950 resultados para Reptiles and amphibians


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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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In der vorliegenden Arbeit untersuchte ich die Diversität und die sauerstoffabhängige Expression der Globine von Karpfenfischen. Mit Globin X konnte ein fünfter Globintyp identifiziert werden, dessen Vorkommen auf Fische und Amphibien beschränkt ist. Globin X wird sowohl auf mRNA- als auch auf Proteinebene in zahlreichen Geweben exprimiert. Zur Aufklärung der genauen Funktion müssen noch weitere Analysen durchgeführt werden. Phylogenetische Untersuchungen ergaben eine ursprüngliche Verwandtschaft zwischen Neuroglobin und Globin X und deuten darauf hin, dass der letzte gemeinsame Vorfahre der Protostomia und Deuterostomia bereits zwei verschiedene Globintypen besessen hat. Im Zebrabärbling und im Goldfisch konnte ich eine Myoglobin-Expression neben dem Herzen auch in Hirn, Kieme, Leber und Niere nachweisen und somit zeigen, dass Myoglobin nicht nur im Muskelgewebe lokalisiert ist. Des Weiteren konnte eine hirnspezifische Myoglobin-Isoform im Goldfisch identifiziert werden, deren Funktion noch unklar ist und weiterer Untersuchungen bedarf. Das Vorhandensein der zweiten Isoform ist innerhalb der Cyprinidae (Karpfenfische) aufgrund einer Genomduplikation bei den Cyprininae (Kärpflinge) auf diese Unterfamilie beschränkt. Durch Hypoxieexperimente konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Expression der Globine von der Intensität des Sauerstoffmangels abhängig ist und gewebe- und artspezifisch erfolgt. Im Zebrabärbling wurde eine Abnahme der Hämoglobin- und Globin X-Konzentration beobachtet, während das Cytoglobin-Expressionsniveau nahezu unverändert blieb. Im Fall von Myoglobin und Neuroglobin konnte zum ersten Mal gezeigt werden, dass die hypoxieinduzierte Zunahme der mRNA-Menge auch mit einer verstärkten Expression des jeweiligen Proteins korreliert ist. Im Vergleich dazu war die Veränderung der Expression der meisten Globine im Goldfisch gering, lediglich Myoglobin wurde im Fischkörper auf mRNA-Ebene nach Hypoxie deutlich verstärkt exprimiert. Durch einen Vergleich der konstitutiven Neuroglobin-Expression beider Karpfenfische konnte in Auge und Hirn des hypoxietoleranten Goldfisches eine 3- bzw. 5-fach höhere Neuroglobin-Konzentration als im hypoxiesensitiven Zebrabärbling nachgewiesen werden. Meine Ergebnisse stützen somit die Hypothese, dass Neuroglobin eine myoglobinähnliche Funktion einnimmt und den aeroben Stoffwechsel im neuronalen Gewebe auch unter Sauerstoffmangel aufrechterhält.

