Efeito do extrato de Euterpe oleracea Mart.(Açaí) sobre a disfunção endotelial, estresse oxidativo e alterações vasculares e renais associados à hipertensão renovascular dois rins, 1 clip (2R,1C)

Estudos recentes mostram que o açaí é rico em polifenóis e uma dieta rica em polifenóis pode estar envolvida na proteção contra o risco cardiovascular. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do tratamento crônico de animais hipertensos 2R,1C com extrato hidroalcoólico do caroço do açaí (ASE) sobre o desenvolvimento da hipertensão e disfunção endotelial; estresse oxidativo e sobre as alterações vasculares e renais. Ratos Wistar machos foram utilizados para obtenção da hipertensão renovascular 2R,1C e ratos controles 2R (sham) foram somente submetidos à laparotomia e receberam tratamento diário com veículo ou ASE (200 mg/Kg/dia) durante 40 dias. A pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) foi aferida por pletismografia de cauda e os efeitos vasodilatadores da acetilcolina (ACh) e nitroglicerina (NG) foram estudados em leito arterial mesentérico (LAM) perfundido e pré-contraído com norepinefrina. A atividade das enzimas SOD, CAT, GPx, os níveis de MDA, a carbonilação de proteínas e os níveis de nitrito foram avaliados por espectrofotometria. As expressões de enzimas pró e antioxidantes foram avaliadas por western blot. A atividade de MMP-2 foi avaliada por zimografia. Os níveis séricos de creatinina foram avaliados através de kit, por espectrofotometria. As alterações vasculares e renais foram avaliadas por microscopia de luz. A PAS foi maior nos animais 2R,1C, e o tratamento com ASE preveniu o desenvolvimento da hipertensão. O efeito vasodilatador reduzido da ACh em animais 2R,1C foi recuperado pelo ASE. O efeito vasodilatador da NG não foi diferente entre os grupos. O dano oxidativo avaliado pela peroxidação lipídica e carbonilação de proteínas foi maior nos animais 2R,1C, e reduzido pelo tratamento com ASE. As atividades da SOD, CAT e GPx foram menores em amostras de mesentério, plasma, rim e coração de animais 2R,1C e o tratamento com ASE aumentou estas atividades. A produção de NO foi menor no plasma, mesentério e rim dos animais 2R,1C, e o tratamento com ASE aumentou a produção de NO somente no rim e mesentério destes animais. A expressão de SOD-1, 2, eNOS e TIMP-1 foram menores nos animais 2R,1C e o tratamento com ASE aumentou a expressão destas enzimas. A expressão de NOX-4 e MMP-2 e a atividade de MMP-2 foram maiores nos animais 2R,1C e o tratamento com ASE reduziu a expressão destas enzimas e a atividade de MMP-2. Os animais 2R,1C apresentaram um aumento na espessura da camada média da aorta e artéria mesentérica e um aumento na relação média/lúmen da aorta, e estas alterações foram prevenidas pelo ASE. Os níveis séricos aumentados de creatinina nos animais 2R,1C foram reduzidos por ASE. As alterações morfológicas renais nos animais 2R,1C foram prevenidas pelo ASE. Portanto, o tratamento com ASE previne o desenvolvimento da hipertensão, melhora a disfunção endotelial e previne as alterações vasculares e renais em ratos 2R,1C. A redução da atividade antioxidante e o aumento na peroxidação lipídica e carbonilação de proteínas sugerem o envolvimento de um mecanismo deficiente da defesa antioxidante e de um dano oxidativo aumentado, os quais foram revertidos pelo ASE.

