Estime de soi et autonomie

Ce mémoire est consacré à la condition de l’estime de soi telle que défendue par Paul Benson au sein de sa théorie substantielle de l’autonomie. Soulevant l’insuffisance des théories procédurales dans les cas d’oppressions, cette condition défend la nécessité de considérer les relations intersubjectives et le sentiment de mérite à agir au sein de la définition même de l’autonomie. En ce sens, les théories relationnelles permettent également de rendre compte de l’impact du contexte social sur les valeurs intériorisées par un agent, mais aussi sur la manière dont un agent s’évalue en fonction de ses expériences. Afin d’approfondir cette condition de l’estime de soi, j’étudie le rôle des émotions autoréflexives sur la perception d’un agent à l’égard de soi tout en soulevant comment ces dernières peuvent l’informer des valeurs qui lui sont propres, de celles provenant d’un contexte d’oppression. Dans un premier temps, j’explore en quoi consiste la condition de l’estime de soi selon Benson, son lien avec l’identité et comment elle met en lumière l’insuffisance des théories procédurales. Dans un deuxième temps, je la distingue des autres conceptions similaires telles que retrouvées dans les théories relationnelles tout en défendant que l’estime de soi n’est pas un phénomène affectif distinct, mais plutôt un jugement normatif s’élaborant à partir des expériences affectives vécues par un agent. Bien que défendant la thèse de Benson dans une perspective relationnelle, j’approfondis la définition de la condition de l’estime de soi en soulevant comment les émotions morales s’avèrent nécessaires pour qu’un agent soit autonome à l’égard de ses actions, de ses pensées et de ses valeurs.

The Impact of Friends on Newly Immigrant Children’s Emotional and Behavioral Adjustment

Immigration disrupts an individual’s support network; however, the stresses of the immigration process increase the need for social support. The presence of social support becomes essential for immigrant children and adolescents to cope with these important transitional circumstances. Friends are both sources of social support and models for behavior. Furthermore, friendship networks are known to have a significant influence on youths’ functioning. Literature suggests that peer relations become more important in adolescence and friend support is related to child and adolescent well-being. Thus, friend relationships may be particularly important for immigrant youths who experience disruption in their friendship networks during the process of migration to another country. In addition to friendship networks and support, friend characteristics also need to be taken into consideration as important factors for immigrant youth adjustment. My study involved analyses of the effects of friend support and friend problem behaviors on emotional and behavioral functioning for elementary, middle, and high school age newly immigrant children and adolescents. Immigrant children and adolescents (N = 503) were interviewed at schools by interviewers fluent in participants’ languages. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analyses revealed that friend support and friend problem behaviors were related to children’s self-esteem and externalizing behaviors. In addition, friend problem behavior alone predicted children’s psychological symptoms and depression scores. Furthermore, age/grade was found to be a moderator for the relation between friend problem behavior and immigrant youth behavioral adjustment such that compared to elementary and high school cohorts, middle school youths showed more externalizing behaviors when they had friends performing problem behaviors. Results supported the idea that both friend support and friend behavior are related to newly immigrant youths’ emotional and behavioral adjustment. This study informs further research and interventions concerning the development of programs to facilitate immigrant youths’ adjustment by revealing friendship factors related to their adaptation.

A Phenomenological Exploration of Black Male Law Enforcement Officers' Perspectives of Racial Profiling and Their Law Enforcement Career Exploration and Commitment

This phenomenological study explored Black male law enforcement officers’ perspectives of how racial profiling shaped their decisions to explore and commit to a law enforcement career. Criterion and snow ball sampling was used to obtain the 17 participants for this study. Super’s (1990) archway model was used as the theoretical framework. The archway model “is designed to bring out the segmented but unified and developmental nature of career development, to highlight the segments, and to make their origin clear” (Super, 1990, p. 201). Interview data were analyzed using inductive, deductive, and comparative analyses. Three themes emerged from the inductive analysis of the data: (a) color and/or race does matter, (b) putting on the badge, and (c) too black to be blue and too blue to be black. The deductive analysis used a priori coding that was based on Super’s (1990) archway model. The deductive analysis revealed the participants’ career exploration was influenced by their knowledge of racial profiling and how others view them. The comparative analysis between the inductive themes and deductive findings found the theme “color and/or race does matter” was present in the relationships between and within all segments of Super’s (1990) model. The comparative analysis also revealed an expanded notion of self-concept for Black males – marginalized and/or oppressed individuals. Self-concepts, “such as self-efficacy, self-esteem, and role self-concepts, being combinations of traits ascribed to oneself” (Super, 1990, p. 202) do not completely address the self-concept of marginalized and/or oppressed individuals. The self-concept of marginalized and/or oppressed individuals is self-efficacy, self-esteem, traits ascribed to oneself expanded by their awareness of how others view them. (DuBois, 1995; Freire, 1970; Sheared, 1990; Super, 1990; Young, 1990). Ultimately, self-concept is utilized to make career and life decisions. Current human resource policies and practices do not take into consideration that negative police contact could be the result of racial profiling. Current human resource hiring guidelines penalize individuals who have had negative police contact. Therefore, racial profiling is a discriminatory act that can effectively circumvent U.S. Equal Employment Opportunities Commission laws and serve as a boundary mechanism to employment (Rocco & Gallagher, 2004).

