Biogeography of Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei : Characiformes : Characidae) revisited: phylogenetic patterns, historical geology and genetic connectivity

The biogeography of the Glandulocaudinae ( former Glandulocaudini) is reviewed. The major pattern of diversification presented by this group of freshwater fishes can be clearly associated to the main aspects of the tectonic evolution of the southern portion of the Cis-Andean South American Platform. The phylogenetic relationships within the group suggest that the clade represented by Lophiobrycon is the sister-group of the more derived clade represented by the genus Glandulocauda and Mimagoniates. Lophiobrycon and Glandulocauda occur in areas of the ancient crystalline shield of southeastern Brazil and their present allopatric distribution is probably due to relict survival and tectonic vicariant events. Populations of Glandulocauda melanogenys are found in contiguous drainages in presently isolated upper parts of the Tiete, Guaratuba, Itatinga, and Ribeira de Iguape basins and this pattern of distribution is probably the result of river capture caused by tectonic processes that affected a large area in eastern and southeastern Brazil. The species of Mimagoniates are predominantly distributed along the eastern and southeastern coastal areas, but M. microlepis is additionally found in the rio Iguacu and Tibagi basins. Mimagoniates barberi occurs in both SW margin of the upper rio Parana basin and the lower Paraguay and Mimagoniates sp. occurs in the upper Paraguay river basin. Tectonic activations of the Continental Rift of Southeastern Brazil along the eastern margin of the Upper Parana basin promoted population fragmentation responsible of the present day distribution presented by Glandulocauda melanogenys. We hypothesize that occurrence of Mimagoniates along the lowland area around the Parana basin was due to a single or a multiple fragmentation of populations along the W-SW border of the upper Parana Basin, probably due to the major tectonic origin of the Chaco-Pantanal wetland foreland basins since the Miocene as well as Cenozoic tectonic activity along the borders of the upper Parana basin, such as in the eastern Paraguay, in the Asuncion Rift. Distributional pattern of Mimagoniates suggests that its initial diversification may be related to the tectonic evolution of the Chaco-Pantanal foreland basin system and a minimum age of 2.5 M.Y are proposed for this monophyletic group. Previous hypotheses on sea level fluctuations of the late Quaternary as being the main causal mechanism promoting cladogenesis and speciation of the group are critically reviewed. Phylogeographic studies based on molecular data indicate significant differences among the isolated populations of M. microlepis. These findings suggest that a much longer period of time and a paleogeographic landscape configuration of the Brazilian southeastern coastal region explain the present observed phylogenetic and biogeographic patterns.

Two new species of Loricariidae (Teleostei: Siluriformes) from main channels of the upper and middle Amazon Basin, with discussion of deep water specialization in loricariids

Hemiancistrus pankimpuju, new species, and Panaque bathyphilus, new species, are described from the main channel of the upper (Maranon) and middle (Solimoes)Amazon River, respectively. Both species are diagnosed by having a nearly white body, long filamentous extensions of both simple caudal-fin rays, small eyes, absence of an iris operculum and unique combinations of morphometrics. The coloration and morphology of these species, unique within Loricariidae, are hypothesized to be apomorphies associated with life in the dark, turbid depths of the Amazon mainstem. Extreme elongation of the caudal filaments in these and a variety of other main channel catfishes is hypothesized to have a mechanosensory function associated with predator detection.

Chromosome polymorphism in Astyanax fasciatus (Teleostei, Characidae). 2-Chromosomal location of a satellite DNA

Studies about composition of repetitive sequences and their chromosomal location have been helpful to evolutionary studies in many distinct organisms. In order to keep on assessing the possible relationships among different cytotypes of Astyanax fasciatus (Teleostei, Characiformes) in the Mogi-Guacu River (Sao Paulo State, Brazil), C-banding, chromomycin A 3 staining, and fluorescent in situ hybridization with a repetitive DNA sequence (As51) isolated from Astyanax scabripinnis were performed in the present work. The constitutive heterochromatin was distributed in terminal regions on long arms of submetacentric, subtelocentric, and acrocentric chromosomes and in the terminal region on short arms of a pair of submetacentric chromosomes in both standard cytotypes. This latter heterochromatic site was also GC-rich, as revealed by chromomycin A(3) staining, corresponding to the nucleolar organizer region (NOR), as shown by previous studies. The sites of the satellite As51 DNA were located in terminal regions on long arms of several chromosomes. Some variant karyotypic forms, which diverge from the two standard cytotypes, also presented distinctive chromosomes carrying As51 satellite DNA. It is possible that the standard 2n = 46 cytotype represents an invader population in the Mogi-Guacu River able to interbreed with the resident standard 2n = 48 cytotype. Therefore, the variant karyotypes would be related to a possible viable offspring, where complementary chromosomal rearrangements could favor new locations of the satellite DNA analyzed. Copyright (C) 2008 S. Karger AG, Basel

