554 resultados para epidermis
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本文研究了茄科天仙子族7属以及有亲缘关系的颠茄属、茄参属和枸杞属的形态学、解剖学、孢粉学、种子形态学、胚胎学、花器官发生、分子系统学和分支系统学;论述了它们的结构、分化和系统关系。主要内容包括: 1.解剖学 在光学显微镜和扫描电镜下,观察了茄科天仙子族(Hyoscyameae)7属21种及邻近4属4种共25种植物的叶表皮特征,结果表明:气孔器在各种植物的上、下的表皮均有分布,多为无规则型,也有不等细胞型;叶表皮细胞形状有不规则形、十字形、近长圆形和不规则多边形,垂周壁较平直或各种波状。叶表皮气孔器外拱盖内缘近平滑、浅波状或波状;角质膜多为具条纹,也有同时具条纹和颗粒或鳞片,偶尔仅具颗粒和鳞片或光滑。气孔器类型可以作为区分部分属的依据之一。颠茄叶表皮细胞形状和垂周壁式样在一些属和种中有一定的规律性,并与外部形态、孢粉学性状或地理分布相关;叶片表面角质膜的特征对属和种的划分也有一定意义。 2.种子形态学 在扫描电子显微镜下首次全面研究了天仙子族及颠茄属和茄参属等共10属25种植物的种子形态学特征,结果表明: 该族植物种子表面纹饰有脑纹状或近脑纹状和网状两大类,除了山莨菪属Anisodus和Hyoscyamus.pusillus 外,其余类群均为网状。外种皮细胞形状和周壁式样有两大类,一类为多边形至近圆形,等径,周壁近平直,另一类为形状不规则,常不等径,周壁为各式波状;外种皮细胞周壁内侧有皱波状、瘤状、小颗粒、片状或小刺等各式附属物。各属植物的种子大小、形状及种脐着生位置的系统学意义不大。但是,种脐突出与否、种子外种皮细胞形状和周壁式样,尤其是周壁内侧附属物等性状具有较大的分类学意义。 3.孢粉学 在扫描电镜下研究了该族7属及其它3属共10属23种植物的花粉形态学特征。结果表明:天仙子族的花粉粒形状为球形、近球形、扁球形和长球形;萌发孔类型有无萌发孔、不规则的拟孔、3沟、4 沟、3- 4沟、散沟和3孔沟;外壁纹饰为小刺状、瘤状、各式条纹状、条纹-穴状、条纹-网状、皱波状、细网状和网状。沟膜近光滑、具小颗粒、具小刺状突起或具瘤状突起。各属植物的花粉形态在萌发孔的有无、萌发孔的类型和外壁纹饰等方面有较大的差异,可以作为探讨属间分类和系统关系的重要依据。天仙子族植物花粉萌发孔的演化趋势为:无萌发孔→ 3、4沟→3孔沟。无萌发孔的山莨菪属是原始类群,三孔沟的马尿泡和天仙子等属是进化类群。 4.胚胎学 本论文首次研究了天仙子族山莨菪Anisodus tanguticus的胚胎学特征,结果表明:山莨菪的小孢子形成为同时型,腺质绒毡层;胚珠半倒生,单珠被,薄珠心;蓼型胚囊;其胚胎发生类型可能为茄型;胚乳形成为细胞型。山莨菪的胚胎学性状与马尿泡十分相似。胚胎学证据支持山莨菪属与马尿泡属关系密切的观点。 5.花器官发生 首次全面研究了天仙子族的山莨菪属(山莨菪)、马尿泡属(马尿泡)、天仙子属(天仙子)及其邻近2属共5种植物的花器官发生特征,结果表明:山莨菪和天仙子的5个花萼裂片原基突起最早发生,且几乎是近同时环状发生,其排列方式从花发育早期直至花成熟后始终为轮状排列。而马尿泡和颠茄首先是5个花萼裂片原基突起依次螺旋状发生,但在其5个花萼裂片原基都出现后,其排列方式仍为轮状排列。不同之处是:马尿泡的花萼裂片原基在其花冠裂片原基刚刚不明显地发生时,就已经在基部联合并形成了一个环,而颠茄的花萼裂片原基直到雄蕊原基突起开始发生并较明显时,花萼裂片原基仍然是分离的,当花顶的中央开始出现很不明显的雌蕊原基的凹陷时,花萼裂片原基才开始联合。青海茄参与其它4种植物的不同之处在于柱头2裂或3裂,而后4者的柱头均为2裂。花器官发生的特征表明马尿泡与天仙子和山莨菪的关系较近。 6.基于叶绿体DNA trnL-F序列和核糖体DNA ITS序列的初步分析 以宁夏枸杞作为外类群,对代表天仙子族及其邻近3属的10种植物的ITS区和trnL-F序列进行了测定,将这两个序列结合构建系统树。将gaps作为fifth base处理时,马尿泡属和茄参属构成最基部的一支,赛莨菪属和天仙子属构成一支然后与泡囊草属构成姐妹群,另外一支由天蓬子属、颠茄属和山莨菪属组成,其中天蓬子属与颠茄属构成一支后与山莨菪属构成姐妹群。分子证据只是一个尝试,还不足以说明天仙子族各属的系统关系。 7.分支分析 以枸杞属为外类群,基于形态学、叶表皮、种子形态学、孢粉学等特征对天仙子族7属及颠茄属和茄参属进行了分支分析。结果表明:目前公认的天仙子族7属构成一个单系类群,而颠茄属和茄参属并没有包括在内,它们两者构成一支,并与天仙子族形成姐妹群的关系。这与该族传统的分类结果相一致。 8.天仙子族的分化和系统关系 基于上述研究结果,结合天仙子族各属的现代地理分布,讨论了各属的分化和系统关系。认为根据传统分类包括有7个属的天仙子族是一个自然的单系类群,目前还没有足够的证据说明是否应该将颠茄属和茄参属放在天仙子族中。
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绣球科绣球族包含9属:草绣球属、叉叶蓝属、Broussaisia、常山属、绣球属、蛛网萼属、赤壁木属、冠盖藤属和钻地风属。到目前为止,绣球族内的属间关系还不清楚,族内的系统发育关系还有争论。本研究的目的是在前人研究的基础上,进一步发现新的系统学性状,为绣球族乃至绣球科补充新的证据;并综合多学科的研究结果进行分析,探讨绣球族的系统学关系。 本文研究了绣球族的外部形态学、花发育形态学、解剖学、分子系统学和分支系统学。 主要内容包括: 1. 形态学 通过标本室研究和野外观察,对绣球族植物的形态分化进行了分析。发现习性、地上茎的生存期限、花冠卷叠式、花瓣联合与否、花柱的联合程度、雄蕊的数目及排列具有系统学价值;放射花和果实是很好的分类性状,但并非可靠的系统学性状。 2. 花发育形态学 在扫描电子显微镜下,研究了绣球族常山属、绣球属、冠盖藤属、蛛网萼属共4种植物花器官发生和发育的全过程。发现它们的花萼均为螺旋式相继发生,花瓣的发生近乎同时。冠盖藤、马桑绣球及常山具两轮雄蕊,第一轮雄蕊发生于花瓣内轮正对萼片中部的位置,随后第二轮雄蕊发生于正对花瓣中部的位置。在第一轮雄蕊略靠内的位置形成第二轮雄蕊的时候,多数情况下,相邻的对萼雄蕊之间只形成1个对瓣雄蕊,但有时却形成2个对瓣雄蕊,使雄蕊群的数目略多于花被的数目。对萼雄蕊与对瓣雄蕊的分化方式基本一致,但它们在花芽中空间取向不同。 蛛网萼雄蕊数目极多,雄蕊群的发生式样较为独特,并不始于对萼三联体。最早的雄蕊于杯状体近基部发生,之后雄蕊的发生大致沿杯状体壁向上,具离心趋势。在雄蕊发生过程中杯状体继续伸长,为众多雄蕊的发生提供了空间。蛛网萼雌蕊的发生明显早于雄蕊,其它3种植物雌蕊的发生晚于雄蕊。4种植物的雌蕊在发生上较为相似,发育却不同。在常山、马桑绣球和蛛网萼中,花柱从开始到发育成熟始终分离,柱头在每个花柱的顶端形成;而冠盖藤属的花柱裂片从开始就是联合的,最终形成单一的花柱,柱头从合生花柱顶端远轴面分化形成。 3. 解剖学 在光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜下,观察了绣球族9属42种1变种及近缘8属11种共53种1变种的叶表皮特征。发现气孔的分布、气孔器的类型、表皮细胞的形状及其垂周壁式样、毛被等具有一定的系统学意义和分类价值。