Ação molecular da 1,25(OH)2D3 em células endoteliais humanas submetidas a diferentes concentrações de leptina

Altas concentrações plasmáticas de leptina têm sido relacionadas ao aumento da formação de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS) que podem desempenhar um papel regulador central em eventos inflamatórios e cardiovasculares. Estudos recentes têm demonstrado que a vitamina D é capaz de reduzir marcadores do estresse oxidativo, bem como modular a produção de citocinas inflamatórias. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito do pré-tratamento com concentração fisiológica (10-10 M) e suprafisiológica(10-7 M) de 1,25(OH)2D3 na produção do ânion superóxido (O2) e nos fatores de transcrição NF-κB e Nrf2,em células endoteliais humanas estimuladas com diferentes concentrações de leptina (1 e 10 ng/mL). Quando as células foram pré-tratadas com 1,25(OH)2D3, e estimuladas com leptina (1 e 10 ng/mL), a 1,25(OH)2D3 reduziu (p<0,05) a produção de ânion superóxido (O ), principalmente na concentração de 10-7 M. O fator de transcrição NF-κB foi positivamente ativado em células incubadas com 10 ng/mL de leptina, entretanto, quando se realizou o pré-tratamento com 1,25(OH)2D3 houve redução da translocação do NF-κB, assim como a produção de citocinas reguladas por este fator de transcrição. Também foi observado que o pré-tratamento com 10-7 M de 1,25(OH)2D3 aumentou de forma significativa (p<0,05) a expressão do fator de transcrição Nrf2 na fração nuclear em comparação ao controle, principalmente quando associada à 10 ng/mL de leptina (p<0,05). Tomados em conjunto, nossos resultados indicam que o tratamento com ambas as concentrações, 10-10 e 10-7 M de 1,25(OH)2D3 em células endoteliais humanas, foram eficazes em inibir a produção do ânion superóxido (O2), citocinas pró-inflamatórias, bem como inibir a translocação nuclear do fator de transcrição NF-κB, e ativar a via antioxidante Nrf2. Estes achados sugerem que o pré-tratamento com ambas as concentrações (fisiológica e suprafisiológica) de 1,25(OH)2D3 na presença de alta concentração de leptina, pode ter um efeito positivo no endotélio através da regulação de marcadores de inflamação e atividade antioxidante

Two Immunoregulatory Peptides with Antioxidant Activity from Tick Salivary Glands

Ticks are blood-feeding arthropods that may secrete immunosuppressant molecules, which inhibit host inflammatory and immune responses and provide survival advantages to pathogens at tick bleeding sites in hosts. In the current work, two families of immunoregulatory peptides, hyalomin-A and -B, were first identified from salivary glands of hard tick Hyalomma asiaticum asiaticum. Three copies of hyalomin-A are encoded by an identical gene and released from the same protein precursor. Both hyalomin-A and -B can exert significant anti-inflammatory functions, either by directly inhibiting host secretion of inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, monocyte chemotectic protein-1, and interferon-gamma or by indirectly increasing the secretion of immunosuppressant cytokine of interleukin-10. Hyalomin-A and -B were both found to potently scavenge free radical in vitro in a rapid manner and inhibited adjuvant-induced inflammation in mouse models in vivo. The JNK/SAPK subgroup of the MAPK signaling pathway was involved in such immunoregulatory functions of hyalomin-A and -B. These results showed that immunoregulatory peptides of tick salivary glands suppress host inflammatory response by modulating cytokine secretion and detoxifying reactive oxygen species.

Antioxidant effect of betel leaf extract on dry-cured fish

The effect of betel leaf (Piper betle Linn.) extract on control of autoxidation of fat in dry fish has been studied. Oil sardine has been selected for experiments since it contains very high amount of fat. The treatments were given with 5% (w/v) betel leaf extract in water at different stages of salt curing. FFA, PV and TVN values of the samples were determined periodically to assess the keeping quality and autoxidation. The sample, prepared by dipping the fish in the extract immediately after salting and then drying as usual, was found to have better keeping qualities.

Relationship between COPD and polymorphisms of HOX-1 and mEPH in a Chinese population

Recent studies have proposed that susceptibility to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) might be related with the polymorphisms of some genes encoding antioxidant enzymes, such as heme oxygenase-1 (HOX-1) and microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEPH).