Patterns of oocyte development in natural habitat and captive Salminus hilarii Valenciennes, 1850 (Teleostei: Characidae)

Fecundity and oocyte development in Salminus hilarii female brood stock were analyzed with the aim of investigating the impact of migration impediment on oogenesis. Histological analyses of the ovaries were performed in adult females caught in two different environments-the TietA(a) River (natural) and captivity-and the gonadossomatic index, oocyte diameter and fecundity determined. Five germ cell development stages (oogonium, perinucleolar, cortical alveoli, vitellogenic, ripe) and two other structures (postovulatory follicles and atretic oocytes) were observed in females caught in the river. Captive animals lacked the ripe oocytes and postovulatory follicles and had a relatively higher number of atretic oocytes. Females in captivity are known to produce larger oocytes, and they release fewer eggs in each spawn (absolute fecundity) when compared with animals that are able to migrate. Our results suggest that the TietA(a) River is undergoing alterations which are being reflected in the reproductive performance of S. hilarii, mainly due to the presence of atretic oocytes in females caught in the river. The lack of postovulatory follicles and ripe oocytes in captive animals reveals that migratory impediment negatively impacts final oocyte maturation. However, the stage of maturation reached is adequate for ovulation induction with hormone manipulation.

Conservation genetic studies of the endangered Cape Fear Shiner, Notropis mekistocholas (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)

Genetic variation at ten microsatellite lociand one anonymous-nuclear locus was assayed for three geographic samples of the criticallyendangered North American cyprinid Notropis mekistocholas (Cape Fear shiner). Despite low abundance of this species, there was little suggestion of small population effects; allele diversity and heterozygosity were relatively high, F_IS values within samples were non-significant, and genotypes were distributed in frequencies according to Hardy-Weinberg expectations. Genetic divergence among samples was minimal despite the presence of dams, constructed in the early1900s, that separate the sample sites. This suggests that recent gene flow has been sufficient to inhibit genetic divergence or that gene flow has been reduced but there has been insufficient time for genetic divergence to develop. Tests of heterozygosity excess were non-significant, suggesting that N.mekistocholas in the localities sampled have not undergone recent reductions ineffective population size. Future studies employing larger sample sizes to provide more robust tests of population structure and temporally separated samples to estimate contemporaneous N_e are warranted.

Análise comparada de caracters reprodutivos e da glândula branquial de duas espécies de cheirodontinae (Teleostei: Characidae)