绣球族各属的气孔仅散生于下表皮;而在绣球族的几个近缘属中,上下表皮均有气孔分布。气孔器在多数类群中为无规则型,仅常山属和绣球属离瓣组的成员为平列型。气孔多为椭圆形,稀近圆形;外拱盖表面通常光滑,仅在钻地风属中具条状纹饰;外拱盖内缘具环状加厚,近全缘、不规则波状或浅波状。表皮细胞在多数种中为不规则形,垂周壁波状、浅波状或深波状;在有些种中为(近)多边形,垂周壁平直或弓形。叶表皮细胞形状、垂周壁式样在绣球族寡种属属级水平比较稳定,但在绣球属中变化较大。表皮角质膜纹饰形态多样,有网纹、粗网纹、浅波状条纹、波状条纹、条纹、粗条纹及丝状条纹;在钻地风属及绣球属的少数种中,角质膜条纹有时汇集呈球形或玫瑰型。表皮毛状附属物有单细胞2分枝毛(黄山梅属)、多细胞星状毛(星毛冠盖藤)、单细胞星状毛(溲疏属)和单细胞不分枝毛四种。对钻地风属所有种的观察结果表明,仅在椭圆钻地风的下表皮细胞中央观察到乳突状结构,而在白背钻地风和圆叶钻地风中并未观察到前人描述的附属物。 4. 叶绿体DNA trnL-F序列的分析 首次对绣球族9属23种及近缘类群3属3种的trnL-F序列进行了测定。序列长度在860 bp~970 bp范围内变化。在以山梅花属、溲疏属和黄山梅属为外类群,基于trnL-F序列构建的系统树上,绣球族作为一个单系群得到很高的支持率。绣球属的种出现在不同的分支上,表明该属不是一个单系群。绣球族被分为两大支:第一支由绣球属离瓣组的中国绣球、绣球、以及常山和Broussaisia arguta组成;第二支由绣球属另外的9个种与草绣球属、叉叶蓝属、蛛网萼属、赤壁木属、冠盖藤属以及钻地风属组成。在第二支中,下列类群的近缘关系得到支持:① 草绣球与叉叶蓝属;② 绣球属挂苦子组的东陵绣球、圆锥绣球和挂苦绣球。③ 钻地风属、赤壁木属和冠盖藤属;④ 蜡莲绣球、莼兰绣球、马桑绣球、粗枝绣球。 5. 分支分析 以山梅花属为外类群,基于形态、解剖、花发育、孢粉等32个性状(或性状状态)对绣球族9属的系统发育关系进行了分支分析。结果表明:草绣球属和叉叶蓝属为基出类群,这两个属有多个共同特征;绣球族其余的成员聚成一支,该支又有5个分支。其中蛛网萼属和绣球属冠盖组各为单独的分支,它们有多个自衍征,可能有各自独立的演化线;绣球属离瓣组与常山属聚成一分支,二者的密切关系得到解剖学证据的支持;绣球属绣球组和星毛组聚成一分支,这两个组包含了绣球属的多数种类;钻地风属、赤壁木属、冠盖藤属、Broussaisia和绣球属挂苦子组聚成一分支。其中钻地风属、赤壁木属与冠盖藤属具多个近裔衍征,表明它们是绣球族的晚出类群。 通过对绣球族植物外部形态、花器官发生、叶表皮微形态特征、叶绿体DNA trnL-F区的研究以及基于形态性状的分支分析,并综合已有的研究结果,我们认为: 1. 绣球族是一个单系群;绣球属不是一个单系群。 2. 在绣球族中,草绣球属和叉叶蓝属关系密切,它们可能是绣球族其余成员的姐妹群。 3. 绣球组和星毛组可能是绣球属的核心成员;离瓣组和常山属关系密切;冠盖组有单独的演化线。 4. 赤壁木属、冠盖藤属和钻地风属为单系群,它们在绣球族处于较高的演化位置。 5. 绣球属需重新界定。
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郁金香属(Tulipa L.)是世界著名的观赏植物,广泛分布于欧洲、亚洲的温带地区以及非洲的西北部,中亚地区是其分布和多样化中心。该属包括老鸦瓣组、长柱组、郁金香组、毛蕊组、扭药组、鸡冠组和无毛组共七个组,40至150种。老鸦瓣组是东亚特有类群。中国共有郁金香属植物16种,主要分布于西北(新疆)以及中东部地区,其中老鸦瓣组有4个种,占该组全部种类的4/5。长期以来,由于对老鸦瓣组的生物学特性及其地理分布缺乏了解,该类群的归属问题一直都是该属系统学研究中争论的焦点之一。因此,本文以分布于我国的郁金香属作为主要研究对象,通过对其形态学、胚囊发育的比较胚胎学以及分子系统学研究,对老鸦瓣组的系统位置以及上述特征在该属分类中的意义进行了探讨。主要结果如下 1)通过对该属18种植物(包括土耳其的3个种)28个形态性状数据的分支分析,表明广义郁金香属并不是一个单系类群。Tulipa sect. Amana与该属其他四个组(sect. Orithyia、sect. Eriostemones、sect. Leiostemones和sect. Tulipanum)在分支树上各成一支,它们与Lloydia属构成一个大支的三个分支。同时,sect. Amana具有与子房近等长的花柱以及2-3(-4)个苞片等与郁金香属不同的形态特征。因此,我们认为sect. Amana应从广义郁金香属中独立出来,恢复其老鸦瓣属Amana Honda作为属的分类地位。 2)发现了一个新种:Amana kuocangshanica D.Y. Tan et D. Y. Hong。该种与A. erythronioides 和A. anhuiensis近缘,区别在于鳞茎皮内侧光滑无毛,下部叶披针形,自基部向上2/3处最宽,果喙长0.64±0.08 cm。 3)对16种植物叶表皮形态观察的结果表明,老鸦瓣属4个种的叶上表皮细胞为矩形或矩圆形、下表皮为菱形或矩形,垂周壁为直线形或波形,上表皮无气孔或气孔密度较小,这些特征与狭义郁金香属的种差异显著。在狭义郁金香属中,叶表皮特征在种间差异明显,可以作为分种及种间亲缘关系探讨的依据,但在组间没有明显的差异。 4)对19种植物的花粉形态观察表明,Amana属的4种为近椭球形、舟形和肾形, 外壁纹饰网状,网脊浅皱波状,与狭义郁金香属的15种具明显不同。在狭义郁金香属中,花粉外壁纹饰虽然在种间存在一定程度的差异,但对组的划分意义不大。 5)从种皮形态及微形态特征看,在所观察的16种植物中,Amana属的种子小,呈半月形,较厚,种柄明显,胚不易见;种皮纹饰为皱波状或不规则,与狭义郁金香属存在显著的差异。狭义郁金香属的12种在种皮纹饰、网眼大小及形状、网脊宽窄等方面均存在明显的差异,但组间无明显差别,说明这些特征在种的划分上具有一定的分类学意义。 6)对16种植物的胚囊发育过程观察表明:共有6种胚囊发育类型,即Fritillaria type、Drusa type、Tulipa iliensis type、Tulipa tetraphylla type、 Adoxa type和Eriostemones type。其中Tulipa iliensis type为所发现的一种新的胚囊发育类型。Tulipa iliensis、T. heterophylla和T. heteropetala3个种具有两种胚囊类型。在郁金香属中,胚囊的发育类型具有一定的系统学意义。 7)通过对21种郁金香以及猪牙花属2种植物基于nrDNA ITS区和cpDNA trnL-F 区的序列分析,发现广义郁金香属并非一单系类群,老鸦瓣属为猪牙花属的姐妹群。在狭义郁金香属中,sect. Orithyia、sect. Tulipanum以及sect. Eriostemones得到了该分子系统学分析的支持,而sect. Leiostemones是否成立及其系统关系问题尚有待于进一步研究。
