Balsamin, a novel ribosome-inactivating protein from the seeds of Balsam apple Momordica balsamina

Plant seeds, a rich source of proteins, are considered important for their application as functional ingredients in a food system. A novel ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP), balsamin was purified from the seeds of Balsam apple, Momordica balsamina. Balsamin was purified by ion exchange chromatography on CM Sepharose and gel filtration on superdex-75. It has a molecular weight of 28 kDa as shown by SDS-PAGE analysis. Balsamin inhibits protein synthesis in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate-based cell free translation assay with an IC50 of 90.6 ng ml⁻¹. It has RNA N-glycosidase activity and releases a 400-base long fragment termed the Endo fragment from 28S rRNA in the same manner as does saporin-6 from Saponaria officinalis. The N-terminal sequence analysis of the first 12 amino acids of balsamin revealed that it shares 83% similarity with type I RIP α-MMC from Momordica charantia and 50% similarity with β-MMC (from Momordica charantia), bryodin I (from Bryonia dioica) and luffin a (from Luffa cylindrica). Balsamin was further characterized by mass spectrometry. CD spectroscopic studies indicate that secondary structure of balsamin contains helix (23.5%), β-strand (24.6%), turn (20%) and random coil (31.9%). Thus RIPs activity expressed in vegetables like Momordica sp. advocates its usage in diet.

Plant extract assisted extracellular tannase production by Aspergillus sp MIK 23

An extracellular tannase (E.C. 3.1.1.20) producing fungal strain was isolated from soil and identified as Aspergillus sp MIK23. Out of various plant extracts, Terminalia chebula powder (TCP) in the optimized medium enhanced enzyme production. Maximum yield of tannase (3 IU ml-1) was obtained with glucose (10 g/L), urea (2 g/L), and yeast extract (2.5 g/L) when inoculated with 10% inoculum in 48 h. An initial medium at pH 6.0 and a cultivation temperature of 37 0C was found to be optimum for enzyme production. Metal ions Mg2+, Zn2+, Ca2+, Cu2+ and Cd2+ did not improve enzyme activity, whereas, Ca2+, Fe2+ and Hg2+ repressed enzyme activity. The enzyme was purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by Q-sepharose ion-exchange chromatography. The enzyme was purified to 42-fold with an overall recovery of 20. The pH and temperature optima of the purified tannase were found to be 7.0 and 37°C, respectively.

Purification and characterization of a low molecular mass alkaliphilic lipase of Bacillus cereus MTCC 8372

A low molecular mass alkaliphilic extra-cellular lipase of Bacillus cereus MTCC 8372 was purified 35-fold by hydrophobic interaction (Octyl-Sepharose) chromatography. The purified enzyme was found to be electrophoretically pure by denaturing gel electrophoresis and possessed a molecular mass of approximately 8 kDa. It is a homopentamer of 40 kDa as revealed by native-PAGE. The lipase was optimally active at 55 °C and retained approximately half of its original activity after 40 min incubation at 55 °C. The enzyme was maximally active at pH 8.5. Mg ²⁺ , Cu ²⁺ , Ca ²⁺ , Hg ²⁺ , Al ³⁺ and Fe ³⁺ at 1 mM enhanced hydrolytic activity of the lipase. Interestingly, Hg ²⁺ ions synergized and Zn ²⁺ and Co ²⁺ ions antagonized the lipase activity. Among surfactants, Tween 80 promoted the lipase activity. Phenyl methyl sulfonyl fluoride (PMSF, 15 mM) decreased 98% of original activity of lipase. The lipase was highly specific towards p -nitrophenyl palmitate and showed a V _max and K _m of 0.70 mmol.mg ⁻¹ .min ⁻¹ and 32 mM for hydrolysis of p NPP.

Parametric investigation of batch adsorption of proteins onto polymeric particles

Background: Effective bimolecular adsorption of proteins onto solid matrices is characterized by in-depth understanding of the biophysical features essential to optimize the adsorption performance. Results: The adsorption of bovine serum albumin (BSA) onto anion-exchange Q-sepharose solid particulate support was investigated in batch adsorption experiments. Adsorption kinetics and isotherms were developed as a function of key industrially relevant parameters such as polymer loading, stirring speed, buffer pH, protein concentration and the state of protein dispersion (solid/aqueous) in order to optimize binding performance and adsorption capacity. Experimental results showed that the first order rate constant is higher at higher stirring speed, higher polymer loading, and under alkaline conditions, with a corresponding increase in equilibrium adsorption capacity. Increasing the stirring speed and using aqueous dispersion protein system increased the adsorption rate, but the maximum protein adsorption was unaffected. Regardless of the stirring speed, the adsorption capacity of the polymer was 2.8 mg/ml. However, doubling the polymer loading increased the adsorption capacity to 9.4 mg/ml. Conclusions: The result demonstrates that there exists a minimum amount of polymer loading required to achieve maximum protein adsorption capacity under specific process conditions.