Este trabalho descreve comparativamente o ciclo reprodutivo de duas espécies de Cheirodontinae: Compsura heterura, com inseminação, e Odontostilbe sp., de fecundação externa e analisa a sua relação com o desenvolvimento dos caracteres sexuais secundários, como ganchos da nadadeira anal e glândula branquial. Espécimes de Compsura heterura foram obtidos no rio Ceará Mirim, Rio Grande do Norte, entre abril de 2001 e abril de 2002 e de Odontostílbe sp. no rio Ibicuí Mirim, Rio Grande do Sul, entre abril de 2001 e março de 2002. O período reprodutivo, estabelecido através da variação mensal dos valores médios do índice gonadossomático (IGS) e análise histológica das gônadas, estendeu-se de janeiro de 2001 a abril de 2002 em C. heterura. Odontostilbe sp. apresentou dois períodos reprodutivos, o primeiro durante setembro e outubro de 2001, e o segundo entre janeiro e fevereiro de 2002. A temperatura, em machos e fêmeas, e pluviosidade, somente nas fêmeas, foram os fatores determinantes no desencadeamento do processo reprodutivo em C. heterura, uma vez que os mesmos apresentaram correlações significativas com a variação do IGS. Já em Odontostílbe sp., de região subtropical, o fotoperíodo foi o fator que apresentou a maior correlação. A fecundidade absoluta média de C. heterura foi de 434 + ou - 112 ovócitos e a fecundidade relativa média de 0,55 ovócitos por mg de peso total, semelhante a de outros queirodontíneos com fecundação externa. A fecundidade absoluta média de Odontostílbe sp. foi mais elevada, variando de 722 + ou - 179 ovócitos no primeiro período reprodutivo (setembro e outubro) e 869+ ou - 222 ovócitos no segundo período (janeiro e fevereiro), e a fecundidade relativa média de 0,71 e 0,89 ovócitos por miligramas de peso em cada um dos períodos. As fases de ovogênese e espermatogênese são discutidas e caracterizadas a fim de auxiliar na classificação microscópica dos estádios de maturação gonadal. Fêmeas de C. heterura em maturação apresentaram espermatozóides nos ovários, indicando que a inseminação pode ocorrer antes do período reprodutivo e que fêmeas são receptivas a corte antes da maturação. Machos das duas espécies apresentam gônadas ativas e espermatozóides mesmo fora da época de reprodução, estando permanentemente aptos a fecundação. Odontostilbe sp. apresenta espermatozóides com o núcleo arredondado, típico de espécies de fecundação externa, e C. heterura possui espermatozóides com núcleo alongado, característico de espécies com inseminação. Caracteres de dimorfismo sexual secundário são mais desenvolvidos na espécie com inseminação (C. heterura) do que na espécie de fecundação externa (Odontostilbe sp.). Os ganchos em C. heterura são longos e finos e mais numerosos nas regiões anterior e posterior da nadadeira anal, enquanto que em Odontostilbe sp. os ganchos são pequenos e restritos aos raios anteriores da nadadeira. Em ambas as espécies, machos maduros apresentaram ganchos durante todo o ano, indicando que estas estruturas não são perdidas após o período reprodutivo. As duas espécies apresentam glândula branquial na região mais ventral do primeiro arco branquial e ainda no segundo arco em C. heterura. Na glândula branquial os filamentos branquiais apresentam-se fusionados por tecido epitelial estratificado, impedindo a circulação de água e causando a perda da função respiratória e desenvolvendo células cilíndricas secretoras entre as Iamelas secundárias. A glândula branquial de C. heterura é formada por até 15 filamentos e de Odontostilbe sp. por até 10 filamentos. Machos imaturos e fêmeas não desenvolveram esta estrutura, apenas machos em maturação e maduros. O desenvolvimento dos dois caracteres sexuais secundários examinados (ganchos e glândula branquial) ocorre somente após o início da maturação dos testículos, sendo relacionados a maturação gonadal e não ao tamanho dos indivíduos.

Biologia reprodutiva e hábito alimentar de Eigenmannia trilineata López & Castello, 1966 (Teleostei, Sternopygidae) do Parque Estadual de Itapuã, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

Resumo não disponível.

Análise comparada de caracteres reprodutivos em três linhagens de Characidae (Teleostei : Ostariophysi) com inseminação