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本文回顾了八角科(Illiciaceae)的分类历史,对其现状进行了介绍,并提出了存在的一些问题,针对这些问题,我们对八角科及其近缘类群 [五味子科(Schisandraceae)和木兰科(Magnoliaceae)] 的木材解剖特征,以及对组成八角目(Illiciales)的八角科和五味子科的花被片表皮形态进行了研究,进一步确定了八角科在离生心皮类中的原始地位,且为其属的次级划分提供了更多的性状支持,更详尽地阐述了它与近缘类群间的系统学关系,确定了八角目的独立地位。 1 比较木材解剖学 在光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜下,对八角科八角属(Illicium)2组19种1亚种43个材料、五味子科2属4种7个材料和木兰科1属3种4个材料的木材解剖结构进行了比较研究。 因八角科导管单独、多角形、密集、细长且具螺纹加厚,穿孔板梯状且细密,射线异形等特征,本文支持建立单属的八角科。在八角属内,由于八角组(Sect. Illicium)的导管分子密度较高和直径较窄,易损度为0.090,射线较高,而八角茴香组(Sect. Cymbostemon)的导管分子密度较低和直径较宽,易损度为0.194,射线较矮,因而本文支持将八角属分为八角组和八角茴香组,且八角组比八角茴香组原始。根据欧式距离,八角科与五味子科之间的相似性(d=4.690)比八角科与木兰科(d=4.899)之间的相似性大,本文支持建立八角目(Illiciales)。 2 花被片表皮比较形态学 在光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜下,观察了八角科八角属2组11种20个样品、五味子科南五味子属(Kadsura)2亚属2组8种15个样品和五味子属(Schisandra)2亚属4组6种17个样品的花被片表皮形态特征。 首次报道了八角目2个科(八角科和五味子科)3个属(八角属、南五味子属和五味子属)植物花被片表皮细胞的形状、分泌细胞的形状及分布、气孔器的形状及分布、花被片表面的纹饰,在五味子科中发现2个新的性状(气孔对和环列型气孔)。 通过与八角目2个科3个属植物的叶表皮形态比较,发现花被片表皮气孔器外拱盖均为单层,与叶表皮气孔器外拱盖层数(常绿种类为双层和落叶种类为单层)之间没有相关性。通过对两性花、雌花和雄花花被片表皮观察,发现花被片表皮形态与花的性别之间没有相关性。通过对八角属、南五味子属和五味子属花被片表皮比较,发现五味子属花被片表皮形态比南五味子属花被片表皮形态表现出更多的衍生性状,南五味子属花被片表皮形态比八角属花被片表皮形态表现出更多的衍生性状;南五味子属花被片表皮形态与五味子属花被片表皮形态之间的相似性程度较大,与八角属花被片表皮形态之间的相似性程度较小,支持建立含南五味子属和五味子属的五味子科,支持建立只含八角属的八角科。
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槽舌兰属为(Holcoglossum schltr.)兰科树兰亚科万代兰族指甲兰亚族植物,大部分种类为中国特有种,部分种类分布到越南、泰国、缅甸等国家和地区。本研究利用ITS、trnL-F和matK序列重建了槽舌兰属的系统树,在此基础上对其和植物地理进行了初步探讨并对该属植物的叶表皮特征演化进行了探讨。具体结果如下: 1.槽舌兰的分子系统学研究及分子植物地理学 对槽舌兰属的13个种的12个种进行了取样(H. quasipinifolium未包括),而横断山地区所有已知的槽舌兰属植物的居群进行了取样,共有25个取样代表了槽舌兰属。运用ITS、trnL-F和matK序列重建了槽舌兰属的系统树。槽舌兰属得到了很强的单系支持,并且分为了从南到北的三个分支,其中高山类群得到了很强的支持,尽管该类群内部系统关系没有得到解决。本研究推测槽舌兰属是从南部的热带地区向北部扩散,并在横断山地区辐射分化。槽舌兰高山类群的辐射分化和该地区的迅速隆起密切相关。 2.槽舌兰属的叶表皮演化 在光学显微镜下和电子显微镜下,观察了21个代表槽舌兰属8个种以及5个来自Vanda concolor和 Aerides ordorata的叶表皮样品的常规特征,包括表皮细胞的形状,密度,垂周壁式样,气孔类型,气孔指数,气孔长/宽(L/W), 气孔大小等等。槽舌兰属的气孔除H. omeiense外,其它上、下表皮均有气孔分布,是比较进化的类型。表皮细胞为多边形,垂周壁平直或弓形。槽舌兰属的上表皮细胞都大于下表皮的细胞。与万代兰族的其它类群相似。结果表明,气孔类型和气孔指数与属的系统发育关系一致,可以作为一个很好的特征。 3.槽舌兰属高山组的物种形成初探 槽舌兰属高山组植物在形态上、传粉系统以及生境都有了很大的分化,但该类群在分子序列上却几乎没有区别,本文推测该类群是近期的辐射分化形成的。
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An outbreak of saprolegniasis in Catla catla in composite carp culture ponds were recorded during winter season. The typical cotton wool growths were observed on whole body surfaces of catla along with sporadic mortality. The fungal invasion was only restricted to skin and no fungal elements were visible in any internal organs after periodic acid schiff staining. On histology, periportal accumulation of mononuclear cells in liver, presence of myxosporidean cysts in antieror kidney, eosinophilic granular cells reaction in submucosa of stomach and intestine, dilated and engorged blood vessels of brain along with sloughing of epidermis and hyperplasia at gill lamellar base were pronounced changes. The possible role of release of Saprolegnia toxin in producing internal organs pathology has been discussed.
