SALT II agreement, Vienna, June 18, 1979.

Includes index.

Surface waters of Eastern Suffolk County; official classifications. [Classifications and standards of quality and purity assigned to fresh surface waters and tidal salt waters of eastern Suffolk County.

Cover title.

Military implications of the Treaty on the limitation of strategic offensive arms and protocol thereto (SALT II Treaty) : hearings before the Committee on Armed Services, United States Senate, Ninety-sixth Congress, first session ...

Includes indexes.

“A Man After God’s Own Heart”: Biblical, Hegemonic and Toxic Masculinities in As Meat Loves Salt

Maria McCann paints a dark picture of masculinity and its effects in her novel As Meat Loves Salt (2001). The violent Jacob Cullen struggles with his masculinity as he faces the intricacies of religion, sexuality and politics in the midst of the English Civil War where he falls in love with fellow soldier Christopher Ferris. By using R.W. Connell and James Messerschmidt’s framework for the hierarchy of masculinities, I explore masculinities on local, regional and global levels and emphasized femininity in a close reading of McCann’s novel. My aim is not only to analyse the masculinities of the novel but also to use the framework to redefine toxic masculinity in order to make it a useable concept when analysing masculinities in literature. I redefine toxic masculinity because it lacks a clear definition anchored in an established framework used to study masculinity that does not see masculinity as inherently toxic. I believe that anchoring it to Connell and Messerschmidt’s framework will make it a useable concept. Due to the novel’s relationship to the Bible, I will use masculinity studies done on David and Jesus from the Bible to compare and reveal similarities with the masculinities in the novel, how they appear on the local, regional and global levels in the novel and its effects. I draw parallels between the love story in As Meat Loves Salt to the love story of David and Jonathan in the Bible by using queer readings of David and Jonathan in order to explore how masculinity affects the relationships and how the novel uses these two love stories as a study of toxic masculinity and how it relates it to hegemonic masculinity.

Improving constraints on the sources and distribution of sea salt aerosols in polar regions

Thesis (Master's)--University of Washington, 2016-06

Response of the salt-freshwater interface in a coastal aquifer to a wave-induced groundwater pulse: field observations and modelling

Field observations on an unconfined coastal aquifer showed that a groundwater pulse, generated by it moderate (significant wave height, H-sig similar to 4.5 m) wave/storm event, induced significant oscillations in the salt-freshwater interface of the order of several metres in the horizontal direction. A dynamic sharp-interface model is developed to quantify the mechanism of these interface oscillations. The model uses the 50% seawater salinity contour as the location of the equivalent sharp-interface. The model was calibrated against the observed groundwater table fluctuations. It predicted reasonably well the interface oscillations with a slight over-prediction of the oscillation magnitude and a steepening of the interface. The neglect of mixing in the salt-freshwater mixing zone by the sharp-interface model is suggested as a possible contributor to the discrepancies between the model predictions and observations. In contrast with the significant wave effects, there was no observable response of the interface to diurnal or semidiurnal tides. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

L-arginine attenuates cardiovascular impairment in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats

Nitric oxide (NO) is essential for normal function of the cardiovascular system. This study has determined whether chronic administration of L-arginine, the biological precursor of NO, attenuates the development of structural and functional changes in hearts and blood vessels of deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertensive rats. Uninephrectomized rats treated with DOCA (25 mg every 4th day sc) and 1% NaCl in the drinking water for 4 wk were treated with L-arginine (5% in food, 3.4 +/- 0.3 g.kg body wt(-1).day(-1)). Changes in cardiovascular structure and function were determined by echocardiography, microelectrode studies, histology, and studies in isolated hearts and thoracic aortic rings. DOCA-salt hypertensive rats developed hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy with increased left ventricular wall thickness and decreased ventricular internal diameter, increased inflammatory cell infiltration, increased ventricular interstitial and perivascular collagen deposition, increased passive diastolic stiffness, prolonged action potential duration, increased oxidative stress, and inability to increase purine efflux in response to an increased workload. L-Arginine markedly attenuated or prevented these changes and also normalized the reduced efficacy of norepinephrine and acetylcholine in isolated thoracic aortic rings of DOCA-salt hypertensive rats. This study suggests that a functional NO deficit in blood vessels and heart due to decreased NO synthase activity or increased release of reactive oxygen species such as superoxide may be a key change initiating many aspects of the cardiovascular impairment observed in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats. These changes can be prevented or attenuated by administration of L-arginine.

Salt diffusion and distribution in meat studied by Na-23 nuclear magnetic resonance imaging and relaxometry

This study introduces the use of combined Na-23 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and Na-23 NMR relaxometry for the study of meat curing. The diffusion of sodium ions into the meat was measured using Na-23 MRI on a 1 kg meat sample brined in 10% w/w NaCl for 3-100 h. Calculations revealed a diffusion coefficient of 1 x 10(-5) cm(2)/s after 3 h of curing and subsequently decreasing to 8 x 10(-6) cm(2)/s at longer curing times, suggesting that changes occur in the microscopic structure of the meat during curing. The microscopic mobility and distribution of sodium was measured using Na-23 relaxometry. Two sodium populations were observed, and with increasing length of curing time the relaxation times of these changed, reflecting a salt-induced swelling and increase in myofibrillar pore sizes. Accordingly, the present study demonstrated that pore size and thereby salt-induced swelling in meat can be assessed using Na-23 relaxometry.