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Es wurde ein Teil der life-history, die Reproduktion, von Dinosauriern, speziell der Sauropoden, den größten bekannten jemals auf der Erde existierenden Landtieren, untersucht, um unter anderem den Zusammenhang zwischen Gigantismus und Reproduktion zu erforschen. Hierzu wurde eine mögliche life-history für Sauropoden, auf Grundlage des heutigen Forschungsstands in der Biologie und der Paläontologie, anhand einer Literaturrecherche erstellt. Des Weiteren wurde ein Modell zur Reproduktion bei ausgestorbenen oviparen Amnioten, basierend auf bestehenden Zusammenhängen zwischen Körpergröße und verschiedenen masse-spezifischen Reproduktionsmerkmalen (Eigewicht, Gelegegewicht, jähr. Gelegegewicht) bei rezenten oviparen Amnioten, erarbeitet. Mit Hilfe dieses Modells und Informationen aus Fossilfunden wurde der Frage nachgegangen, wie diese Reproduktionsmerkmale bei Dinosauriern wahrscheinlich ausgesehen haben. Weiterhin erfolgte die Überprüfung der Hypothese, dass Dinosaurier, insbesondere Sauropoden, eine höhere Reproduktionskapazität hatten als gleich große landlebende Säugetiere, was ersteren im Vergleich zu letzteren ermöglicht haben soll so viel größer zu werden (Janis und Carrano 1992). rnDie Untersuchungen der Zusammenhänge zwischen Körpergewicht und den masse-spezifischen Reproduktionsmerkmalen ergaben, dass das Körpergewicht immer stark mit den untersuchten Reproduktionsmerkmalen korreliert war. Große Vögel und große Reptilien unterscheiden sich in ihrem relativen Eigewicht (Eigewicht/Körpergewicht). Vögel haben relativ größere Eier. Betrachtet man das relative Gelegegewicht oder das relative jährliche Gelegegewicht so wird der Unterschied kleiner bzw. ist zwischen manchen Reptilien- und Vogelgruppen nicht mehr vorhanden. Dinosaurier hatten relative Eigewichte, die zwischen denen von Reptilien und Vögel liegen. Basale Dinosaurier, wie Prosauropoden, waren in ihrer Reproduktion eher reptilien-ähnlich, während vogel-ähnliche Theropoden eine Reproduktion hatten, die sich besser durch ein Vogelmodel beschreiben lässt. Die Reproduktion anderer Dinosaurier, wie Sauropoden und Hadrosaurier, lässt sich nicht eindeutig durch eines der beiden Modelle beschreiben und/oder die Modelle variierten in Abhängigkeit des betrachteten Merkmals. Trotzdem war es möglich für alle untersuchten Dinosaurier eine Abschätzung zur Gelegegröße und der Anzahl der jährlich gelegten Eier zu machen. Diese Schätzungen ergaben, dass die vermutete hohe Reproduktionskapazität von mehreren hundert Eiern pro Jahr nur für extrem große Sauropoden (70 t) haltbar ist. rnMit Ausnahme der Nagetiere fand ich die Unterschiede in der Reproduktionskapazität von Vögeln und Säugetieren, die Janis und Carrano (1992) postulierten, sogar auf der Ebene von Ordnungen. Dinosauriergelege waren größer als die Würfe von gleichgroßen (extrapolierten) Säugetieren während die Gelegegröße von gleichgroßen (extrapolierten) Vögeln ähnlich der von Sauropoden war. Da das Aussterberisiko häufig mit niedriger Reproduktionskapazität korreliert ist, impliziert dies ein geringeres Aussterberisiko großer Dinosaurier im Vergleich zu großen Säugetieren. Populationen sehr großer Dinosaurier, wie der Sauropoden, konnten vermutlich daher, über evolutionäre Zeiträume betrachtet, sehr viel länger existieren als Populationen großer Säugetiere.rn

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The interest of the scientific community towards organic pollutants in freshwater streams is fairly recent. During the past 50 years, thousands of chemicals have been synthesized and released into the general environment. Nowadays their occurrence and effects on several organism, invertebrates, fish, birds, reptiles and also humans are well documented. Because of their action, some of these chemicals have been defined as Endocrine Disrupters Compounds (EDCs) and the public health implications of these EDCs have been the subject of scientific debate. Most interestingly, among those that were noticed to have some influence and effects on the endocrine system were the estrone, the 17β-estradiol, the 17α-estradiol, the estriol, the 17α-ethinylestradiol, the testosterone and the progesterone. This project focused its attention on the 17β-estradiol. Estradiol, or more precisely, 17β-estradiol (also commonly referred to as E2) is a human sex hormone. It belongs to the class of steroid hormones. In spite of the effort to remove these substances from the effluents, the actual wastewater treatment plants are not able to degrade or inactivate these organic compounds that are continually poured in the ecosystem. Through this work a new system for the wastewater treatment was tested, to assess the decrease of the estradiol in the water. It involved the action of Chlorella vulgaris, a fresh water green microalga belonging to the family of the Chlorellaceae. This microorganism was selected for its adaptability and for its photosynthetic efficiency. To detect the decrease of the target compound in the water a CALUX bioassay analysis was chosen. Three different experiments were carried on to pursue the aim of the project. By analysing their results several aspects emerged. It was assessed the presence of EDCs inside the water used to prepare the culture media. C. vulgaris, under controlled conditions, could be efficient for this purpose, although further researches are essential to deepen the knowledge of this complex phenomenon. Ultimately by assessing the toxicity of the effluent against C. vulgaris, it was clear that at determined concentrations, it could affect the normal growth rate of this microorganism.