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Incisional wounds of the same length and depth were made on skin between dorsal fin and the lateral line canal of Clarias batrachus and the pattern of wound closure has been studied histologically. Following infliction, a marked change in the colour of the skin surrounding the wound was observed which lasted for about 30 h and restored thereafter. Mucus and blood cells plugged the wound gap shortly after infliction. The epidermis surrounding the wound was found to be detached from the basement membrane. Mass movement of epidermal cells was observed from both side of the wound gap. The epidermal cells at the margin of the wound became hypertrophied. The epidermis became normal by 32 days. The dealing of sub-epidermal tissue indicated degenerative and regenerative changes of muscle fibres. The mucus and blood cells were accumulated in the wound gap and later fine blood vessels were formed. Gradually granulation tissue was formed and fibroblasts and myoblasts appeared. Myoblast differentiated into muscle bundles. The epidermal repair was completed within 35 days.
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Host feeding selection by the female pea leafminer, Liriomyza huidobrensis, on 47 species of plants was studied. The leaves were sectioned by microtome, and 15 characteristics of the leaf tissue structure were measured under a microscope. Correlation analysis between host feeding selection and leaf tissue structure indicated that the preference of host feeding selection was positively correlated with the percentage of moisture content of leaves and negatively with thickness of the epidermis wall, and densities of the palisade and spongy tissues of leaves. Leaf tissue structure was influential in feeding and probing behavior of female L. huidobrensis. So, thickness of epidermis wall, densities of the palisade and spongy tissues can act as a physical barrier to female oviposition. Furthermore, higher densities of palisade and spongy tissues can be considered a resistant trait which affects mining of leaf miner larvae as well. As a result, plants with lower leaf moisture content may not be suitable for the development of L. huidobrensis.
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干旱胁迫是全球范围内影响植物生存、生长和分布的重要环境因子。岷江上游干旱河谷区,由于生态环境的脆弱性和长期人类活动的干扰和过度利用,导致植被严重退化,水土流失加剧,山地灾害频繁,干旱化和荒漠化趋势明显。这种趋势若不能遏制,将严重阻碍区域社会经济的快速协调发展,并且威胁成都平原地区的发展和长江中下游地区的生态安全。因而开展干旱河谷生态恢复研究成为解决这些问题的关键。水分匮乏是限制干旱河谷生态恢复的关键因子,在全球气候变化的背景下,干旱胁迫在区域尺度上可能会更加严重,并使干旱河谷的生态环境更加恶化。因此,深入研究干旱河谷乡土植物对干旱胁迫的响应和适应机理,具有非常重要的理论和实践意义。 本论文以岷江上游干旱河谷的三种乡土豆科灌木,白刺花(Sophora davidii)、小马鞍羊蹄甲(Bauhinia faberi var. microphylla)和小雀花(Campylotropics polyantha)理论和实践意义。为研究对象,在人工控制条件下设计了4-5个连续性干旱胁迫处理,系统地研究了灌木幼苗的生长、生物量积累和水分利用效率(WUE)、形态结构和生理过程等对干旱胁迫的反应,揭示了幼苗的干旱适应能力及种间差异。主要研究结论如下: 1) 灌木生长和繁殖对干旱胁迫的反应 在干旱胁迫下,幼苗生长速率显著减小,叶片衰老和脱落比率增大,这些变化随着胁迫强度的增加具有累积效应。叶片比茎对干旱胁迫的反应更敏感。在严重干旱胁迫下,幼苗的有性繁殖被限制,但在中等程度干旱胁迫下,幼苗的有性繁殖能力被提高。 2) 灌木生物量积累及其分配和WUE对干旱胁迫的反应 在干旱胁迫下,灌木各器官的生物量都显著减小,但是生物量的分配侧重于地下部分,使得根茎比在干旱条件下增大。幼苗的耗水量(WU)随着干旱胁迫的增加而显著减少。白刺花和小马鞍羊蹄甲WUE在干旱胁迫下降低;小雀花的WUE在中等干旱胁迫下升高。 3) 灌木叶片结构特征对干旱胁迫反应 白刺花叶片具有较为典型的旱生型结构,而小马鞍羊蹄甲和小雀花则为中生型结构。在1至2年的干旱胁迫下,灌木叶片结构组成未发生本质性的改变,主要是细胞大小的变化。在中等和严重干旱胁迫下,叶肉组织厚度明显减小;并且气孔和表皮细胞面积也显著减小,气孔和表皮细胞密度显著增大;叶肉细胞层数、P/S值、表皮厚度等无显著变化。 4) 灌木对干旱胁迫的生理响应 气体交换参数和叶片相对含水量(RWC)在中等干旱胁迫下发生了明显的改变,而叶绿素荧光参数和光合色素含量在严重干旱胁迫下才发生显著变化。在干旱胁迫下,净光合作用速率(Pn)、气孔导度(gs)和RWC呈下降趋势,而叶片温度(Tl)呈增加趋势,蒸腾速率(Tr)的变化不明显。