Cholinergic and adrenergic innervation of lingual salt glands of the estuarine crocodile, Crocodylus porosus

Many marine reptiles and birds possess extrarenal salt glands that facilitate the excretion of excess sodium and chloride ions accumulated as a consequence of living in saline environments. Control of the secretory activity of avian salt glands is under neural control, but little information is available on the control of reptilian salt glands. Innervation of the lingual salt glands of the salt water crocodile, Crocodylus porosus, was examined in salt water-acclimated animals using histological methods. Extensive networks of both cholinergic and adrenergic nerve fibres were identified close to salt-secreting lobules and vasculature. The identification of both catecholamine-containing and cholinergic neurons in the salt gland epithelium and close to major blood vessels in the tissue suggests the action of the neurotransmitters on the salt-secreting epithelium itself and the rich vascular network of the lingual salt glands.

Control of ordered structure and morphology of large-pore periodic mesoporous organosilicas by inorganic salt

Highly ordered rodlike periodic mesoporous organosilicas (PMO) were successfully synthesized using 1.2-bis(trimethoxysilyl)ethane as an precursor and triblock copolymer P123 as a template at low acid concentration and in the presence of inorganic salts (KCl). The role of acid and salt as well as the effects of synthesis temperature and reactant mole ratio in the control of morphology and the formation of ordered mesostructure was systematically examined. It was found that the addition of inorganic salt can dramatically expand the range of the synthesis parameters to produce highly ordered PMO structure and improve the quality of PMO materials. The morphology of PMOs was significantly dependent on the induction time for precipitation. The uniform PMO rods can only be synthesized in a narrow range of acid and salt concentrations. The results also show that the optimized salt concentration (I M) and low acidity (0.167 M) were beneficial to the formation of not only highly ordered mesostructure but also rodlike morphology. Increasing acidity resulted in fast hydrolysis reaction and short rod or plate-like particles. Highly ordered rod can also be prepared at low temperature (35 degrees C) with high salt amount (1.5 M) or high temperature (45 degrees C) with low salt amount (0.5 M). Optimum reactant molar composition at 40 degrees C is 0.035P123:8KCl:1.34HCI:444H(2)O:1.0bis(trimethoxysilyl)ethane. Lower or higher SiO2/PI23 ratio led to the formation of uniform meso-macropores or pore-blocking effect. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Attenuation of cardiovascular remodeling in DOCA-salt rats by the vasopeptidase inhibitor, omapatrilat

Omapatrilat, a vasopeptidase inhibitor, inhibits both neutral endopeptidase and angiotensin-converting enzyme with similar potency. The aim of this study was to investigate whether omapatrilat prevents or reverses cardiovascular remodeling and hypertension in deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt rats. Male Wistar rats (313 2 g, n=114) were uninephrectomized (UNX) with or without further treatment with DOCA and 1% NaCl in the drinking water. Compared with UNX control rats, DOCA-salt rats developed hypertension, cardiovascular hypertrophy, perivascular and interstitial cardiac fibrosis and inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and the prolongation of ventricular action potential duration within four weeks. The administration of omapatrilat (40 mg/kg/day po) for two weeks commencing two weeks after surgery attenuated the development of cardiovascular hypertrophy, inflammation, fibrosis, and ventricular action potential prolongation. In contrast, omapatrilat treatment did not lower systolic blood pressure nor improve endothelial dysfunction. This study concludes that the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone, natriuretic peptide, and bradykinin systems are directly involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular remodeling in the DOCA-salt model of hypertension in rats, which may be independent of their effects on blood pressure.

Improved cardiovascular function with aminoguanidine in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats

1 The ability of aminoguanidine (AG), an inhibitor of collagen crosslinking, to prevent changes in cardiac and vascular structure and function has been determined in the deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertensive rat as a model of the cardiovascular remodelling observed in chronic human hypertension. 2 Uninephrectomized rats (UNX) administered DOCA (25 mg every fourth day s.c.) and 1% NaCl in drinking water for 28 days developed cardiovascular remodelling shown as systolic hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, increased thoracic aortic and left ventricular wall thickness, increased left ventricular inflammatory cell infiltration together with increased interstitial collagen and increased passive diastolic stiffness, impaired contractility, prolongation of the action potential duration and vascular dysfunction. 3 Treatment with AG (0.05-0.1% in drinking water; average 182 +/- 17 mg kg(-1) day(-1) in DOCA-salt rats) decreased blood pressure (DOCA-salt 176 +/- 4; + AG 144 +/- 5 mmHg; *P < 0.05 vs DOCA-salt), decreased left ventricular wet weights (DOCA-salt 3.17 +/- 0.07; + AG 2.66 +/- 0.08 mg g(-1) body wt*), reduced diastolic stiffness constant (DOCA-salt 30.1 +/- 1.2; + AG 24.3 +/- 1.2* (dimensionless)), improved cardiac contractility (DOCA-salt 1610 +/- 130; + AG 2370 +/- 100 mmHg s(-1)*) and vascular reactivity (3.4-fold increase in maximal contractile response to noradrenaline, 3.2-fold increase in maximal relaxation response to acetylcholine, twofold increase in maximal relaxation response to sodium nitroprusside) and prolonged the action potential duration at 50% repolarization without altering collagen content or inflammatory cell infiltration. 4 Thus, cardiovascular function in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats can be improved by AG independent of changes in collagen content. This suggests that collagen crosslinking is an important cause of cardiovascular dysfunction during cardiovascular remodelling in hypertension.

Rainfall salt accessions in the Queensland Murray-Darling Basin

Two east - west transects were established in southern Queensland to quantify rainfall inputs of chloride and associated ions. Electrical conductivity, pH, and major and minor ions were measured at 9 sites within the Queensland Murray - Darling Basin and 1 site to the east. Variability at some sites was high, possibly a function of the sample collection method. Ionic concentrations decreased with distance inland, a trend similar to that observed elsewhere in Australia, although values closer to the coast were higher than observed in southern and western Australia. Equations to predict both annual average rainfall chloride mass deposition and total salt deposition were derived.