Study on the fouling phenomena of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membrane by protein and yeast

This sub-collection is the result of an investigation into the mechanism of organic fouling in membrane filtration processes. In this experiment, poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membranes were used to filter two types of organic foulants, protein and yeast with a concentration of 50mg/l and 20 mg/l, respectively, from suspension in a dead-end filtration cell. These model foulants were stained with fluorescent dyes before filtration. This dataset contains a stack of images of the fouling layer on the PVDF membrane surface captured by a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) and its associated acquisition software. This dataset would be useful to researchers who are investigating the membrane organic fouling mechanism so that new membrane materials and new anti-fouling surface treatment technologies can be developed for water and wastewater industry in the future.

Metabolic rate and membrane fatty acid composition in birds : a comparison between long-living parrots and short-living fowl

Both basal metabolic rate (BMR) and maximum lifespan potential (MLSP) vary with body size in mammals and birds and it has been suggested that these are mediated through size-related variation in membrane fatty acid composition. Whereas the physical properties of membrane fatty acids affect the activity of membrane proteins and, indirectly, an animal's BMR, it is the susceptibility of those fatty acids to peroxidation which influence MLSP. Although there is a correlation between body size and MLSP, there is considerable MLSP variation independent of body size. For example, among bird families, Galliformes (fowl) are relatively short-living and Psittaciformes (parrots) are unusually long-living, with some parrot species reaching maximum lifespans of more than 100 years. We determined BMR and tissue phospholipid fatty acid composition in seven tissues from three species of parrots with an average MLSP of 27 years and from two species of quails with an average MLSP of 5. 5 years. We also characterised mitochondrial phospholipids in two of these tissues. Neither BMR nor membrane susceptibility to peroxidation corresponded with differences in MLSP among the birds we measured. We did find that (1) all birds had lower n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content in mitochondrial membranes compared to those of the corresponding tissue, and that (2) irrespective of reliance on flight for locomotion, both pectoral and leg muscle had an almost identical membrane fatty acid composition in all birds.

Evaluating backwashing efficiency of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membrane fouled by protein and yeast

This collection is the result of an investigation into the backwashing efficiency of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membrane fouled by two types of organic foulants, protein and yeast. In this experiement, poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membrane was used to filter those organic foulants from suspensions in a dead-end stirred cell. The organic foulants were stained with fluorescent dyes before filtration. After filtration, the PC membrane was backwashed. Consequently, a stack of images were captured from the fouling layers on the PVDF membrane surface using confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) and its associated image acquisition software. It contains image data of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membranes' fouling layer when two types of organic foulants (protein and yeast) present. By comparing with the same membrane without backwashing, the efficiency of backwashing was computed. This data collection would be useful to researchers who are evaluating the backwashing efficiency of PVDF membrane in order to optimize frequency and operational conditions of backwashing by membrane materials and by water.

Evaluating backwashing efficiency of polycarbonate (PC) membrane fouled by protein and sodium alginate

This collection is the result of an investigation into the backwashing efficiency of polycarbonate (PC) membrane fouled by two types of organic foulants, protein and sodium alginate. In this experiement, polycarbonate (PC) membrane was used to filter those organic foulants from suspensions in a dead-end stirred cell. The organic foulants were stained with fluorescent dyes before filtration. After filtration, the PC membrane was backwashed. Consequently, a stack of images were captured from the fouling layers on the PC membrane surface using confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) and its associated image acquisition software. It contains image data of polycarbonate (PC) membranes' fouling layer when two types of organic foulants (protein and sodium alginate) are present. By comparing with the same membrane without backwashing, the efficiency of backwashing was computed. This data collection would be useful to researchers evaluating the backwashing efficiency of PC membrane in order to optimize frequency and operational conditions of backwashing by membrane materials researchers and by water..

Evaluating backwashing efficiency of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membrane fouled by yeast and sodium alginate

This collection is the result of an investigation into the backwashing efficiency of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membrane fouled by yeast and sodium alginate. In this experiement, poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membrane was used to filter two types of organic foulants from suspensions in a dead-end stirred cell. The organic foulants including yeast and sodium alginate were stained with fluorescent dyes before filtration. After filtration, the PC membrane was backwashed. Consequently, a stack of images were captured from the fouling layers on the PVDF membrane surface using confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) and its associated image acquisition software. The data collection contains image data of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membranes' fouling layer when two types of organic foulants (yeast and sodium alginate) are present. By comparing with the same membrane without backwashing, the efficiency of backwashing was computed. The collection would be useful to researchers evaluating the backwashing efficiency of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membrane in order to optimize frequency and operational conditions of backwashing by membrane materials and by water.

Evaluating backwashing efficiency of polycarbonate (PC) membrane fouled by protein, sodium alginate and yeast

This collection is the result of an investigation into the backwashing efficiency of polycarbonate (PC) membrane fouled by three types of organic foulants, protein, sodium alginate and yeast. In this experiement, polycarbonate (PC) membrane was used to filter those organic foulants from suspensions in a dead-end stirred cell. The organic foulants were stained with fluorescent dyes before filtration. After filtration, the PC membrane was backwashed. Consequently, a stack of images were captured from the fouling layers on the PC membrane surface using confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) and its associated image acquisition software. It contains image data of polycarbonate (PC) membranes' fouling layer when three types of organic foulants (protein, sodium alginate and yeast) are present. By comparing with the same membrane without backwashing, the efficiency of backwashing was computed. This data collection would be useful to researchers who are evaluating the backwashing efficiency of PC membrane in order to optimize frequency and operational conditions of backwashing by membrane materials and by water..

