Association analysis of a highly polymorphic CAG Repeat in the human potassium channel gene KCNN3 and migraine susceptibility

Background Migraine is a polygenic multifactorial disease, possessing environmental and genetic causative factors with multiple involved genes. Mutations in various ion channel genes are responsible for a number of neurological disorders. KCNN3 is a neuronal small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel gene that contains two polyglutamine tracts, encoded by polymorphic CAG repeats in the gene. This gene plays a critical role in determining the firing pattern of neurons and acts to regulate intracellular calcium channels. Methods The present association study tested whether length variations in the second (more 3') polymorphic CAG repeat in exon 1 of the KCNN3 gene, are involved in susceptibility to migraine with and without aura (MA and MO). In total 423 DNA samples from unrelated individuals, of which 202 consisted of migraine patients and 221 non-migraine controls, were genotyped and analysed using a fluorescence labelled primer set on an ABI310 Genetic Analyzer. Allele frequencies were calculated from observed genotype counts for the KCNN3 polymorphism. Analysis was performed using standard contingency table analysis, incorporating the chi-squared test of independence and CLUMP analysis. Results Overall, there was no convincing evidence that KCNN3 CAG lengths differ between Caucasian migraineurs and controls, with no significant difference in the allelic length distribution of CAG repeats between the population groups (P = 0.090). Also the MA and MO subtypes did not differ significantly between control allelic distributions (P > 0.05). The prevalence of the long CAG repeat (>19 repeats) did not reach statistical significance in migraineurs (P = 0.15), nor was there a significant difference between the MA and MO subgroups observed compared to controls (P = 0.46 and P = 0.09, respectively), or between MA vs MO (P = 0.40). Conclusion This association study provides no evidence that length variations of the second polyglutamine array in the N-terminus of the KCNN3 channel exert an effect in the pathogenesis of migraine.

Modelling studies on neurodegenerative disease causing triplet repeat sequences d(CGG/GCC) and d(CAG/CTG): Duplexes vs Quadruplexes

Model building and molecular mechanics studies have been carried out to examine the potential structures for d(GGC/GCC)5 and d(CAG/CTG)5 that might relate to their biological function and association with triplet repeat expansion diseases. Model building studies suggested that hairpin and quadruplex structures could be formed with these repeat sequences. Molecular mechanics studies have demonstrated that the hairpin and hairpin dimmer structures of triplet repeat sequences formed by looping out of the two strands are as favourable as the corresponding B-DNA type hetero duplex structures. Further, at high salt condition, Greek key type quadruplex structures are energetically comparable with hairpin dimer and B-DNA type duplex structures. All tetrads in the quadruplex structures are well stacked and provide favourable stacking energy values. Interestingly, in the energy minimized hairpin dimer and Greek key type quadruplex structures, all the bases even in the non-G tetrads are cyclically hydrogen bonded, even though the A, C and T-tetrads were not hydrogen bonded in the starting structures.

Interaction of normal and expanded CAG repeat sizes influences age at onset of Huntington disease

Huntington disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by the abnormal expansion of CAG repeats in the HD gene on chromosome 4p16.3. Past studies have shown that the size of expanded CAG repeat is inversely associated with age at onset (AO) of HD. It is not known whether the normal Huntington allele size influences the relation between the expanded repeat and AO of HD. Data collected from two independent cohorts were used to test the hypothesis that the unexpanded CAG repeat interacts with the expanded CAG repeat to influence AO of HD. In the New England Huntington Disease Center Without Walls (NEHD) cohort of 221 HD affected persons and in the HD-MAPS cohort of 533 HD affected persons, we found evidence supporting an interaction between the expanded and unexpanded CAG repeat sizes which influences AO of HD (P = 0.08 and 0.07, respectively). The association was statistically significant when both cohorts were combined (P=0.012). The estimated heritability of the AO residual was 0.56 after adjustment for normal and expanded repeats and their interaction. An analysis of tertiles of repeats sizes revealed that the effect of the normal allele is seen among persons with large HD repeat sizes (47-83). These findings suggest that an increase in the size of the normal repeat may mitigate the expression of the disease among HD affected persons with large expanded CAG repeats. (C) 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Estudo do polimorfismo CAG do receptor de androgênio em pacientes com hiperplasia prostática benigna