除了日最大Pn减小以外,干旱胁迫对气体交换参数的日变化无显著影响,但是对光合-光响应曲线有显著的影响,使有效光合时间缩短。在严重干旱胁迫下光系统受到损害而代谢减弱,PSⅡ中心的内禀光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)、量子产量(Yield)、光化学淬灭参数(qP)显著降低,而非光化学淬灭参数(NPQ)明显增加。气孔限制和非气孔限制对Pn的影响与干旱胁迫强度有关。在中度胁迫下,气孔限制起主导作用,在严重胁迫下非气孔限制起主导作用,40% FC水分条件可能是灌木由气孔限制向非气孔限制的转折点。 5) 灌木对干旱胁迫的适应能力及其种间差异 三种灌木对干旱胁迫具有较好的适应能力,即使在20% FC,幼苗未因干旱胁迫III而死亡;80% FC适宜于幼苗生长。白刺花生长速率慢,耗水量较少,具有较强的耐旱和耐贫瘠能力,并具有干旱忍受机制,能够在较干旱的环境中定居和生长。小马鞍羊蹄甲和小雀花,生长快,水分消耗量较大,尤其是小雀花,对干旱胁迫的忍受能力较弱,具有干旱回避机制,因而适宜于在较为湿润的生境中生长。综合分析表明,生长速率较慢的物种抗旱能力较强,其更适宜于作为干旱地区植被恢复物种。 Drought is often a key factor limiting plant establishment, growth and distribution inmany regions of the world. The harsh environmental conditions and long-termanthropogenic disturbance had resulted in habitat destruction in the dry valley ofMinjiang river, southwest China. Recently, it tended to be more severe on the vegetationdegradation, soil erosion and water loss, natural disaster, as well as desertification, whichimpact on regional booming economy and harmonious development, and would be verydangerous to the environmental security in the middle and lower reaches of Yangzi River.Therefore, ecological restoration in the dry valley is one of the vital tasks in China. Waterdeficit is known to affect adversely vegetation restoration in this place. Moreover, in thecontext of climate change, an increased frequency of drought stress might occur at aregional scale in the dry valleys of Minjiang River. The selection of appropriate plantingspecies for vegetation restoration in regard to regional conditions is an important issue atpresent and in further. The research on responses of indigenous species to drought stresscould provide insights into the improvement of the vegetation restoration in the dry valleys of Minjiang River. In this paper, the responses of three indigenous leguminous shrubs, Sophora davidii,Bauhinia faberi var. microphylla and Campylotropics polyantha, to various soil watersupplies were studied in order to assess drought tolerance of seedlings, and to compare interspecific differences in seedlings’ responses to drought stress. The results were as follows: 1 Growth and reproduction of shrubs in response to drought stress Seedling growth reduced significantly while leaf senescence accelerated underdrought stress, the cumulative responses to prolonged drought were found. The capacityfor reproduction was limited by severe drought stress, and improved by moderate droughtstress. Leaf responses were more sensitive than shoot to various water supplies. 2 WUE, biomass production and its partitioning of shrubs in response to drought stress Drought stress reduced significantly the total dry mass and their components ofseedlings, and altered more biomass allocation to root system, showing higher R/S ratiounder drought. Water use (WU) and water-use efficiency (WUE) of both S. davidii and B.faberi var. microphylla declined strongly with drought stress. The WU C. polyantha ofalso declined with drought stress, but WUE improved under moderate drought stress. 