Teores de poliaminas em alguns alimentos da dieta básica do povo brasileiro

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Exigência de proteína de alevinos de piavuçú

O piavuçu Leporinus macrocephalus apresenta hábito alimentar onívoro, alimentando-se de vegetais e sementes. Os alimentos protéicos apresentam maior custo se comparados aos alimentos energéticos. Portanto, quanto maior o teor de proteína nas rações, maior pode ser o custo de produção dos peixes. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a exigência de proteína bruta na dieta de alevinos de piavuçu (L. macrocephalus). Foram distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado 125 alevinos (0,625 0,011g), em 25 aquários de 30l, constituindo cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições. As dietas foram formuladas de forma a conter 22, 26, 30, 34 e 38% de proteína bruta e 3200kcal ED kg-1. Os peixes foram alimentados quatro vezes ao dia (8h, 11h, 14h e 17h). Os parâmetros de qualidade de água durante o período experimental permaneceram dentro das condições normais para o bom desempenho dos animais. Os melhores resultados de peso final, ganho de peso e conversão alimentar aparente foram observados para os peixes alimentados com rações contendo 34 e 38% de PB, diferindo (P<0,05) dos tratamentos com 22, 26 e 30% de PB. Também não ocorreu variação na deposição protéica e na taxa de eficiência protéica na carcaça dos animais. Recomenda-se a utilização de 34% de proteína bruta na dieta de alevinos de piavuçu (L. macrocephalus).

Spatial pattern detection modeling of thrips (Thrips tabaci) on onion fields

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Consumo de frutas, verduras e legumes associado à Síndrome Metabólica e seus componentes em amostra populacional adulta

A síndrome metabólica (SM) aumenta o risco de eventos cardiovasculares e o consumo adequado de frutas, verduras e legumes (FVL) está relacionado a sua prevenção. Objetivo: Identificar o consumo de FVL e sua relação com a SM e seus componentes em amostra populacional adulta. Estudo prospectivo de corte transversal com 636 indivíduos adultos, no período de 2004 a 2008. Foram realizadas avaliações antropométrica, clínica, dietética e bioquímica com todos participantes. A SM foi classificada pelo NCEP ATP-III, modificada para a glicose >100mg/dl. A regressão logística foi utilizada para verificar a razão de chance entre o consumo de FVL com a SM e seus componentes, e o nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. O consumo de frutas adequado se mostrou protetor para obesidade abdominal (OR: 0,77; IC: 0,38-0,93), hipertrigliceridemia (OR: 0,76; IC: 0,35-0,96) e presença de SM (OR: 0,78; IC: 0,39-0,96), e o consumo adequado de FVL apresentou efeito protetor para a presença de SM (OR: 0,79; IC: 0,41-0,95). A análise isolada do consumo adequado de verduras e legumes não mostrou efeitos de proteção/risco para a presença de SM e de seus componentes. O consumo adequado de FVL apresentou efeito protetor para a presença de SM e o consumo adequado de frutas exerceu efeito protetor tanto para a presença de SM e como de seus componentes.

Índice de qualidade da dieta de adolescentes residentes no distrito do Butantã, município de São Paulo, Brasil

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o índice de qualidade da dieta de adolescentes residentes no Distrito do Butantã do município de São Paulo, SP. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal de base populacional com uma amostra de 437 adolescentes, de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 12 e 19 anos. Foram obtidas amostras probabilísticas em dois estágios, setor censitário e domicílio, da área estudada. O consumo alimentar foi medido pelo método recordatório de 24 horas e a qualidade da dieta avaliada pelo Índice de Qualidade da Dieta adaptado para a realidade local. RESULTADOS: Dos adolescentes avaliados, 4% apresentaram dieta saudável, 68% dieta que necessita de melhora e 28% dieta inadequada. O sexo masculino apresentou maior pontuação para os componentes do Índice de Qualidade da Dieta cereais, hortaliças, leguminosas e variedade da dieta. O aumento no número de anos de estudo do chefe da família apresentou-se associado ao maior consumo dos grupos de alimentos: cereais, verduras e legumes, leite e produtos derivados e variedade de alimentos; a relação foi inversa para o grupo de leguminosas e sódio. CONCLUSÃO: A maioria dos adolescentes estudada não segue as recomendações dietéticas preconizadas, fato que pode comprometer a saúde futura desses indivíduos.

