Expression de la connexine 36 dans la moelle épinière au cours du développement postnatal de l'opossum Monodelphis domestica

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Étude de l'activité spontanée dans la moëlle épinière de l'oppossum Monodelphis domestica en développement

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

The genome of the domesticated apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.)

We report a high-quality draft genome sequence of the domesticated apple (Malus × domestica). We show that a relatively recent (>50 million years ago) genome-wide duplication (GWD) has resulted in the transition from nine ancestral chromosomes to 17 chromosomes in the Pyreae. Traces of older GWDs partly support the monophyly of the ancestral paleohexaploidy of eudicots. Phylogenetic reconstruction of Pyreae and the genus Malus, relative to major Rosaceae taxa, identified the progenitor of the cultivated apple as M. sieversii. Expansion of gene families reported to be involved in fruit development may explain formation of the pome, a Pyreae-specific false fruit that develops by proliferation of the basal part of the sepals, the receptacle. In apple, a subclade of MADS-box genes, normally involved in flower and fruit development, is expanded to include 15 members, as are other gene families involved in Rosaceae-specific metabolism, such as transport and assimilation of sorbitol.

Dinámica de arvenses y entomofauna asociada bajo diferentes niveles de compost en nopal (Opuntia ficus indica L.), Diriamba, Carazo, 2008

El nopal (Opuntia ficus-indica L.), es una Cactácea originaria de México, cuyos usos van desde el alimenticio hasta la manufactura de diversos productos farmacéuticos, cosméticos y forrajeros, representa una posible alternativa alimenticia ante la escasez de alimentos en época de verano, ya que tiene capacidad de adaptación a zonas áridas y semiáridas. En este trabajo se analizó la influencia de diferentes niveles de compost (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 y 2.5 kg/planta) sobre la dinámica poblacional de arvenses y entomofauna asociada, en el cultivo de nopal. El ensayo se estableció en julio de 2008, en la finca Guadarrama, comunidad Buena Vista Sur, ubicada en el kilometro 56 ½ carretera Casares- La Boquita, Diriamba, Carazo. Las variables evaluadas respecto a las arvenses fueron; abundancia, dominancia y diversidad de especies. Respecto a la entomofauna, se elaboró un listado de artrópodos con su respectiva función biol��gica. Se realizó un control manual de malezas a los 75 días después de la siembra. Cynodon dactylon L. se presentó como arvense monocotiledónea de mayor abundancia con 37 plantas en el testigo, respecto a las dicotiledóneas que fue Waltheria indica L. con 8 plantas en 1 y 1.5 kg/planta. Diversidad; se encontraron 22 especies(8 más que las encontradas en este lugar en el ensayo precedente, 2007), de las cuales 4 fueron monocotiledóneas y 18 dicotiledóneas. La mayor cobertura se registró en 0.5 kg/planta con 17% y la menor en 2 kg/planta con 4 %. La mayor biomasa para monocotiledóneas fue encontrada en 1.5 kg/planta con 754 kg/ha, y la menor en 2.5 kg/planta con 346 kg/ha, para dicotiledóneas la mayor fue de 273 kg/ha en 2 kg/planta y la menor en el testigo con 123 kg/ha. Se reportaron 14 especies de artrópodos (fitófagos: como Acheta domesticus Bol., entomófagos: como Tegenaria domestica Clerk y defoliador: como Atta cephalotes L.

Empleo de microorganismos entomopatógenos para el control biol��gico de mosca doméstica (Musca domestica) [por] Juan José Zárate Ramos

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias con Especialidad en Microbiología) U.A.N.L.

El familiar de la América y domestica de España, estraño de su patria y natural de la agena : vida muy ejemplar del venerable padre doctor Don Juan Antonio Pérez de Espinosa

UANL

Rôle du système du trijumeau dans la locomotion chez le nouveau-né d’opossum (Monodelphis domestica)