Family supportive work environment, perceptions of the employment relationship and employee work outcomes

Data obtained from employed parents and their supervisors (N=230) in twelve South Korean organizations were used to test a model of the antecedents and outcomes of organizational social exchange. Structural equation modeling (SEM) results showed family supportive supervisor and perceived organizational family support to be related to organizational social exchange. Additionally, organizational social exchange was shown to be related to contextual performance and work withdrawal but indirectly through organization-based self-esteem. We discuss the implications of these findings for managing the employee-organization relationship in an increasingly diverse workforce.

Estime de soi et autonomie

Ce mémoire est consacré à la condition de l’estime de soi telle que défendue par Paul Benson au sein de sa théorie substantielle de l’autonomie. Soulevant l’insuffisance des théories procédurales dans les cas d’oppressions, cette condition défend la nécessité de considérer les relations intersubjectives et le sentiment de mérite à agir au sein de la définition même de l’autonomie. En ce sens, les théories relationnelles permettent également de rendre compte de l’impact du contexte social sur les valeurs intériorisées par un agent, mais aussi sur la manière dont un agent s’évalue en fonction de ses expériences. Afin d’approfondir cette condition de l’estime de soi, j’étudie le rôle des émotions autoréflexives sur la perception d’un agent à l’égard de soi tout en soulevant comment ces dernières peuvent l’informer des valeurs qui lui sont propres, de celles provenant d’un contexte d’oppression. Dans un premier temps, j’explore en quoi consiste la condition de l’estime de soi selon Benson, son lien avec l’identité et comment elle met en lumière l’insuffisance des théories procédurales. Dans un deuxième temps, je la distingue des autres conceptions similaires telles que retrouvées dans les théories relationnelles tout en défendant que l’estime de soi n’est pas un phénomène affectif distinct, mais plutôt un jugement normatif s’élaborant à partir des expériences affectives vécues par un agent. Bien que défendant la thèse de Benson dans une perspective relationnelle, j’approfondis la définition de la condition de l’estime de soi en soulevant comment les émotions morales s’avèrent nécessaires pour qu’un agent soit autonome à l’égard de ses actions, de ses pensées et de ses valeurs.

A relação entre a qualidade da vinculação aos pais, auto-estima, auto-conceito em pré-adolescentes

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada no ISPA – Instituto Universitário para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Psicologia especialidade de Psicologia Clínica.

A Prematuridade na Perspectiva das mães: Estado psicoemocional, autoestima e bonding em mães primíparas e multíparas

A literatura tem referido que a prematuridade do bebé gera nas mães níveis mais elevados de ansiedade, sentimentos depressivos, assim como níveis mais baixos de autoestima, comparativamente com mães de bebés de termo, o que poderá conduzir a um envolvimento emocional mais negativo com o recémnascido. Essa vivência parece variar em função da paridade das mães (i.e., mãe pela primeira vez vs. multípara) não obstante não serem muito claras as particularidades desta variável. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar num grupo de mães primíparas e multíparas com bebés prematuros, as associações entre o estado Psicoemocional, a Autoestima e o Bonding maternos. Participaram 50 mães (27 primíparas e 23 multíparas), com bebés pré-termo recrutados numa maternidade pública de Lisboa. Os resultados indicam que as mães multíparas apresentam níveis mais elevados de Sentimentos Depressivos expressando, também, uma maior Capacidade e Preparação Geral para a função materna. A Capacidade Geral para tratar do bebé surge associada de forma negativa com o seu estado Psicoemocional e de forma positiva com o Bonding. As associações negativas encontradas entre Ansiedade e Aceitação do bebé, e entre Estado Psicoemocional e Bonding não parecem variar em função da paridade, mostrando que os desafios se colocam a ambos os grupos de mães.