Hepatic Histopathological Characteristics and Antioxidant Response of Phytoplanktivorous Silver Carp Intraperitoneally Injected with Extracted Microcystins

Objective To investigate the hispathological characteristics and antioxidant responses in liver of silver carp after intraperitoneal administration of microcystins (MCs) for further understanding hepatic intoxication and antioxidation mechanism in fish. Methods Phytoplanktivorous silver carp was injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with extracted hepatotoxic microcystins (mainly MC-RR and -LR) at a dose of 1000 mu g MC-LReq./kg body weight, and liver histopathological changes and antioxidant responses were studied at 1, 3, 12, 24, and 48 h, respectively, after injection. Results The damage to liver structure and the activities of hepatic antioxidant enzymes including catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxide (GPX) were increased in a time-dependent manner. Conclusion In terms of clinical and histological signs of intoxication and LD50 (i.p.) dose of MC-LR, silver carp appears rather resistant to MCs exposure than other fishes. Also, the significantly increased SOD activity in the liver of silver carp suggests a higher degree of response to MCs exposure than CAT and GPX.

Allelopathic mechanism of pyrogallol to Microcystis aeruginosa PCC7806 (Cyanobacteria): From views of gene expression and antioxidant system

Pyrogallol is a potent allelochemical on Microcystis aeruginosa, but its allelopathic mechanism is not fully known. In order to explore this mechanism, gene expressions for prx, mcyB, psbA, recA, grpE, fabZ under pyrogallol stress were studied, and activities of the main antioxidant enzymes were also measured. The results showed that expression of grpE and recA showed no significant change under pyrogallol stress, while psbA and mcyB were up-regulated at 4 mg L-1. Both prx and fabZ were up-regulated even under exposure to 1 mg L-1 pyrogallol concentration. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were enhanced under pyrogallol stress. Levels of malodialdehyde (MDA) at 2 and 4 mg L-1 pyrogallol were significantly higher than those of the controls. It was concluded that oxidant damage is an important mechanism for the allelopathic effect of pyrogallol on M. aeruginosa. (c) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The first study on the effects of microcystin-RR on gene expression profiles of antioxidant enzymes and heat shock protein-70 in Synechocystis sp PCC6803

Microcystins are heptapeptide toxins produced by cyanobacteria. Microcystin-RR(MC-RR) is a common variant among the 80 variants identified so far. There have been many investigations documenting the toxic effects of microcystins on animals and higher plants, but little is known on the toxic effects of microcystins on algae, especially at molecular level. We studied the effects of MC-RR on gene expression profile of a few antioxidant enzymes and heat shock protein-70 (Hsp70) in Synechocystis sp. PCC6803. After two days post-exposure, a high dose toxin (5 mg/l, about 4.8 x 10(-3) mM) significantly increased expression levels of the genes gpx1, sodB, katG, acnB, gamma-TMTand dnaK2, while a relatively low dose toxin (1 mg/l, about 9.63 x 10(-4) mM) induced a moderate and slow increase of gene expression. Our results indicate that MC-RR could induce the oxidative stress in Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 and the increase in gene expression of antioxidant enzymes and Hsp70 might protect the organism from the oxidative damage. in addition, cell aggregation was observed during the early period of exposure, which might be a specific oxidative stress reaction to MC-RR. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The profound effects of microcystin on cardiac antioxidant enzymes, mitochondrial function and cardiac toxicity in rat

Deaths from microcystin toxication have widely been attributed to hypovolemic shock due to hepatic interstitial hemorrhage, while some recent studies suggest that cardiogenic complication is also involved. So far, information on cardiotoxic effects of MC has been rare and the underlying mechanism is still puzzling. The present study examined toxic effects of microcystins on heart muscle of rats intravenously injected with extracted MC at two doses, 0.16LD(50) (14 mu g MC-LReq kg(-1) body weight) and 1LD(50) (87 mu g MC-LReq kg(-1) body weight). In the dead rats, both TTC staining and maximum elevations of troponin I levels confirmed myocardial infarction after MC exposure, besides a serious interstitial hemorrhage in liver. In the 1LD(50) dose group, the coincident falls in heart rate and blood pressure were related to mitochondria dysfunction in heart, while increases in creatine kinase and troponin I levels indicated cardiac cell injury. The corresponding pathological alterations were mainly characterized as loss of adherence between cardiac myocytes and swollen or ruptured mitochondria at the ultrastructural level. MC administration at a dose of 1LD(50) not only enhanced activities and up-regulated mRNA transcription levels of antioxidant enzymes, but also increased GSH content. At both doses, level of lipid peroxides increased obviously, suggesting serious oxidative stress in mitochondria. Simultaneously. complex I and III were significantly inhibited, indicating blocks in electron flow along the mitochondrial respiratory chain in heart. In conclusion, the findings of this study implicate a role for MC-induced cardiotoxicity as a potential factor that should be considered when evaluating the mechanisms of death associated with microcystin intoxication in Brazil. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Acute effects of microcystins on the transcription of antioxidant enzyme genes in crucian carp Carassius auratus