Purificação e caracterização da bacteriocina cereína 8A, produzida por uma linhagem de Bacillus cereus

Foi estudada uma bacteriocina produzida por uma linhagem de B. cereus 8A, isolado de solo da região Sul do Brasil. Na primeira etapa de estudo determinaram-se as condições básicas de produção de bacteriocina com amplo espectro de ação denominada de Cereína 8A. Observou-se que durante a fase estacionária ocorre o máximo da sua produção, iniciando sua síntese no final da fase exponencial. As condições de maior produção foram a 30º C, agitação e contínua e numa faixa de pH de 7,0-8,5. A bacteriocina bruta inibiu várias bactérias indicadoras, como Listeria monocytogenes, Clostridium perfringens e Bacillus cereus. O teste de termoestabilidade mostrou a perda de atividade quando submetida a uma temperatura a partir de 87º C. Verificou-se a resistência da bacteriocina bruta frente à tripsina e papaína, mas não frente à proteinase K e pronase E. B. cereus e L. monocytogenes foram utilizadas como bactérias indicadoras para a determinação do modo de ação, após a determinação da dose bactericida de 200 UA mL-1 e 400 UA mL-1 respectivamente. A Cereína 8A demonstrou uma ação inibidora em culturas de Escherichia coli e Salmonella Enteritidis, quando tratadas com EDTA. A atividade esporicida foi observada contra esporos de B. cereus após tratamento com 400 UA ml -1. A análise da biomassa de L. monocytogenes e B. cereus após tratamento com a Cereína 8A, através da espectrofotometria de infravermelho determinou alteração no perfil, correspondente à fração dos ácidos graxos da membrana celular bacteriana. A substância peptídica foi separada por meio da precipitação com sulfato de amônio, extração com 1-butanol e aplicação em coluna de cromatografia por troca iônica tipo Q-Sepharose. A Cereína 8A purificada mostrou maior sensibilidade a proteases e ao calor e um peso molecular de aproximadamente 26 kDa. O espectro ultravioleta foi típico de um polipeptídeo e o espectro de infravermelho indica presença de grupamentos NH, acil e ligações peptídicas na sua estrutura. Uma hipótese do mecanismo de ação seria a desestruturação da membrana celular pela abertura de poros.

Purificação e caracterização da microfilina, o segundo inibidor de trombina da saliva do carrapato Boophilus microplus

A saliva do carrapato bovino Boophilus microplus contém dois inibidores de trombina: o BmAP e a microfilina. Este trabalho apresenta a purificação e a caracterização deste último anticoagulante. A microfilina foi purificada da saliva por cromatografia de gel filtração, ultrafiltração em membrana de exclusão de 3 kDa e cromatografia de afinidade em trombina-Sepharose. A análise por espectrometria de massas mostrou uma massa molecular de 1770 Da. Com uma composição de 16 aminoácidos, a microfilina é o segundo menor inibidor peptídico de trombina já descrito. A microfilina inibe a fibrinocoagulação e a agregação plaquetária induzida por trombina com IC50 de 5 M. Como ela não inibe a atividade amidolítica da enzima sobre S2238, mas inibe a hidrólise de um substrato sintético longo que interage com o exosítio I da trombina, o mecanismo de ação proposto para a microfilina é o bloqueio do exosítio I da enzima. A microfilina é resistente à temperatura e não inibe a atividade amidolítica de fXa, plasmina, proteína C ativada, uroquinase, quimiotripsina e tripsina. O estudo mais detalhado da microfilina permitirá sua avaliação como antígeno contra o carrapato e/ou como droga antitrombótica.