Desempenho dos estudantes cabo-verdianos nos cursos de formação profissional em portugal: estudo de algumas variáveis explicativas

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada no ISPA – Instituto Universitário para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Psicologia especialidade em Psicologia Social e das Organizações.

Remotivation Therapy

Remotivation refers to a variety of group therapy techniques used with chronically mentally ill patients in inpatient settings to stimulate their communication, vocational, and social skills and interest in their environment (Keane and O’Toole 2003). The National Remotivation Therapy Organization (NRTO) defines remotivation ther- apy (RT) as a small-group therapeutic modality, designed to help clients by promoting self- esteem, awareness, and socialization (National Remotivation Therapy Organization 2003). As the concept itself suggests, remotivation relates to the creation of interest in life, i.e., in a person’s daily activities, talents, hobbies, and social rela- tionships with family and friends.

Remotivation Therapy

Remotivation refers to a variety of group therapy techniques used with chronically mentally ill patients in inpatient settings to stimulate their communication, vocational, and social skills and interest in their environment (Keane and O’Toole 2003). The National Remotivation Therapy Organization (NRTO) defines remotivation ther- apy (RT) as a small-group therapeutic modality, designed to help clients by promoting self- esteem, awareness, and socialization (National Remotivation Therapy Organization 2003). As the concept itself suggests, remotivation relates to the creation of interest in life, i.e., in a person’s daily activities, talents, hobbies, and social rela- tionships with family and friends.

Adherence to therapeuthic regimen and metabolic control of type 1 diabetes

Abstract Objectives: To assess the adherence to therapeutic regimen; to determine the Hemoglobin Glycation Index (HbA1c); to analyse the relationship that exists between the adherence to therapeutic regimen and metabolic control. Design: correlational analytical study, carried out according to a cross-sectional perspective. Participants: A non-probabilistic sample of 266 people with type 1 diabetes aged between 18 and 78 years old (mean M = 51.02 ± SD = 18.710), attending follow-up diabetes consultations. Mostly male individuals (51.88%), with low schooling level (50.75% had only inished elementar school). Measuring Instruments: We used the following data collection tools: a questionnaire on clinical and socio-demographic data, blood analysis of venous blood to determine the glycated hemoglobin level (HbA1c).Three self-report scales were used: Accession to Diabetes Treatment (Matos, 1999), Self-perception Scale (Vaz Serra, 1986) and Social Support Scale (Matos & Rodrigues, 2000). Results: In a sample in which the mean disease duration is 12.75 years, 69.17% of the sample run glycemic control tests between once a day and four times a year and 42.86% of them undergo insulin treatment. In the last 3 weeks, 26.32% of these people have experienced an average of 4.22 to 44.36%, hypoglycemic crises and experienced an average of 6.18 hyperglycemic crises. 57% of the individuals have showed a poor metabolic control (mean HbA1c higher than 7.5% (HbA1c mean M ≥ 7.50%). The mean psychosocial proile revealed individuals who show a decent self-esteem (M = 70.81) and acceptable social support (M = 58.89). Conclusions: The results suggest we should develop a kind of investigation that could be used to monitor the strenght of the mediation effect effect of the psychosocial predictive dimension of the adherence, since it has become essential to support a multidisciplinary approach which center lays in the promotion of a co-responsible self-management from the person who suffers from diabetes. This will enable a better quality of life; fewer years of people’s lives lost prematurely and a better health with less economical costs for citizens and healthcare systems.

An Integrative Case Study of Positive Youth Development in a Recreational Community Sport Program

Thesis (Ph.D, Kinesiology & Health Studies) -- Queen's University, 2016-07-21 14:22:50.954