Qualidade da dieta de adolescentes: estudo de base populacional em Campinas, SP

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade global da dieta e a adequação do consumo de cada componente da dieta de adolescentes segundo fatores demográficos, socioeconômicos e índice de massa corporal (IMC). Trata-se de estudo transversal, de base populacional, que analisou amostra representativa de 409 adolescentes, de 12 a 19 anos, utilizando o Índice de Qualidade da Dieta (IQD). Foram estimadas as prevalências de dietas classificadas no 1º quartil do IQD e as médias de escores de cada componente do IQD. Regressões múltiplas linear e de Poisson foram utilizadas nas análises. O escore médio do IQD foi de 59,7. Observou-se menor prevalência de dietas inadequadas no segmento de melhor escolaridade do chefe da família. Os estratos de menor nível socioeconômico, avaliados por renda e escolaridade, mostram um consumo inferior de verduras e legumes, frutas, leite e derivados e menor variedade da dieta e uma ingestão superior de cereais e derivados e leguminosas. Adolescentes com sobrepeso/obesidade consomem mais carnes e ovos e menos frutas comparados aos que apresentam baixo peso/eutrofia. As meninas tiveram maior ingestão de gordura total e menor ingestão de sódio. Os resultados identificam os componentes que merecem atenção nas estratégias de promoção de alimentação saudável e os segmentos mais vulneráveis à má alimentação.

Giardíase e helmintíases em crianças de creches e escolas de 1° e 2° graus (públicas e privadas) da cidade de Mirassol (SP, Brasil)

O presente trabalho mostrou freqüências diferentes de parasitoses intestinais (giardíase e helmintíases) entre crianças de pré-escolas e de escolas de 1 e 2 Graus, públicas e privadas. Pesquisou-se 199 indivíduos, sendo 96 pertencentes às instituições públicas e 103 pertencentes às instituições particulares. Nas instituições públicas as freqüências de giardíase foram maiores que nas instituições privadas. Para as helmintíases, as freqüências foram semelhantes entre as creches, porém maiores na escola pública em relação à particular. Indicadores do nível sócio-econômico, de escolaridade, de saneamento básico, como determinantes de parasitose intestinal, evidenciaram que as maiores freqüências de parasitoses ocorreram tanto entre as crianças de baixa renda quanto entre as que tinham pais com nível de escolaridade mais baixo. Também a origem das hortaliças foi um fator significativo para determinação destas parasitoses.

Detection of carbamate pesticides in vegetable samples using cholinesterase-based biosensors

Biosensors for determination of carbamates in vegetables based on five different cholinesterases as biorecognition elements and a screen-printed electrode system as an amperometric transducer were developed. Measurements were simply performed by dropping solutions (either sample or substrate) directly on the biosensor. The response of biosensors to selected carbamates (aldicarb, carbaryl, carbofuran, methomyl and propoxur) was characterized. The performance was evaluated on extracts of potatoes and carrots, the results from the AChE biosensor and a standard HPLC procedure were compared. Finally, the biosensor was used for the direct analysis of vegetable juices without any pretreatment steps. In this case, 10 mu g/L levels of added carbofuran and propoxur were reliably identified. The whole procedure takes less than 20 min including 10 min incubation with samples. The concentrations of carbamates determined with biosensor agreed well for carbofuran. Lower response was observed for propoxur.

Comparison of different clean-up procedures for the determination of N-methylcarbamate insecticides in vegetable matrices by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection

Several clean-up procedures which included the use of glass chromatography columns (silica gel, alumina, Florisil, silanized Celite-charcoal), Sep-Pak cartridges and standard solutions were compared for the determination of the following N-methylcarbamate (NMC) insecticides: aldicarb, carbaryl, carbofuran, methomyl and propoxur. According to recovery results of the compounds after elution in a glass column, the most efficient systems employed 4.6% deactivated alumina and a silanized Celite-charcoal (4:1) as adsorbents, using dichloromethane-methanol (99:1) and toluene-acetonitrile (75:25) mixtures, respectively, as binary eluents. The recoveries of the compounds studied varied from 84 to 120%. Comparable recoveries (75-100%) for Sep-Pak cartridges in normal phase (NH2, CN) and reversed phase (C-8) were observed. Different temperatures were tested during the concentration step in a rotary evaporator, and we verified a strong influence of this parameter on the stability of some compounds, such as carbofuran and carbaryl. Recovery studies employing the best clean up procedures were performed at the Brazilian agricultural level in potato and carrot samples; Validation methodology of the US Food and Drug Administration was adapted for the N-methylcarbamate analysis. Their recoveries ranged between 79 and 93% with coefficients of variation of 2.3-8%. (C) 1998 Elsevier B.V. B.V.

beta-carotene and other carotenoids as antioxidants

Carotenoids are natural pigments which are synthesized by plants and are responsible for the bright colors of various fruits and vegetables. There are several dozen carotenoids in the foods that we eat, and most of these carotenoids have antioxidant activity. beta-carotene has been best studied since, in most countries it is the most common carotenoid in fruits and vegetables. However, in the U.S., lycopene from tomatoes now is consumed in approximately the same amount as beta-carotene. Antioxidants (including carotenoids) have been studied for their ability to prevent chronic disease, beta-carotene and others carotenoids have antioxidant properties in vitro and in animal models. Mixtures of carotenoids or associations with others antioxidants (e.g. vitamin E) can increase their activity against free radicals. The use of animals models for studying carotenoids is limited since most of the animals do not absorb or metabolize carotenoids similarly to humans.Epidemiologic studies have shown an inverse relationship between presence of various cancers and dietary carotenoids or blood carotenoid levels. However, three out of four intervention trials using high dose beta-carotene supplements did not show protective effects against cancer or cardiovascular disease. Rather, the high risk population (smokers and asbestos workers) in these intervention trials showed an increase in cancer and angina cases. It appears that carotenoids (including beta-carotene) can promote health when taken at dietary levels, but may have adverse effects when taken in high dose by subjects who smoke or who have been exposed to asbestos. It will be the task of ongoing and future studies to define the populations that can benefit from carotenoids and to define the proper doses, lengths of treatment, and whether mixtures, lather than single carotenoids (e.g. beta-carotene) are more advantageous.

Validation of an immunoassay method for the determination of traces of carbaryl in vegetable and fruit extracts by liquid chromatography with photodiode array and mass spectrometric detection

A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method for carbaryl quantitation in crop extracts was validated by liquid chromatography (LC) with diode array detection (DAD). For this purpose, six crops (banana, carrot, green bean, orange, peach and potato) were chosen for recovery and reproducibility studies. The general sample preparation included extraction with methanol followed by liquid-liquid partitioning and clean-up on Celite-charcoal adsorbent column of the vegetable extracts. ELISA samples consisted of a diluted LC extract in assay phosphate buffer (pH 7.5). The potential effect of methanol in these samples was evaluated. It was observed that a maximum content of 10% methanol present in the assay buffer could be tolerated without expressive losses in the ELISA performance. Under these conditions, a IC50 similar to 1.48 mu g l(-1) was obtained. A minimum matrix effect with a 1:50 dilution of the methanolic extracts in assay buffer was noticed, except for green bean samples that inhibited completely the assay. For the vegetable extracts, the ELISA sensitivities varied from 3.9 to 5.7 mu g l(-1), and good recoveries (82-96%) with R.S.D.s ranging from 5.7 to 12.1% were found. An excellent correlation between the LC-DAD and ELISA techniques was obtained. The confirmation of the carbaryl in less concentrated samples was achieved by LC-mass spectrometry interfaced with atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation. The [M + H](+)= 202 and [M + H-57](+)=145 ions, equivalent to the protonated molecular and l-naphthol ions, respectively, were used to carbaryl identification in these samples. (C) 1998 Elsevier B.V. B.V. All rights reserved.