Atividades proteolíticas e microrganismos envolvidos na maturação do queijo serrano

A proposição do presente trabalho foi avaliar o potencial das enzimas das NSLAB do queijo Serrano quanto às atividades aminopeptidásicas. Seis bateladas de queijo Serrano foram elaboradas (3 no verão e 3 no inverno) por três diferentes produtores (A, B e C) de Caxias do Sul (RS), utilizando leite cru, sem adição de culturas iniciadoras. A atividade das aminopeptidases foi avaliada nas FPS dos queijos e nos extratos aquosos dos microrganismos através da hidrólise dos substratos sintéticos Gly- NA, Arg- NA, Tyr- NA, Leu- NA e Asp- NA, Glu- NA, Lys- NA, e Pro- NA. Nos queijos do produtor A, que apresentaram as maiores atividades (19 a 74 U/g de queijo), foram analisados os amino ácidos livres (AAL) e os resultados revelaram que eles aumentam continuamente, estão presentes em quantidades elevadas (4051 mg/100g de ES do queijo aos 60 d), e os AAL com maiores concentrações nos queijos foram Glu, Arg, Lys, Pro e Leu (juntos representam 58% a 61% do total de AAL). Extratos aquosos das NSLAB dos queijos de verão foram parcialmente purificados por cromatografia de troca iônica de fluxo rápido, utilizando Q-sepharose e incubados com os substratos Glu- NA, Arg- NA, Lys- NA, Leu- NA e Pro- NA, indicando atividade para todos os substratos e que a atividade nas frações mudam nas NSLAB para queijos com diferentes tempos de maturação. Uma comparação das atividades aminopeptidases recuperadas após o zimograma do gel de eletroforese-PAGE das FPS dos queijos e dos microrganismos, sugerem que as PepN, PepC e PepL ativas nas FPS têm suas origens na lise das NSLAB presentes nos mesmos.

Isolamento de bactérias resistentes a cromo hexavalente e purificação parcial da enzima redutora de cromo do Bacillus sp. ES29

A redução do Cr(VI) para Cr(III) diminui a toxidade deste metal no ambiente uma vez que, o Cr(III) é insolúvel às membranas biológicas. Assim a redução microbiana do Cr(VI) é uma alternativa para reduzir os impactos ambientais causados por este metal, utilizado em diversos processos industriais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi selecionar microrganismos a partir de solo contaminado com cromo, caracterizar sua capacidade de redução do Cr(VI) durante o crescimento celular e purificar parcialmente a enzima cromo redutase do Bacillus sp. ES29, através da precipitação com sulfato de amônio (45-75%), cromatografia de gel filtração (Sephadex G-25) e cromatografia de interação hidrofóbica (Octyl Sepharose). A atividade de redução do Cr(VI) pelos isolados foi quantificada com o reagente de s-difenilcarbazida. No isolamento, foram obtidas 20 bactérias resistentes a cromo(VI). Seis destas foram capazes de reduzir 100 mg L-1 Cr(VI) em 24 horas. Um dos isolados foi identificado, através de testes bioquímicos, como pertencete ao gênero Bacillus, sendo tolerante a 750 mg L-1 Cr(VI) e reduzindo mais de 40% do Cr(VI) durante o crescimento celular. Na purificação parcial da enzima foi obtido um fator de purificação de 11,2, aumentando a atividade específica da enzima acima de 11 vezes, porém se faz necessário mais passos de purificações para obtenção desta enzima pura. As bactérias selecionadas e a enzima parcialmente purificada, foram eficientes na redução do Cr(VI) e apresentam potencial para outros estudos, visando a aplicação em processos de biorremediação.

Uma Lectina D-lactose específica da esponja marinha Cinachyrella apion: purificação, caracterização e interação com Leishmania chagasi

Four different sponge species were screened using Ouchterlony agarose gel and immunodiffusion tests to identify cross-reactivity with the polyclonal antibody IgG anti-deglicosilated CvL, a lectin from Cliona varians. Crude extract from the sponge Cinachyrella apion showed cross-reactivity and also a strong haemmaglutinating activity towards human erythrocytes of all ABO groups. Thus, it was submitted to acetone fractionation, IgG anti-deglicosilated CvL Sepharose affinity chromatography, and Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography (FPLC-AKTA) gel filtration on a Superose 6 10 300 column to purify a novel lectin. C. apion lectin (CaL) agglutinated all types of human erythrocytes with preference for papainized type A and O erythrocytes. The haemagglutinating activity is independent of Ca2+, Mg2+ and Mn2+ ions, and it was strongly inhibited by the disaccharide D-lactose, up to a minimum concentration of 6.25 mM. CaL molecular mass determined by FPLC-AKTA gel filtration on a Superose 12 10 300 column and SDS gel electrophoresis was approximately 124 kDa, consisting of eight subunits of 15.5 kDa, assembled by hydrophobic interactions. The lectin was relatively heat- and pH-stable. Leishmania chagasi romastigotes were agglutinated by CaL, indicating that lactose receptors could be presented in this parasite stage. These findings are indicative of the physiological defense roles of CaL and its possible use in the antibiosis of pathogenic protozoa

