por CLAE utilizando coluna C18, ACN:água (50:50) como fase móvel e detecção em 254 nm. O método apresentou parâmetros cromatográficos adequados e parâmetros de desempenho analítico satisfatórios, com limite de detecção de 10 ng/mL. Método por espectroscopia derivada no UV foi desenvolvido e validado como alternativa para quantificação da leflunomida em comprimidos. A comparação do método por UV derivada com a CLAE, para determinação da leflunomida em comprimidos, mostrou que os métodos são intercambiáveis, creditando a técnica de UV para testes de controle de qualidade de rotina. Foram realizados estudos de degradação forçada dos comprimidos de leflunomida submetendo amostras à temperatura de 80 ºC ou exposição à radiação UV a 254 nm com lâmpada germicida. O principal produto de degradação encontrado foi o A77 1726. Além disso, outro produto de degradação, com tempo de retenção de 5,5 min (CLAE), apresentou quantidades significativas no estudo de degradação térmica.

Abraham Ettlinger, Portrait. ( 1726-1811 )

This portrait is chronologically first in a series of members of the Ettlinger-Bielefeld family, Acc. 78.50 and 78.53

Arrêts du Grand Conseil en faveur des officiers commensaux de la maison du Roi et leurs femmes, pour les droits honorifiques dans l'église avant les marguilliers (des 14 février 1726 et 14 janvier 1727.)

[Acte. 1726-02-14. Paris]

« Voyage de M. le chevalier D'ALBERT dans les Indes orientales pendant les années 1724-1726 ».

Provient de Falconet, n° 17398.

L’ontologie des vertus dans l’Inquiry (1726) de Hutcheson

Hutcheson fonde sa théorie morale sur un « sens moral ». Ce sens nous permet de faire des distinctions morales (bien et mal). Cette théorie donnera lieu à un débat sur la réalité des valeurs morales. Selon certains commentateurs, nos distinctions morales portent sur des faits moraux réels que l’on peut connaître empiriquement grâce à notre sens moral. Inversement, certains soutiendront que le sens moral ne produit pas de connaissance morale. Les jugements moraux issus de ce sens sont des réponses émotionnelles plus ou moins fiables que l’on ressent face à des motivations qui nous semblent être vertueuses. Nous montrerons que, selon Hutcheson, nos jugements moraux sont bien des réponses émotionnelles, mais qu’ils ont néanmoins un critère d’objectivité. Notre sens moral, grâce à la Providence divine, a pour fonction de préserver le bien-être de l’humanité. Cette fonction du sens moral sert de critère pour évaluer le bon fonctionnement de ce sens moral.