3 Anatomical characteristics and ultrastructures of leaves in response to drought stress There were xeromorphic for S. davidii leaves and mesomorphic for B. faberi var.microphylla and C. polyantha at the all water supplies. The foundational changes in leafstructures were not found with drought stress. However, mesophyll thickness, the areas ofstomatal and epidermis reduced slightly while the densities of stomatal and epidermisincreased under severe drought stress. Variations in these parameters could mainly be duoto cell size. Other structures did not displayed significant changes with drought stress. 4 Physiological responses of shrubs to drought stress The gas exchange parameters and leaf relative water content (RWC) were affectedby moderate stress, while chlorophyll fluorescence and chlorophyll content were onlyaffected by severe stress. Drought stress decreased net photosynthesis rate (Pn), stomatalconductance, light-use efficiency and RWC, and increased leaf temperature. Therespiration rates (Tr) were kept within a narrower range than Pn, resulting in aprogressively increased instantaneous water use effiecency (WUEi) under drought stress.Moreover, drought stress also affected the response curve of Pn to RAR, there was adepression light saturation point (Lsat) and maximum Pn (Pnmax) for moderate andsevere stressed seedling. However, diurnal changes of gas exchange parameters did notdiffer among water supplies although maximum daily Pn declined under severe stress.VISevere stress reduced Fv/Fm, Yield and qP while increased NPQ and chlorophyll content.Photosynthetic activity decreased during drought stress period due to stomatal andnon-stomatal limitations. The relative contribution of these limitations was associatedwith the severity of stress. The limitation to Pn was caused mainly by stomatal limitationunder moderate drought stress, and by the predominance of non-stomatal limitation undersevere stress. In this case, 40% FC water supply may be a non-stomatal limitation 5 Interspecific differences in drought tolerance of shrubs Three shrubs exhibited good performance throughout the experiment process, evenif at 20% FC treatment there were no any seedlings died, 80% FC water supply wassuitable for their establishment and growth. S. davidii minimized their water loss byreducing total leaf area and growth rate, as well as maintained higher RWC and Pncompared to the other two species under drought stress, thus they might be more tolerantto the drought stress than the other two species. On the contrary, it was found that C.polyantha and B. faberi var. microphylla had higher water loss because of their stomatalconductance and higher leaf area ratios. They reduced water loss with shedding theirleaves and changing leaf orientation under drought stress. Based on their responses, thestudied species could be categorized into two: (1) S. davidii with a tolerance mechanismin response to drought stress; (2) C. polyantha and B. faberi var. microphylla withdrought avoidance mechanism. These results indicated that slow-growing shrub speciesare better adapted to drought stress than intermediate or fast-growing species in present orpredicted drought conditions. Therefore, selecting rapid-growing species might leavethese seedlings relatively at a risk of extreme drought.