Successful Aging with Illness

In twenty years almost one in four Canadians will be over the age of 65. How successfully these people age will influence their quality of life and contribute to their physical health. Illness and disease are frequent components of aging; however, ‘successful aging’ research normally excludes people with illness. Older people living with illness, even life threatening illness, often self-report a good quality of life and continue to experience psychological well-being and a significant engagement in social life. This dissertation uses a three manuscript approach to examine successful aging among people with illness. The first manuscript employed a scoping review to examine the models used in recent successful aging research, compiling the most frequently used constructs which included: engagement, optimism and/or positive attitude, resilience, spirituality and/or religiosity, self-efficacy and/or self-esteem, and gerotranscendence. The second manuscript utilized data gathered via interviews (online or in person) with people over the age of 65 years living with illness. The majority of these participants reported success in aging; only resilience was predictive in the binomial regression analysis. The third manuscript examined the role of social determinants of health on successful aging. The analysis revealed that disengagement from community-activities showed a significant association with higher self-reported successful aging. The best fitting model for predicting rate of successful aging with illness was a linear combination of participants’ ageism score and community activity score, while controlling for gender and age. When considered together, the results from these three manuscripts suggest that successful aging can be experienced by older adults aging with illness. And that, among these older adults, resilience, community interaction and ageism may all play a part in determining the extent to which aging is experienced as successful. Recommendations include the suggestion that we embrace the idea that people with illness can self-define as successful agers. Further, since some of the associated constructs (e.g. resilience) can be fostered, successful aging could be bolstered by education or programs to build skills along with the usual treatment modalities for the illnesses that co-exist.

Caractérisation clinique et par la tomographie d’émission par positrons quantitative du trouble de l’acquisition de la coordination

Résumé : Le trouble de l’acquisition de la coordination (TAC), d’étiologie encore indéterminée, est une anomalie neurologique affectant environ 6% des enfants de l'âge scolaire. Le TAC se manifeste essentiellement par un déficit au niveau des exécutions motrices. Le présent travail de recherche comporte deux volets portant sur le TAC. Premièrement, une étude clinique sur 129 sujets âgés de 4 à 18 ans a permis de classifier les caractéristiques du TAC en sous-groupes cliniques. Trente-trois caractéristiques du TAC, les plus fréquemment rapportées dans la littérature, ont été recensées chez nos sujets. L'application d'évaluations statistiques a permis de faire ressortir trois classes essentielles. Le deuxième volet consistait à identifier les régions cérébrales impliquées dans une tâche motrice à l'aide de l'imagerie par la tomographie d'émission par positrons (TEP). Deux sujets avec TAC et deux sujets normaux ont été étudiés en deux séances d'imagerie TEP dont l'une au repos et l'autre en tapotant du pouce sur les doigts de la main gauche non-dominante. Les analyses du premier volet ont montré, entre autres, que le TAC touchait 3.17 garçons pour une fille, que tous les sujets étaient lents, que 47% des sujets étaient gauchers ou ambidextres alors que seulement 10% sont gauchers dans la population générale, que 26% avaient une dyspraxie verbale, et que 83% avaient été diagnostiqués anxieux. Les sujets ont été classés en trois sous-groupes: 1- maladroits et autres caractéristiques, sans problème de langage; 2- trouble de l’estime de soi et relation avec les pairs; 3- difficulté de langage. En imagerie, les structures cérébrales ont été classées selon leur captation du 18F-fluorodesoxyglucose (FDG) dans les hémisphères droit et gauche, avant et après l'activation, et en comparaison avec les sujets normaux. Trois types de structures cérébrales sont ressortis avec les statistiques: des structures activées, celles relativement non sollicitées et des structures désactivées. Il y avait plus de variations dans la captation du FDG chez les sujets avec TAC que chez les normaux. En conclusion, la caractérisation des sujets avec TAC par le diagnostic clinique et par l'imagerie peut procurer un plan de thérapie adéquat et ciblé étant donné que le TAC a un large spectre et pourrait coexister avec d'autres déficits cérébraux.

Psicologia, cognição e sucesso escolar: concepção e validação dum programa de estratégias de aprendizagem

Neste artigo apresentamos a concepção e validação dum programa de estratégias de aprendizagem promotor do sucesso académico, bem como do bem-estar pessoal e escolar. Cada conteúdo de aprendizagem utiliza uma estratégia com 8 estádios: Pré-teste e Contrato, Descrição, Modelação, Prática Verbal, Prática Controlada e Feedback, Prática Avançada e Feedback, Pós-teste e Contratos, e Generalização. Trata-se dum estudo quasi-experimental, com pré e pós-teste, grupo experimental e de controlo. Avaliou-se o efeito do programa na (a) compreensão e expressão verbal; (b) aproveitamento escolar; (c) auto-estima, hábitos de estudo; (d) atribuições causais do sucesso; e (e) opiniões dos professores. O GE (n=110) melhorou significativamente comparativamente ao GC (n=99) indicando que o Programa traz benefícios escolares e pessoais aos estudantes portugueses.