Recent evidences suggested that oxidative stress may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of MCs toxicity. In the present study, the acute effects of microcystins on the transcription of antioxidant enzyme genes were investigated in liver of crucian carp i.p.-injected with 50 mu g MC-LReq per kg body weight (BW). We reported the cDNA sequences for four kinds of antioxidant enzyme (GSH-PX, CAT, Cu/Zn SOD, and GR) genes, and evaluated the oxidant stress induced by MCs through analyzing the transcription abundance of antioxidant enzyme genes using real-time PCR method. The time-dependent change of relative transcription abundance and expression of the antioxiclant enzyme genes were determined at 1, 3, 12, 24, and 48 h. The transcription abundance varied among antioxiclant enzymes, with GSH-PX and GR down-regulation, and CAT and SOD significantly upregulation. Based on these data, we tentatively concluded that the oxidant stress was induced by MCs, and caused the different response of the antioxiclant enzyme genes. (c) 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The response of antioxidant systems in Nostoc sphaeroides against UV-B radiation and the protective effects of exogenous antioxidants

UV radiation is one of many harmful factors found in space that are detrimental to organisms on earth in space exploration. In the present work, we examined the role of antioxidant system in Nostoc sphaeroides Kutz (Cyanobacterium) and the effects of exogenously applied antioxidant molecules on its photosynthetic rate under UV-B radiation. It was found that UV-B radiation promoted the activity of antioxidant system to protect photosystem 11 (PSII) and exogenously applied antioxidant: sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) had an obvious protection on PSII activity under UV-B radiation. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6), peroxidase (POD, EC 1.11.1.7) and content of NIDA (malondialdehyde) and ASC (ascorbate) were improved by 0.5 mM and 1 mM SNP, but 0.1 mM SNP decreased the activity of antioxidant system. Addition of exogenous NAC decreased the activity of SOD, POD, CAT and the content MDA and ASC. In contrast, exogenously applied NAC increased GSH content. The results suggest that exogenous SNP and NAC may protect algae by different mechanisms: SNP may play double roles as both sources of reactive free radicals as well as ROS scavengers in mediating the protective role of PSII on algae under UV-B radiation. On the other hand, NAC functions as an antioxidant or precursor of glutathione, which could protect PSII directly from UV-B radiation. (c) 2007 COSPAR, Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The involvement of the antioxidant system in protection of desert cyanobacterium Nostoc sp against UV-B radiation and the effects of exogenous antioxidants

In this study, we found that UV-B radiation decreased photosynthetic activity and boosted lipid peroxidation of desert Nostoc sp., and exogenous chemicals (ascorbate acid (ASC), N-acetylcysteine (NAC), and sodium nitroprusside (SNP)) had obvious protective effects on photosynthesis and membranes under UV-B radiation. High-concentration SNP boosted the activities of antioxidant enzymes, but low-concentration SNP reduced the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Both NAC and ASC treatments of cells decreased activities of antioxidant enzymes. The results suggested that those chemicals possibly had different mechanisms of protection of algae cells against UV-B radiation. SNP might play double roles as a signal molecule in the formation of algae cell protection of Photosystem 11 under UV-B radiation and as a (reactive oxygen species) scavenger, while NAC and ASC might function as antioxidant reagents or precursors of other antioxidant molecules, which could protect cells directly against ROS initiated by UV-B radiation. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.