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Three members of the tetraspanin/TM4SF superfamily were cloned from Chinese shrimp, Fenneropenaeus chinensis. The deduced amino acid sequences of the three proteins have typical motifs of the tetraspanin/TM4SF superfamily. Phylogenetic analysis of the proteins, together with the known tetraspanins of invertebrates and vertebrates, revealed that they belong to different tetraspanin subfamilies: CD9, CD63 and tetraspanin-3. The three cloned genes of CD9, CD63 and tetraspanin-3 showed apparently different tissue distributions. The CD9 gene (FcCD9) was specifically expressed in the hepatopancreas. While for the CD63 gene (FcCD63), the highest expression was detected in nerves, epidermis and heart, with low expression in haemocytes, ovary, gill, hepatopancreas and stomach and no expression in intestine, muscle and lymphoid organ. Compared with FcCD9 and FcCD63, the tetraspanin-3 gene (FcTetraspanin-3) was more broadly expressed and its highest expression was detected in the intestine. Its expression in nerves was lower than in the intestine, but was higher than in other tissues. Expression in haemocytes, ovary and muscle was much lower than in other tissues. The expression profiles of FcCD9, FcCD63 and FcTetraspanin-3 in different tissues, including haemocytes, lymphoid organ and hepatopancreas, were compared by real-time PCR when shrimp were challenged by live white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and heat-inactivated WSSV. All three tetraspanins were markedly up-regulated in the live WSSV-challenged shrimp tissues. The data suggested that the three cloned members of TM4SF superfamily in Chinese shrimp may play a key role in the route of WSSV infection.
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Undaria cultivation on a commercial scale began in China only in the last decade. Today, Undaria pinnatifida is the main species under cultivation concentrated in two provinces, Liaoning and Shandong. The annual production in the early nineties was 8000-13 000 tons dry weight, which is two or three times the pre-1980 figures. The raft cultivation method maintaining the alga at the desired depths generally ensures the light saturated rate of photosynthesis on clear days, and enhances production. Under the cultivated condition, the calculated annual primary productivity of this alga is 160 g C m(-2) y(-1). Translocation of C-14-labelled photoassimilates in rapidly growing sporophyte of Undaria pinnatifida was studied in the open sea. Samples from different parts of the blade with counterparts exposed to tracer ((NaHCO3)-C-14) showed that the translocation that occurred mainly from the tip of the blade to the growing region had obvious source-sink relationship. It took 20 minutes to translocate the labelled photoassimilates from the epidermis, via cortex, to the medulla of the midrib, where rates of translocation averaging 42-48 cm h(-1) were observed in the open sea. Production experiments of tip-cutting of the blades showed an increased production of 9%.