L���opossum Monodelphis domestica naît très immature et grimpe sans aide de la mère, du sinus urogénital à une mamelle où il va s’attacher pour poursuivre son développement. Des informations sensorielles sont nécessaires pour guider le nouveau-né vers la mamelle et les candidats les plus probables sont le toucher, l���équilibre et l���olfaction. Pour tester l���action des différents systèmes sur la motricité chez l���opossum nouveau-né, des régions céphaliques du trijumeau, du vestibulaire et de l���olfaction ont été stimul��es électriquement sur des préparations in vitro en comparaison avec une stimulation seuil T (intensité minimale de la stimulation à la moelle épinière cervicale induisant le mouvement des membres antérieurs). Par comparaison, un mouvement similaire était induit par des stimulations à ~2T du ganglion du trijumeau, à ~20 T du complexe vestibulaire, et à ~600 T des bulbes olfactifs. L���étude de l'innervation de la peau faciale et des voies relayant les informations du trijumeau vers la moelle épinière (ME) a été approfondie en utilisant de l���immunohistochimie pour les neurofilament-200 et du traçage rétrograde avec du Texas-Red coupl�� à des Dextrans Aminés. De nombreuses fibres nerveuses ont été révél��es dans le derme de plusieurs régions de la tête. Quelques cellules du ganglion trigéminal projettent à la ME rostrale, mais la majorité projette vers la médulla caudale où se trouvent les neurones secondaires du trijumeau ou des cellules réticulospinales. Les résultats de cette étude indiquent une influence significative des systèmes du trijumeau et du vestibulaire, mais pas de l'olfaction, sur le mouvement des membres antérieurs des opossums nouveau-nés.

Characterization of the lipoxygenase (LOX) gene family in the Chinese white pear (Pyrus bretschneideri) and comparison with other members of the Rosaceae

Background Lipoxygenases (LOXs), a type of non-haem iron-containing dioxygenase, are ubiquitous enzymes in plants and participate in the formation of fruit aroma which is a very important aspect of fruit quality. Amongst the various aroma volatiles, saturated and unsaturated alcohols and aldehydes provide the characteristic aroma of the fruit. These compounds are formed from unsaturated fatty acids through oxidation, pyrolysis and reduction steps. This biosynthetic pathway involves at least four enzymes, including LOX, the enzyme responsible for lipid oxidation. Although some studies have been conducted on the LOX gene family in several species including Arabidopsis, soybean, cucumber and apple, there is no information from pear; and the evolutionary history of this gene family in the Rosaceae is still not resolved. Results In this study we identified 107 LOX homologous genes from five Rosaceous species (Pyrus bretschneideri, Malus × domestica, Fragaria vesca, Prunus mume and Prunus persica); 23 of these sequences were from pear. By using structure analysis, phylogenic analysis and collinearity analysis, we identified variation in gene structure and revealed the phylogenetic evolutionary relationship of this gene family. Expression of certain pear LOX genes during fruit development was verified by analysis of transcriptome data. Conclusions 23 LOX genes were identified in pear and these genes were found to have undergone a duplication 30–45 MYA; most of these 23 genes are functional. Specific gene duplication was found on chromosome4 in the pear genome. Useful information was provided for future research on the evolutionary history and transgenic research on LOX genes.

Effect of wounds applied to the bases of herbaceous cuttings on the rooting of four Japanese apricot clones (Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc.) in an intermittent mist system

The Japanese apricot (Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc.) is a fruit tree of the Rosaceae family which produces very acid and bitter fruits, highly appreciated by Orientals. In Brazil, this species has been studied as a rootstock for peach and nectarine trees, its main advantage being the reduction in plant vigour, which can favour the production of compact trees and orchard cultural treatments. This study was conducted in the Vegetable Production Department of FCAV/UNESP, Jaboticabal Campus, São Paulo State, Brazil, and the objective was to examine the effect of wounding the herbaceous cutting bases on the rooting of four Japanese apricot clones. The clones were obtained from plants under cultivation in the Instituto Agronomico de Campinas, Brazil, and were identified as Clones 02, 05, 10 and 15. The stock plants, obtained through herbaceous cuttings, were maintained under lath house conditions (50% of natural light). Cuttings 12 cm long with 3 to 5 leaves were collected from these clones and prepared. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomised design with 4 repetitions of 20 cuttings per replication, in a factorial 4 x 2 design, the clone factor having 4 levels (Clones 02, 05, 10 and 15) and the wounding factor at 2 levels of incisions into the cutting base (with and without). All the cuttings were treated with 2000 mg.L-1 of IBA for five seconds. Differences between the clones were observed concerning the rooting percentage, dead cuttings, number and length of roots. The incision (wound) at the base of the herbaceous cuttings of the Japanese apricot increased the number of roots and improved the distribution of these in the damaged tissue but the results were not considered sufficiently beneficial to make the treatment worthwhile.