As espécies de peixes de água doce neotropicais constituem um dos agrupamentos mais diversos do planeta, tanto em termos de riqueza de espécies como em relação à diversidade de formas, comportamentos e modos de vida. A reprodução é um dos aspectos mais interessantes e importantes desta plasticidade, podendo-se encontrar praticamente todos os mecanismos de reprodução sexuada entre as espécies de peixes. Apesar da importância do conhecimento sobre a reprodução dos peixes, relativamente poucos estudos tratam deste tema, sobretudo se considerado o número de espécies descritas para o Neotrópico. Há poucos anos, a maioria dos trabalhos sobre reprodução de peixes contemplavam as espécies de maior porte, de interesse comercial. Nos últimos anos, vem aumentando o volume de informações disponíveis acerca das características reprodutivas de espécies de menor porte, sobretudo aquelas da família Characidae, a mais numerosa entre os Characiformes neotropicais. Embora represente um importante avanço, o conhecimento da biologia reprodutiva das espécies de água doce de grande ou pequeno porte é ainda incipiente. Além disso, muitos trabalhos deixam de abordar vários aspectos da reprodução das espécies estudadas, dificultando a análise comparada do conjunto de dados disponíveis, bem como o estabelecimento de padrões reprodutivos para a ictiofauna do Neotrópico. Este trabalho visa contribuir para o conhecimento da biologia reprodutiva de espécies de peixes de água doce da família Characidae, oferecendo novas informações sobre diversos aspectos da reprodução de três espécies que apresentam uma estratégia reprodutiva peculiar, a inseminação, pertencentes a três linhagens diferentes de caracídeos.O trabalho objetiva ainda analizar estes dados, juntamente com os disponíveis na literatura, dentro do contexto da filogenia e da biologia comparada, procurando compreender melhor os padrões e processos envolvidos nos aspectos reprodutivos destas espécies. O primeiro trabalho apresentado (“Evolução, comportamento, história de vida e filogenia: um estudo de caso em peixes caracídeos com inseminação”) discute a influência das relações genealógicas e filéticas na reprodução e no comportamento, e o uso de caracteres reprodutivos e comportamentais como ferramentas em análises filogenéticas. No segundo trabalho (“Biologia reprodutiva de Diapoma terofali (Eigenmann, 1915) (Teleostei: Glandulocaudinae) do rio Ibicui da Faxina, sul do Brasil”), são apresentados diversos dados sobre reprodução e desenvolvimento de caracteres sexuais secundários de Diapoma terofali, da subfamília Glandulocaudinae. Da mesma forma, o terceiro trabalho (“Biologia reprodutiva de Macropsobrycon uruguayanae Eigenmann, 1915 (Characidae: Cheirodontinae: Compsurini) do rio Ibicui, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil”) trata sobre os aspectos da reprodução e desenvolvimento de caracteres sexuais secundários em Macropsobrycon uruguayanae, um caracídeo inseminado pertencente subfamília Cheirodontinae. No quarto trabalho (“Ocorrência de inseminação e descrição da morfologia do testículo e ultraestrutura do espermatozóide de espécies de Hollandichthys (Eigenmann, 1909) (Ostariophysi: Characidae)”), é descrita a ocorrência de inseminação em espécies do gênero Hollandichthys, pertencente a uma terceira linhagem de Characidae com inseminação. Também são descritas as características morfológicas e da ultraestrutura dos espermatozóides destas espécies. Por fim, o quinto trabalho que compõe esta tese (“Características da reprodução de espécies de Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes) e suas relações com o tamanho corporal e filogenia”), reúne as informações existentes na literatura sobre reprodução de espécies de Characidae e formula hipóteses sobre a existência de alguns padrões reprodutivos em Characidae e sobre suas possíveis explicações evolutivas. São também discutidas as relações entre estes supostos padrões, o tamanho corporal e as relações filogenéticas das espécies da família.

Biologia reprodutiva de Gymnotus aff. carapo Linnaeus, 1758 (Teleostei : Gymnotidae) do Parque Estadual de Itapuã, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

Resumo não disponível.

Avaliação ecotoxicológica de efluentes industriais utilizando Danio rerio Hamilton-Buchanan, 1822 (TELEOSTEI, CYPRINIDAE)

The industrial effluents are one of the main sources of water pollution. For an appropriate characterization and control of their discharges, the most efficient strategy is the integrated use of chemical, physical and ecotoxicological analyses. The aims of this study were to asses the efficiency of the treatment plant of a textile industry performing acute toxicity tests and physical-chemical analyses of the effluents before and after the treatment, besides evaluate the toxicity of the effluents of the Treatment System of Liquids Effluents (Sistema de Tratamento de Efluentes Líquidos - SITEL) of Distrito Industrial de Natal (DIN) and some of their physical-chemical variables. The species used in the ecotoxicological tests was the fish Danio rerio. The results showed that the treatment plant reduced significantly (around 50%) the toxicity of the raw textile effluent in only three of the seven tests but, in general, it promoted the reduction of the physical-chemical parameters analyzed. The toxicity and the physical-chemical factors of the effluents of SITEL of DIN varied among the tests and show the importance of monitoring their discharges in the Potengi river, one of the most important rivers of the Rio Grande do Norte state

Investigação e avaliação da toxicidade aguda dos agrotóxicos mais utilizados no cinturão verde da Grande Natal (RN, Brasil) para o peixe-zebra (Danio rerio Hamilton Buchanan, 1822, Teleostei, Cyprinidae