Purificação, caracterização e atividade bioinseticida de um inibidor de tripsina de sementes de Crotalaria pallida

A proteinaceous trypsin inhibitor was purified from Crotalaria pallida seeds by ammonium sulphate fractionation, affinity chromatography on immobilized Trypsin-Sepharose and TCA precipitation. The trypsin inhibitor, named ITC, had Mr of 32.5 kDa by SDS-PAGE and was composed by two subunits with 27.7 and 5.6 kDa linked by disulphide bridges, a typical characteristic of Kunitz-Inhibitor family. ITC was stable until 50°C, and at 100°C its residual activity was of about 60%. Also, ITC was stable at pHs 2 to 12. The inhibition of trypsin by ITC was non-competitive, with a Ki of 8,8 x 10-7M. ITC inhibits weakly other serine proteinases such as chymotrypsin and elastase. The inhibition of papain (44% of inhibition), a cysteine proteinase was an indicative of the bi-functionality of ITC. In vitro assays against digestive proteinases from several Lepdoptera, Diptera and Coleoptera pests were made. ITC inhibited in 100% digestive enzymes of Ceratitis capitata (fruit fly), Spodoptera frugiperda and Alabama argillacea, the last one being a cotton pest. It also inhibited in 74.4% Callosobruchus maculatus (bean weevil) digestive enzymes, a Coleoptera pest. ITC, when added in artificial diet models, affected weakly the development of C. capitata larvae and it had a WD50 of 2.65% to C. maculatus larvae

Purificação, caracterização e análise da atividade bioinseticida, de um inibidor de tripsina em sementes de catanduva (Piptadenia moniliformis)

One Kunitz-type trypsin inhibitors (PmTI) was purified from Piptadenia moniliformis seeds, a tree of the sub-family Mimosoideae, by TCA precipitation, affinity chromatography on immobilized trypsin-Sepharose, DEAE cellulose (ion exchange) and Superose 12 (molecular exclusion) column FPLC/AKTA. The inhibitor has Mr of 25 kDa by SDS-PAGE and chromatography molecular exclusion. The N-terminal sequence of this inhibitor showed high homology with other family Kunitz inhibitors. This also stable variations in temperature and pH and showed a small decrease in its activity when incubated with DDT in the concentration of 100mM for 120 minutes. The inhibition of trypsin by PmTI was competitive, with Ki of 1.57 x10-11 M. The activity of trypsin was effectively inhibited by percentage of inhibition of 100%, among enzymes tested, was not detected inhibition for the bromelain, was weak inhibitor of pancreatic elastase (3.17% of inhibition) and inhibited by 76.42% elastase of neutrophils, and inhibited in a moderate, chymotrypsin and papain with percentage of inhibition of 42.96% and 23.10% respectively. In vitro assays against digestive proteinases from Lepidoptera, Diptera and Coleoptera pests were carried out. Several degrees of inhibition were found. For Anthonomus grandis and Ceratitis capitata the inhibition was 89.93% and 70.52%, respectively, and the enzymes of Zabrotes subfasciatus and Callosobruchus maculatus were inhibited by 5.96% and 9.41%, respectively, and the enzymes of Plodia. interpunctella and Castnia licus were inhibited by 59.94% and 23.67, respectively. In vivo assays, was observed reduction in the development of larvae in 4rd instar of C. capitata, when PmTI was added to the artificial diet, getting WD50 and LD50 of 0.30% and 0.33%, respectively. These results suggest that this inhibitor could be a strong candidate to plant management programs cross transgenic

Purificação, caracterização e avaliação da atividade antiproliferativa de um inibidor de quimotripsina tipo kunitz de semente de Eryhrina velutina

A chymotrypsin inhibitor was purified from Erythrina velutina seeds by ammonium sulphate fractionation, affinities chromatographies on Trypsin-Sepharose, Quimotrypsin-Sepharose and reversed phase C-18 FPLC/AKTA system. The inhibitor, named EvCI, shown molecular mass of 17 kDa, as determined by SDSPAGE. 2D-PAGE showed four isoinhibitors with pI values of 4,42, 4,63, 4,83 and 5,06, with molecular mass of 17 kDa each. The aminoacid sequence of EvCI was determined by MALDI-TOF-MS and showed a high similarity with other Kunitz-type inhibitor of Erythrina variegata. EvCI competitively inhibited chymotrypsin, with Ki of 4 x10-8 M, but did not inhibited trypsin, pancreatic elastase, bromelain and papain. The inhibitory activity of EvCI was stable over wide pH and temperature ranges. In the presence of DTT 100 mM for 120 min, EvCI lost 50 % of activity. Cytotoxicity was studied in HeLa, MDA, HepG2, K562 and PC3 cells after 72-h incubation period. EvCl inhibited HeLa cells growth with an IC50 value of 50 μg/ml. Subsequent studies in HeLa cells analysis of cell death by annexin V/PI double-staining and cell cycle, using flow cytometry. The results provide evidence for a cytostatic activity of EvCl and support further studies on potential application of this inhibitors as an antiproliferative agent in combined therapy against cervical cancer