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Seed rearing is an important part in large scale clam culture industry. Since the nutritional history affects early development in bivalve, the condition of larval nutrition plays a key role in successful seed rearing. So far, the molecular mechanism of nutrient uptake in bivalve larvae is unclear. As one of the important proteolytic enzymes, cathepsin B of several organisms has been reported to be involved in digestion. We intended to analyze whether cathepsin B is involved in larval nutrient metabolism in the economic bivalve, clam Meretrix meretrix. The full length of M. meretrix cathepsin B (MmeCB) cDNA was cloned, which is 1647 bp with an open reading frame of 1014 bp. The deduced amino acid sequence encoded a preproenzyme of 337 residues with Cys-114, His-282 and Asn-302 composing cathepsin B activity center. The temporal and spatial expressions of MmeCB mRNA were examined from trochophore to post larva stages by whole mount in situ hybridization. In trochophore stage, no detectable signal was found. In the later three stages, MmeCB mRNA was detected in the digestive gland, suggesting a possible role of MmeCB in digestion. Moreover, MmeCB mRNA was also observed in the epidermal cells in D-veligers. Cathepsin B specific inhibitor (CA074 methyl ester) was applied to block the activity of cathepsin B in unfed larvae. The average shell lengths of treated larvae were smaller than that in control groups. The results of mRNA epidermal distribution and inhibitor treatment in D-veligers indicated that MmeCB may be also associated with other pathway of nutrient metabolism in larval epidermis. The overall results in this paper revealed that MmeCB might play a role in larval nutrient metabolism. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Morphological and culture studies of tetraspores of Gracilaria lemaneiformis were carried out under laboratory conditions. Relationships of germination rate, diameter and survival rate of tetraspores from 1st generation branches with grads of temperature and irradiance were determined, respectively. The result showed that 1st generation branches is in the majority of the tetraspores shedding and tetraspores from which had highest survival rates than other parts of the sporophytic plant. The time tetraspores used developing from giant unicells to diads, which both existed on the epidermis, then to tetraspores off the matrix, was only approximately 3 weeks all through. However, tetraspores spent more than two months developing into germlings of gametophytes. It was shown that temperature variation (10, 15, 25, 30 degrees C) with the light of 30 mu mol m(-2) s(-1) had significant effects on the germination rate and diameter, but had no apparent effect on survival rate (ANOVA, P < 0.01). Germination rates of tetraspores reached the maximum at 20 degrees C, which was significantly higher than those at other temperature levels (P < 0.01), whereas 15 degrees C seemed to be optimal temperature for the diameter. All the three growth parameters (germination rate, diameter and survival rate) yield highly significant variations with irradiance treatments at room temperature (ANOVA, P < 0.01). The optimal germination rate was detected at the irradiance of 30 mu mol m(-2) s(-1) (P < 0.01). The photon flux density which exceeds 480 nnol m(-2) s(-1) have apparently negative effect on diameter and survival rate. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Resumo:
This paper reports the mega-, micro-sporogenesis and female-, male-gametogenesis of Swertia cincta for the first time, with the aim of discussing the systematic position of section Platynema and section Ophelia of Swertia. Anthers are tetrasporangiate. The development of anther walls conforms to the dicotyledonous type. The tapetum cells have dual origin and are similar to the glandular type. There are two middle layers. The endothecium and epidermis persist. Cytokinesis in the microsporrocyte meiosis is simultaneous type and the microscpore teads are tetrahedral. Pollen grains are 3-celled. The ovary is bicarpellum and unilocular. The placentation is of suparietal placentation with 12 series of ovules. The ovules. The ovule is unitegmic, tenuinucellar and ana-campylotropous, The embryo sac orignates from the single-archesporial cell. The one chalazal megaspore in lienar tetrad become the functional megasore. The development of embryo sac is of the polygonum type. Before fertilization, two polar nuclei fuse into one secondary nucleus. Three antipodal cells persisted and divided into 5-8 cells. A comparison between two sections indicates that section Plathnema is better treated as distinct section and is more advanced than section Ophelia according to the evolutionary trends of embryological characters.
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The embryological characters of Crawfurdia delavayi Frabnch. are described and the systematic relationships of Crawfurdia discussed. Anthers are tetrasporangiate. The development of anther walls conforms to the Dicotyledonous type. The tapetum is of single origin. The development of the tapetum with uninucleate cells is of the glandular type. The tapetal cells on the connective side show radial elongation or periclinal division and intrude into the anther locule. The epidermis of anther walls persists and its cells become pillar and fibrous, and the endothecium degenerates. The ovary is bicarpellary and unilocular. The placentation is typically parietal with 8 rows of anatropous ovules. The development of embryo sac is of the polygonum type. Before fertilization, two polar nuclei fuse into a secondary nucleus. Three antipodal cells persist. Flowers are protandrous. Fertilization is porogamous. The development of the endosperm is of the nuclear type. The embryogeny corresponds to the solanad type physalis II variation. The embryological data indicate that it is better to separate Crawfurdia from Gentiana as an independent genus.