Diversidade de bactérias de solo sob vegetação natural e cultivo de hortaliças

The microorganisms are essential components in the maintenance of the biological and physicochemical balance of the soil. They exert important function including the degradation of residues of plants and animals and the release of nutrients in the alimentary chain. This work had as objective to compare the microbiota of a soil under bush covering (SMS) and other cropped with vegetables (SHC), suppressive or not it Rhizoctonia solani. Total microbial community DNA was extracted of soils, amplification for PCR of the genes 16S rDNA, inserted into pGEM (R)-T cloning vector and sequencing of the genes of the ribosomal RNA. The analysis of the results demonstrated that this methodology was efficient for evaluation of bacteria in ground. In the bush soil suppressive the microorganisms more found belonged to the phyla of the Acidobacterias, Verrucomicrobia and Actinobacterias and in the soil cultivated with vegetables the biggest frequency was of organisms pertaining to the phyla of the Proteobacterias, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes.

Performance of Cultivars for Production of Green Corn in Different Planting Dates in Passos Region, MG

The aim of this work was evaluating the performance of several cultivars of green corn for consumption 'in natura' in different planting dates. The first planting date was on May 26th, and the others, every 40 days. The hybrids (treatments) were: AG-1051, Agroeste 1567, BM-3061, Prezoto-32D10, PL-6880, BX-1382 and GNZ-2004. The following characteristics were evaluated: production, commercial ears weight without husk, commercial ears number, commercial ears diameter and length, male flowering, plant height and height of ear corn insertion. The cultivars AG1051, Agroeste 1567 and BM 3061 presented the best results compared to the others and they should be used in green corn production for ` in natura' consumption in Passos County, MG.

Work and technological innovation in organic agriculture

Organic agriculture is a sustainable cultivation ecologically, economically and socially. Several researches in organic agriculture have been made from technical perspectives, economic traits or related to ecological aspects. There are practically no investigations into the nature of the technology used in organic agriculture, especially from an ergonomic perspective. From the activity analysis, this study aimed to map the technology used in the production of organic vegetables. Properties producing organic vegetables were selected representing the State of São Paulo. It was applied an instrument (questionnaire and semi-structured interview) with their managers and it was made visual records to identify adaptations, innovations and technological demands that simultaneously minimize the workload and the difficulties in performing the tasks and increase work productivity. For some of the technological innovations a digital scanner was used to generate a virtual solid model to facilitate its redesign and virtual prototyping. The main results show that organic farmers have little technology in product form. The main innovations that enable competitive advantage or allow higher labor productivity occur in the form of processes, organization and marketing.

Vernalização e corte do terço apical dos bulbos na produção e qualidade de sementes de cebola

The onion (Allium cepa L.) belongs to the family Alliaceae, and the second vegetables in economic importance. It horticultural culture of high relevance, in central-south and in the far south, is highlighting the states of São Paulo, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and Parana. The bulbificacion only begins when the combination of the determinants of bulbificacion (photoperiod and temperature) of each cultivar is reached. It Can be grown in tropical regions with the use of vernalization of the bulbs. The objective of this study is to identify the efficiency in the production of seed, onion depending on the cut or not the bulb before the period of vernalization. The analysis of the variables consisted: humidity; number of seeds; mass of seeds for umbel; umbels number; number of seeds for umbel; total number of flowers and of fecundated flowers; number of seeds for capsule; total mass of seeds; emergency percentage; vigor percentage; index of emergency speed and mass of 100 seeds humidity; number of seeds; mass of seeds for umbel; umbels number; number of seeds for umbel; total number of flowers and of fecundated flowers; number of seeds for capsule; total mass of seeds; emergency percentage; vigor percentage; index of emergency speed and mass of 100 seeds, using the cultivars Baia Periforme and Texas Grano. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four replicates, there was 80 plants for replicate, each parcel was conduced with 20 plants distributed in 4 lines of 5 plants with spacing of 20cm between plants and lines which was avaliated the 6 central plants. The seeds production not variated between cultivars Texas Grano e Baia Periforme. The cultivar Texas Grano showed seeds with more physiological quality. The cut or not cut of the bulbs not changed the physiological quality of the seeds. But utilization of whole bulbs resulted more yield of seeds with more flowers number and fertilized flower in Baia Periforme, more value of the total mass of seeds, number of seeds by plant and number and mass of seed by umbel in two cultivars.