Avaliação das atividades anti-inflamatória, anticoagulante e antiproliferativa do inibidor de quimotripsina das sementes de erythrina velutina (EvCI)

Studies indicate that several components were isolated from medicinal plants, which have antibacterial, antifungal, antitumor and anti-inflammatory properties. Sepsis is characterized by a systemic inflammation which leads to the production of inflammatory mediators exacerbated by excessive activation of inflammatory cells and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), in which the human neutrophil elastase plays an important role in its pathogenesis. Several epidemiological studies suggest that components of plants, especially legumes, can play a beneficial role in reducing the incidence of different cancers. A chymotrypsin inhibitor of Kunitz (Varela, 2010) was purified from seeds of Erythrina velutina (Mulungu) by fractionation with ammonium sulfate, affinity chromatography on Trypsin-Sepharose, Chymotrypsin-Sepharose and ion exchange chromatography on Resource Q 1 ml (GE Healthcare) in system FPLC / AKTA. The inhibitor, called EvCI, had a molecular mass of 17 kDa determined by SDS-PAGE. The purified protein was able to inhibit human neutrophil elastase (HNE), with an IC50 of 3.12 nM. The EvCI was able to inhibit both pathways of HNE release stimulated by PAF and fMLP (75.6% and 65% respectively). The inhibitor also inhibited leukocyte migration in septic mice about 87% and prolonged the time of coagulation and inhibition factor Xa. EvCI showed neither hemolytic activity nor cytotoxicity. EvCI showed a selective antiproliferative effect to HepG2 cell lines with IC50 of 0.5 micrograms per milliliter. These results suggest EvCI as a molecule antagonist of PAF / fMLP and a potential use in fighting inflammation related disorders, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and cancer

Clonagem e expressão do gene que codifica o inibidor de quimotripsina de Erythrina velutina WILLD. - caracterização e avaliação de seu potencial farmacológico

Proteinases are enzymes distributed widely founded in several organisms and perform many different functions, from maintaining homeostasis to the worsening of some diseases such as cancer, autoimmune diseases and infections. The proteins responsible of controlling the action of these enzymes are the inhibitors, that are classified based on their target proteases and are founded since simple organisms, such as bacteria, to higher organisms, such as larger plants and mammals. Plant proteinase inhibitors act by reducing or inactivating the activity of target proteases, thus, these proteins have been studied as potential tools in the treatment of diseases related to protease activities. In this context, an inhibitor of chymotrypsin from Erythrina velutina, called EvCI was previously purified and it was observed that this protein plays in vitro anticoagulant activity and anti-inflammatory activity in in vivo model. Aiming to reduce the environmental impact caused by the purification EvCI in high amounts and to facilitate the process of obtaining this protein, the recombinant chymotrypsin inhibitor from Eryhrina velutina was produced after cloning and expression in Escherichia coli. The bacteria were grown in LB medium and after induction of the expression this material was subjected to procedures for cell lysis and the product was applied on Nickel-affinity column. The proteins adsorbed were digested by thrombin and applied on Chymotrypsin-Sepharose affinity column, obtaining the purified inhibitor, named recEvCI. After electrophoresis, the recombinant inhibitor showed an approximately molecular mass of 17 kDa, and reduced the chymotrypsin and elastase activities in vitro. The recombinant inhibitor was sequenced and was found similar amino acids residues when compared to other inhibitors deposited in the database, with some modifications. recEvCI showed high stability under pH variations and reducing conditions, maintaining its activity around 80%. This protein increased the blood coagulation time in vitro by acting on the intrinsic pathway and did not show cytotoxicity against strains of mouse 3T3 fibroblasts and RAW 264.7 macrophages. recEvCI showed microbicide activity related to release of nitric oxide and consequently the activation of macrophages, futhermore having proinflammatory effects assessed by increased release of TNF-α. These results indicate that recEvCI can be biotechnologically used as a new tool in the control of coagulation-related diseases as well as can be an activating agent of the immune system in immunosuppressed individuals

Um novo inibidor de tripsina multifuncional de sementes de Erythrina velutina: caracterizacao e propriedades farmacologicas

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