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Despite more than a century of debate, the evolutionary position of turtles (Testudines) relative to other amniotes (reptiles, birds, and mammals) remains uncertain. One of the major impediments to resolving this important evolutionary problem is the highly distinctive and enigmatic morphology of turtles that led to their traditional placement apart from diapsid reptiles as sole descendants of presumably primitive anapsid reptiles. To address this question, the complete (16,787-bp) mitochondrial genome sequence of the African side-necked turtle (Pelomedusa subrufa) was determined. This molecule contains several unusual features: a (TA)n microsatellite in the control region, the absence of an origin of replication for the light strand in the WANCY region of five tRNA genes, an unusually long noncoding region separating the ND5 and ND6 genes, an overlap between ATPase 6 and COIII genes, and the existence of extra nucleotides in ND3 and ND4L putative ORFs. Phylogenetic analyses of the complete mitochondrial genome sequences supported the placement of turtles as the sister group of an alligator and chicken (Archosauria) clade. This result clearly rejects the Haematothermia hypothesis (a sister-group relationship between mammals and birds), as well as rejecting the placement of turtles as the most basal living amniotes. Moreover, evidence from both complete mitochondrial rRNA genes supports a sister-group relationship of turtles to Archosauria to the exclusion of Lepidosauria (tuatara, snakes, and lizards). These results challenge the classic view of turtles as the only survivors of primary anapsid reptiles and imply that turtles might have secondarily lost their skull fenestration.

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Also published under titles: The new natural history, and, Library of natural history.

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Each v. has also individual t.-p.

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The eyes of most diurnal reptiles and birds contain coloured retinal filters-oil droplets. Although these filters are widespread, their adaptive advantage remains uncertain. To understand why coloured oil droplets appeared and were retained during evolution, I consider both the benefits and the costs of light filtering in the retina. Oil droplets decrease cone quantum catch and reduce the overlap in sensitivity between spectrally adjacent cones. The reduction of spectral overlap increases the volume occupied by object colours in a cone space, whereas the decrease in quantum catch increases noise, and thus reduces the discriminability of similar colours. The trade-off between these two effects determines the total benefit of oil droplets. Calculations show that coloured oil droplets increase the number of object colours that can be discriminated, and thus are beneficial for colour vision.

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Differential heart rates during heating and cooling (heart rate hysteresis) are an important thermoregulatory mechanism in ectothermic reptiles. We speculate that heart rate hysteresis has evolved alongside vascularisation, and to determine whether this phenomenon occurs in a lineage with vascularised circulatory systems that is phylogenetically distant from reptiles, we measured the response of heart rate to convective heat transfer in the Australian freshwater crayfish, Cherax destructor. Heart rate during convective heating (from 20 to 30 degreesC) was significantly faster than during cooling for any given body temperature. Heart rate declined rapidly immediately following the removal of the heat source, despite only negligible losses in body temperature. This heart rate 'hysteresis' is similar to the pattern reported in many reptiles and, by varying peripheral blood flow, it is presumed to confer thermoregulatory benefits particularly given the thermal sensitivity of many physiological rate functions in crustaceans. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier Inc.

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It is a golden age for animal movement studies and so an opportune time to assess priorities for future work. We assembled 40 experts to identify key questions in this field, focussing on marine megafauna, which include a broad range of birds, mammals, reptiles, and fish. Research on these taxa has both underpinned many of the recent technical developments and led to fundamental discoveries in the field. We show that the questions have broad applicability to other taxa, including terrestrial animals, flying insects, and swimming invertebrates, and, as such, this exercise provides a useful roadmap for targeted deployments and data syntheses that should advance the field of movement ecology.

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It is a golden age for animal movement studies and so an opportune time to assess priorities for future work. We assembled 40 experts to identify key questions in this field, focussing on marine megafauna, which include a broad range of birds, mammals, reptiles, and fish. Research on these taxa has both underpinned many of the recent technical developments and led to fundamental discoveries in the field. We show that the questions have broad applicability to other taxa, including terrestrial animals, flying insects, and swimming invertebrates, and, as such, this exercise provides a useful roadmap for targeted deployments and data syntheses that should advance the field of movement ecology.