Study on the fouling phenomena of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membrane by protein and sodium alginate

This sub-collection is the result of an investigation into the mechanism of organic fouling in membrane filtration processes. In this experiment, poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membranes were used to filter two types of organic foulants, protein and sodium alginate with a concentration of 50mg/l and 40 mg/l, respectively, from suspension in a dead-end filtration cell. These model foulants were stained with fluorescent dyes before filtration. This dataset contains a stack of images of the fouling layer on the PVDF membrane surface captured by a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) and its associated acquisition software. This dataset would be useful to researchers who are investigating the membrane organic fouling mechanism so that new membrane materials and new anti-fouling surface treatment technologies can be developed for water and wastewater industry in the future.

Evaluating backwashing efficiency of polycarbonate (PC) membrane fouled by protein and yeast

This collection is the result of an investigation into the backwashing efficiency of polycarbonate (PC) membrane fouled by two types of organic foulants, protein and yeast. In this experiment, polycarbonate (PC) membrane was used to filter those organic foulants from suspensions in a dead-end stirred cell. The organic foulants were stained with fluorescent dyes before filtration. After filtration, the PC membrane was backwashed. Consequently, a stack of images were captured from the fouling layers on the PC membrane surface using confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) and its associated image acquisition software. It contains image data of polycarbonate (PC) membranes' fouling layer when two types of organic foulants (protein and yeast) present. By comparing with the same membrane without backwashing, the efficiency of backwashing was computed. This data collection would be useful to researchers evaluating the backwashing efficiency of PC membrane in order to optimize frequency and operational conditions of backwashing by membrane materials and by water.

Fouling in reverse osmosis (RO) membrane in water recovery from secondary effluent : a review

Reverse osmosis (RO) is the most preferable process for water recovery from secondary effluent (SE) because of its higher rejection of impurities with lower associated cost and higher quality of product. Fouling still is a major challenge during the water recovery due to higher contaminant loadings in SE and high rejection capability of this membrane. The presence of suspended solids, colloidal and organic matters, and high level of biological activities in SE further elevate fouling potentiality. This review was performed to identify major foulants causing hindrance in sustainable application of reverse osmosis and to present available pre-treatment options for these foulants. There are four fouling types present in RO namely; bio-fouling, inorganic/scaling, organic, and particulate fouling. Among them; bio-fouling is less understood but dominant since the pre-treatment options are not well developed. Other fouling mechanisms have been overcome by well developed pre-treatments. The major foulants for RO are dissolved and macromolecular organic substances, sparingly soluble inorganic compounds, colloidal and suspended particles, and micro-organisms. Some of these potential fouling water quality parameters (PFWQPs) are interrelated with each others such as electrical conductivity is a surrogate measure of total dissolved solids with established stable relationship. Most of these PFWQPs such as total suspended solids, turbidity, chemical oxygen demand can be removed by conventional pre-treatment; some such as colloidal particles and micro-organisms by modern options and even others such as endocrine disrupting compounds, pharmaceutical and personal care products are still challenging for current pre-treatments. These foulants need to be identified properly to integrate appropriate pre-treatments for minimizing fouling potentiality to increase water recovery at minimal costs.

Evaluating backwashing efficiency of polycarbonate (PC) membrane fouled by sodium alginate and yeast

This collection is the result of an investigation into the backwashing efficiency of polycarbonate (PC) membrane fouled by two types of organic foulants, sodium alginate and yeast. In this experiement, polycarbonate (PC) membrane was used to filter those organic foulants from suspensions in a dead-end stirred cell. The organic foulants were stained with fluorescent dyes before filtration. After filtration, the PC membrane was backwashed. Consequently, a stack of images were captured from the fouling layers on the PC membrane surface using confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) and its associated image acquisition software. It contains image data of polycarbonate (PC) membranes' fouling layer when two types of organic foulants (sodium alginate and yeast) present. By comparing with the same membrane without backwashing, the efficiency of backwashing was computed. This data collection would be useful to researchers evaluating the backwashing efficiency of PC membrane in order to optimize frequency and operational conditions of backwashing by membrane materials and by water..

Study on the fouling phenomena of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membrane by protein, yeast and sodium alginate

This sub-collection is the result of an investigation into the mechanism of organic fouling in membrane filtration processes. In this experiment, poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membranes were used to filter three types of organic foulants, yeast, protein and sodium alginate with a concentration of 50mg/l, 40mg/l and 20 mg/l, respectively, from suspension in a dead-end filtration cell. These model foulants were stained with fluorescent dyes before filtration. This dataset contains a stack of images of the fouling layer on the PVDF membrane surface captured by a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) and its associated acquisition software. This dataset would be useful to researchers who are investigating the membrane organic fouling mechanism so that new membrane materials and new anti-fouling surface treatment technologies can be developed for water and wastewater industry in the future .