The objectives of this research were to investigate the agrotoxic most used in the Gramorezinho region in the green belt of Natal, and to evaluate the acute toxicity of these, based on the LC50-48h values estimated in tests for Danio rerio, internationally used as test organism. The acute toxicity tests were performed under laboratory conditions, according to standardized methods (ABNT/NBR/15088/04) for this species. The LC50-48h estimated to Tamaron BR was 352.89 mg.L-1, which characterizes that as practically non-toxic, according to toxicological classes cited by Zucker. For Decis 25EC, the LC50-48h estimated was 0.0004156 mg.L-1 (4.156 X 10-4 mg.L-1), which classifies it as highly toxic to this species

Structural and ultrastructural characteristics of interrenal gland and chromaffin cell of matrinxa, Brycon cephalus Gunther 1869 (Teleostei-Characidae)

This work presents the structure and ultrastructure of the interrenal gland and chromaffin cells, as well as the morphology of the head kidney of Brycon cephalus, the head kidney is composed of fused bilateral lobes located anterior to the swim bladder and ventrolateral to the spinal column, the parenchyma revealed lympho-haematopoietic tissue, melano-macrophage centres, interrenal gland and chromaffin cells. The interrenal gland consisted of cords or strands of cells grouped around the posterior cardinal vein and their branches. Chromaffin cells are found in small groups, closely associated with the interrenal gland and/or under the endothelium of the posterior cardinal vein. So far, the ultrastructural analysis has revealed only one interrenal cell type which contained abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum and numerous mitochondria with tubulo-vesicular cristae, characteristic of steroid-producing cells. Two types of chromaffin cells were observed. The first type was characterized by the presence of vesicles with round, strongly electron-dense granules, which were eccentrically located, Such cells were interpreted as noradrenaline cells, Meanwhile, cells which contained smaller vesicles and electron-lucent granules, with a small halo separating the granule from the vesicular limiting membrane, were identified as adrenaline cells.

Transport stress in matrinxa, Brycon cephalus (Teleostei : Characidae), at different densities

Matrinxa, Brycon cephalus, is a native teleost fish from the Amazon Basin, and is of economic importance for cultivation for food and sport in Brazil. Mortality losses due to handling and transport of this stenohaline freshwater species are common. The effects of transportation at different densities on the biochemical stress responses of matrinxa (mean weight 1 kg) were examined. Fish were subjected to three different transport densities (100, 200, and 300 kg m(-3)) for four h in water with added salt (0.6%). The fish were bled at departure (baseline level), arrival (immediately after transportation) and at 24 and 96 h after arrival (recovery period). Blood glucose, cortisol, sodium, chloride, potassium and ammonia were used as stress bioindicators. No mortality was observed and no alterations in plasma cortisol were registered. However, blood glucose and ammonia levels increased and serum sodium and plasma chloride decreased on arrival for the fish transported at the highest densities. These stress responses were transient and the concentrations returned to baseline levels within 24 h. This study showed that matrinxa can be transported at densities as high as those tested in the present study, at least under the conditions employed in this study. A recovery period of at least 24 h is strongly recommended.

The effect of increased light intensity on the aggressive behavior of the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Teleostei: Cichlidae)

Animals show behavioral and physiological changes that emerge in response to environmental perturbations (i.e., emergency life-history stages). In this study, we investigate the effects of light intensity on aggressive encounters and social stability in groups of adult male Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758). The study compared the behavior observed under low (280.75 ± 50.60 lx) and high (1394.14 ± 520.32 lx) light intensities, with 12 replicates for each treatment. Adult fish were isolated in 36-L aquaria for 96 hours, and three males were grouped for 11 days in 140-L aquaria. Agonistic behavior was video-recorded (10 min/day) on the 3rd, 5th, 7th, and 9th day to quantify aggressive interactions and social stability. There was an effect of light intensity and day of observation on the total number of agonistic behaviors performed by the fish group. Besides, increased frequency of aggressive interactions (the sum of the four sessions) by the alpha, beta and gamma fish occurred at the higher light intensity. The dominance ranks of the fish remained unchanged across the observation sessions under both the low and high light intensities. We concluded that enhanced light intensity has a cumulative effect that increases the aggressiveness of the Nile tilapia but that this effect is not sufficiently strong to destabilize the social hierarchy.

Brycon gouldingi (Teleostei, Characidae): aspects of the embryonic development in a new fish species with aquaculture potential

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)