PROPAGAÇÃO do UMEZEIRO (Prunus mume Sieb & Zucc.) POR ESTAQUIA HERBÁCEA

A utilização do umezeiro ou damasqueiro-japonês (Prunus mume Sieb & Zucc.) como porta-enxerto de Prunus sp. vem despertando grande interesse em função de sua rusticidade, resistência a pragas e doenças, adaptação e, principalmente, por reduzir o porte de pessegueiros e nectarineiras. Este trabalho foi conduzido no Departamento de Produção Vegetal da FCAV/UNESP, Câmpus de Jaboticabal-SP, e teve por objetivo estudar a propagação vegetativa desta espécie. Para tanto, utilizaram-se estacas herbáceas com 12cm de comprimento dos Clones 02; 05; 10 e 15, provenientes do Programa de Melhoramento Genético do Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, submetidas às concentrações de 0 e 2000mg.L-1 de AIB, por cinco segundos. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com 4 repetições de 20 estacas por parcela, esquema fatorial 4 x 2, sendo o fator clone em 4 níveis (Clones 02; 05; 10 e 15) e AIB em 2 níveis (0 e 2000mg.L-1). de acordo com os resultados, verificou-se diferença entre os clones quanto à porcentagem de enraizamento, sendo o Clone 15 significativamente superior ao Clone 02 (93,75% e 78,13%, respectivamente). Os Clones 05 (85,0%) e 10 (83,13%) comportaram-se como intermediários, não diferindo dos demais. Não houve diferença entre os clones testados quanto à formação de calo, raízes por estaca, comprimento de raízes e porcentagem de estacas brotadas. O ácido indolbutírico na concentração de 2000mg.L-1 favoreceu a emissão de raízes adventícias e aumentou o comprimento das raízes, mas não teve influência na brotação das estacas. Não houve efeito da interação entre os fatores testados para as variáveis analisadas.

L'aggressività nelle prime relazioni sentimentali

Un fenomeno poco indagato in Italia, ma che ha catturato l���attenzione e anche la preoccupazione delle ricerche in diverse parti del mondo, sono i comportamenti aggressivi che possono avvenire nelle prime relazioni sentimentali, tra adolescenti. La ricerca si è concentrata principalmente sulla violenza nelle coppie adulte, sulla violenza domestica, trascurando quelle condotte aggressive che avvengono nelle prime relazioni intime, in quanto ritenute poco stabili e fugaci. Diverse ricerche dimostrano che non è così e che anzi, spesso gli adolescenti “investono” molto in queste prime esperienze. Tra i principali motivi che spingono gli studiosi ad indagare questo fenomeno, vi è la considerazione della gravità delle stime di prevalenza, le conseguenze per il benessere psico-fisico, ed il valore predittivo che tali comportamenti potrebbero assumere rispetto al fenomeno della violenza nelle coppie adulte.

Genetic diversity assessment of the almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) DA Webb) traditional germplasm of Algarve, Portugal, using molecular markers

In this study, 123 almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb) trees identified among traditional orchards in the Algarve region and 53 trees of the local field collection managed by the regional office of the Portuguese Ministry of Agriculture (DRAALG) were assessed using isozyme, inter- single sequence repeat and simple sequence repeat or microsatellite techniques for the evaluation of genetic diversity and genetic relatedness and identification of new accessions for the field collection. The isozyme analysis allowed the distribution of the 176 plants into 13 different classes of enzyme similarity, while the use of DNA markers increased the distribution of the analysed trees among 140 discriminating DNA patterns. Multiple cases of homonymy and synonymy were identified in the local germplasm. Some traditional varieties, such as Lourencinha, appeared to be relatively homogeneous, while other local denominations, e.g. Galamba, included diverse genotypes. Of the 13 commercial varieties analysed in this study, 11 assembled in one major cluster clearly differentiated from the majority of the local genotypes. These results reinforced the perception that the Algarve traditional germplasm constitutes an important repository of genetic diversity, eventually carrying alleles of high agricultural interest such as the recently identified Phomopsis resistance in the traditional variety Barrinho Grado.

Genetic diversity assessment of the almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) DA Webb) traditional germplasm of Algarve, Portugal, using molecular markers

In this study, 123 almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb) trees identified among traditional orchards in the Algarve region and 53 trees of the local field collection managed by the regional office of the Portuguese Ministry of Agriculture (DRAALG) were assessed using isozyme, inter- single sequence repeat and simple sequence repeat or microsatellite techniques for the evaluation of genetic diversity and genetic relatedness and identification of new accessions for the field collection. The isozyme analysis allowed the distribution of the 176 plants into 13 different classes of enzyme similarity, while the use of DNA markers increased the distribution of the analysed trees among 140 discriminating DNA patterns. Multiple cases of homonymy and synonymy were identified in the local germplasm. Some traditional varieties, such as Lourencinha, appeared to be relatively homogeneous, while other local denominations, e.g. Galamba, included diverse genotypes. Of the 13 commercial varieties analysed in this study, 11 assembled in one major cluster clearly differentiated from the majority of the local genotypes. These results reinforced the perception that the Algarve traditional germplasm constitutes an important repository of genetic diversity, eventually carrying alleles of high agricultural interest such as the recently identified Phomopsis resistance in the traditional variety Barrinho Grado.