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Long-distance movements of animals are an important driver of population spatial dynamics and determine the extent of overlap with area-focused human activities, such as fishing. Despite global concerns of declining shark populations, a major limitation in assessments of population trends or spatial management options is the lack of information on their long-term migratory behaviour. For a large marine predator, the tiger shark Galeocerdo cuvier, we show from individuals satellite-tracked for multiple years (up to 1101 days) that adult males undertake annually repeated, round-trip migrations of over 7,500 km in the northwest Atlantic. Notably, these migrations occurred between the highly disparate ecosystems of Caribbean coral reef regions in winter and high latitude oceanic areas in summer, with strong, repeated philopatry to specific overwintering insular habitat. Partial migration also occurred, with smaller, immature individuals displaying reduced migration propensity. Foraging may be a putative motivation for these oceanic migrations, with summer behaviour showing higher path tortuosity at the oceanic range extremes. The predictable migratory patterns and use of highly divergent ecosystems shown by male tiger sharks appear broadly similar to migrations seen in birds, reptiles and mammals, and highlight opportunities for dynamic spatial management and conservation measures of highly mobile sharks.

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Long-distance movements of animals are an important driver of population spatial dynamics and determine the extent of overlap with area-focused human activities, such as fishing. Despite global concerns of declining shark populations, a major limitation in assessments of population trends or spatial management options is the lack of information on their long-term migratory behaviour. For a large marine predator, the tiger shark Galeocerdo cuvier, we show from individuals satellite-tracked for multiple years (up to 1101 days) that adult males undertake annually repeated, round-trip migrations of over 7,500 km in the northwest Atlantic. Notably, these migrations occurred between the highly disparate ecosystems of Caribbean coral reef regions in winter and high latitude oceanic areas in summer, with strong, repeated philopatry to specific overwintering insular habitat. Partial migration also occurred, with smaller, immature individuals displaying reduced migration propensity. Foraging may be a putative motivation for these oceanic migrations, with summer behaviour showing higher path tortuosity at the oceanic range extremes. The predictable migratory patterns and use of highly divergent ecosystems shown by male tiger sharks appear broadly similar to migrations seen in birds, reptiles and mammals, and highlight opportunities for dynamic spatial management and conservation measures of highly mobile sharks.

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Mangrove forests are the most productive and bio-diverse wetlands on earth. It generate a large amount of litter in the form of leaves, branches, twigs, inflorescence and other debris and provides habitat for diverse flora and fauna of marine and terrestrial origin such as bacteria, fungi, algae, lichens, zooplankton, benthos, birds, reptiles and mammals. These systems act as nursery for many fishes and shellfishes. The other sources may also provide important organic carbon inputs; including allochthonous riverine or marine material, autochthonous production by benthic or epiphytic micro- or macroalgae, and local water column production by phytoplankton. Since mangrove sediments are very complex which receives autochthonous and allochthonous organic matter inputs, the information extracted from the analysis of mangrove sediments is the fingerprint of both natural and human-induced changes.

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Floodplains pose challenges to managers of conservation lands because of constantly changing interactions with their rivers. Although scientific knowledge and understanding of the dynamics and drivers of river-floodplain systems can provide guidance to floodplain managers, the scientific process often occurs in isolation from management. Further, communication barriers between scientists and managers can be obstacles to appropriate application of scientific knowledge. With the coproduction of science in mind, our objectives were the following: (1) to document management priorities of floodplain conservation lands, and (2) identify science needs required to better manage the identified management priorities under nonstationary conditions, i.e., climate change, through stakeholder queries and interactions. We conducted an online survey with 80 resource managers of floodplain conservation lands along the Upper and Middle Mississippi River and Lower Missouri River, USA, to evaluate management priority, management intensity, and available scientific information for management objectives and conservation targets. Management objectives with the least information available relative to priority included controlling invasive species, maintaining respectful relationships with neighbors, and managing native, nongame species. Conservation targets with the least information available to manage relative to management priority included pollinators, marsh birds, reptiles, and shore birds. A follow-up workshop and survey focused on clarifying science needs to achieve management objectives under nonstationary conditions. Managers agreed that metrics of inundation, including depth and extent of inundation, and frequency, duration, and timing of inundation would be the most useful metrics for management of floodplain conservation lands with multiple objectives. This assessment provides guidance for developing relevant and accessible science products to inform management of highly dynamic floodplain environments. Although the problems facing managers of these lands are complex, products focused on a small suite of inundation metrics were determined to be the most useful to guide the decision making process.