A Hiperplasia Prostática Benigna (HPB) é uma anormalidade proliferativa relacionada com a idade e muito freqüente no período da senescência. A Prevalência da HPB encontra-se em torno de 40 a 50% aos 50 anos e de aproximadamente 80% aos 70 anos. A patogênese da formação tumoral tem sido estreitamente associada à ação dos hormônios esteróides. Os efeitos androgênicos são mediados pela testosterona e dihidrotestosterona (DHT) nas células alvo e suas ações têm sido demonstradas na morfogênese, diferenciação, proliferação celular e secreções da glândula prostática. A ligação dos androgênios promove a ativação do receptor de androgênios, recrutamento de cofatores, promovendo a transcrição de genes alvo hormônio-dependentes. O gene do AR humano está localizado no cromossomo X apresentando regiões polimórficas no exon 1. O polimorfismo CAG é o mais estudado e seu número de repetições está inversamente correlacionado com a atividade transcricional do receptor. Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a freqüência do polimorfismo CAG do AR em uma amostra da população masculina do Rio Grande do Sul com e sem HPB e verificar se o número de repetições está relacionado com o desenvolvimento da HPB. Foram avaliados 44 pacientes com HPB e 52 controles. O DNA foi extraído de leucócitos do sangue periférico. A região do gene do AR correspondente ao polimorfismo CAG foi amplificada por reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR). O produto da PCR foi avaliado por eletroforese capilar e analisado pelo software Genemapper no seqüenciador automático ABI3100 Avant. A análise estatística foi feita através do teste t para amostras independentes, teste de qui-quadrado, análise de regressão linear múltipla e análise de variância seguida pelo teste complementar de Duncan quando mais de três grupos foram comparados. O número de repetiçoes CAG variou de 16 a 30 no grupo controle e de 16 à 31 no grupo HPB. A média de repetições foi de 22,27  3,04 e 21,64  2,89 respectivamente (p=0,30). A testosterona sérica diferiu entre os grupos HPB (4,18  1,34 ng/dl) e controles (4,92  1,29 ng/dl), sendo menor no grupo com HPB (p=0,009). A correlação entre estas variáveis é de 0,256 (p= 0,014). Porém, quando corrigida pela idade, a correlação diminui e perdeu a significância (p=0,104). Estes resultados sugerem que não há correlação entre o número de repetições CAG e o risco de HPB na amostra estudada. Os níveis séricos de testosterona não estão associados com o número de repetições CAG. Pacientes com HPB têm níveis de testosterona mais baixos que os controles.

Shorter CAG repeat length in the AR gene is associated with poor outcome in head and neck cancer

Objective: Alterations in the size of the [CAG](n) repeats of the AR gene have been described in several types tumors. The purpose of this study was to evaluate if there is an association between the AR [CAG](n) repeat alleles and the relative risk for head and neck cancer and to analyse microsatellite instability (MSI) and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in these tumors.Design: Matched samples of blood and head and neck tumors were evaluated using two methodologies, silver-stained gels to perform the analyses of MSI and LOH, and automated analysis to confirm these results and for genotyping of the AR [CAG](n), repeat length. Sixty-nine individuals without cancer were used as a control group for both procedures. The Log-rank test was used to compare overall survival and disease-free survival curves. The Cox proportional hazards regression models were performed to determine the [CAG], repeats as an independent prognostic factor.Results: Patients with alleles <= 20 in the male group showed a correlation with lower disease-free survival (P = 0.0325) and with recurrence or metastasis (RR 2.52, CI 95%). in the female group, the allele 2 (longer allele) showed a significant lower mean of [CAG](n), repeat when compared to the control group. Microsatellite instability was detected in nine cases in both procedures. In six out of these nine cases, we observed a reduction of the AR [CAG](n) repeat length. LOH was detected in one out of 17 women informative for oral cancer in both procedures.Conclusion: These results suggest that short [CAG](n) repeat length (: 20) polymorphism is associated with poor prognosis in a subset of male patients with head and neck cancer and that AR gene microsatellite instability is uncommon in these tumors. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.